IC ENGINE

CO4: Compute theoretical efficiency, mean effective

pressure, and work output of the Otto cycle, Diesel cycle
and Dual cycle
 HEAT ENGINE
❑ External Combustion ❑ Internal Combustion Engine
(EC) (IC)

Combustion of fuel takes Combustion of fuel takes

place outside the engine. place inside the engine.
Example : Steam engine, Example: Petrol engine,
gas turbine diesel engine, etc.
Fuel
C
C
Co

Air
m

Gas turbine
Exhaust gas
 Classification of (IC) engine
1. Cycle of operation
❖ Two Stroke-There is one power stroke in every two strokes or one rotation
of the crank shaft.
❖ Four Stroke : There is one power stroke in every four strokes or two
rotation of the crank shaft.
2. Cycle of operation
✓ Otto-cycle
✓ Diesel cycle
3. The fuel used 5. Method of Governing
✓ Petrol engine ✓Quantity governing
✓ Diesel engine ✓Quality governing
✓ Gas engine ✓Hit and Miss governing
4. The method of ignition 6. The arrangement of the cylinder
✓ Spark ignition ✓Inline engine
✓ Compression ignition engine ✓V-Type
4. Method of Cooling ✓Opposed piston
✓ Air-cooled engines ✓Radial engine
✓ Water cooled engine ✓Rotary engine
1 2 3

5
IC ENGINE COMPONENTS
CYLINDER:
❖ Main body of the engine in which the piston reciprocates.
❖ It has to withstand very high pressure ( about 70 bar) and
temperature (2200 ºC).
2. Cylinder head:
It closes one end of the cylinder and house the inlet and
exhaust valves.
It is cast as one piece and bolted to the top of the cylinder
PISTON AND PISTON RING
It compresses the charge (Air of Air fuel mixture) during compression stroke
and transmit the gas force to the connecting rod and then to the crank
during power stroke.
Pistons rings are housed in the circumferential groves provided on the outer
surface of the piston. It prevents the leakage of high pressure gases.
CONNECTING ROD AND PISTON RING

Piston and connecting rod

Piston ring

Connecting rod
CRANK SHAFT
The crank coverts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of the output shaft. It is enclosed in a crankcase.
CAMSHAFT
The camshaft and associated parts control the opening and closing of the
two valves. The associated parts are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs,
tapets.
5. Gudgeon Pin
It forms the link between the small end of the connecting
rod and piston

7. Cams:
Cams are integral part of the camshaft and are designed
to open and close valves at the correct time.

8. Flywheel : An inertia mass in the form of wheel is

attached to the output shaft. It is used to get uniform
torque.
Nomenclature
• Cylinder bore : It is the inner diameter of the cylinder (mm)

• Piston area: The area of a circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore (cm2)

• Dead centre: Top dead centre (TDC: Farthest from the crankshaft) and Bottom
dead centre (BDC: nearest to the crankshaft ). The dead centres are the
extreme positions of the piston.

• Stroke : It is distance through which the piston moves between two successive
reversals of its direction of motion.

• Swept volume: The nominal volume swept by the piston when travelling from
TDC to BDC (Vs)

• Clearance volume: The nominal volume of the combustion chamber

above the piston (Vc)

• Compression ratio = (Vc + Vs)/Vc = V/Vc

D = cylinder bore
𝜋𝐷2
Piston area A = 4 Combus
Swept volume Vs = AL tion
Total volume V = Vs +Vc chambe
r
Vc
TDC
Piston
ODC IDC

Cylinder
V
L Vs

IDC-inner dead centre BDC

ODC-outer dead centre
TDC-top dead centre
BDC- bottom dead centre
 SI Engine and CI Engine
SI : Spark Ignition Engine (Petrol Engine)
-Combustion is initiated by spark
-Air and Fuel can be added together
-Air fuel are usually mixed prior to entry into
cylinder
- A mechanical device known as Carburetor is -
used to mixed air and fuel. Most modern car used
Electronic Fuel injection system

CI: Compression Ignition Engine ( Diesel Engine)

-Combustion is initiated by auto ignition
-Requires fuel injection to control ignition
-Fuel is injected directly into the engine cylinder
 Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engine
Four Stroke engine :
The cycle of operation is completed in 4-strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the
crankshaft (720 º crank rotation)
Cycle of operation
-Suction or intake stroke
-Compression stroke
-Expansion stroke
-Exhaust stroke
Two Stroke Engine
✓ In 4-stroke engine, there are two unproductive strokes, viz., suction and exhaust stroke. If these two
operations can be performed without the movement of the piston, then there will be one power
stroke for one revolution of the crankshaft.
✓ In such arrangement, theoretically the power output of the engine can be doubled for the same
speed compared to the 4-stroke engine.
✓ Based on the concept, 2-stroke engine was invented by D Clark.
✓ In 2- stroke engines the cycle is completed in one revolution of the crank shaft (360 º) or 2-strokes of
the engine.
 TDC
A
Exhaust Port
B
BDC

TDC

BDC

Suction stroke
4-STROKE SI ENGINE
or
PETROL ENGINE
 IVO OVC IVC OVC IVC OVC IVC OVO Exhaust
Air+Fuel gases

Air+Fuel

Air+Fuel Combustion
gas

Exhaust
Suction Stroke Compression Power
stroke
stroke stroke

Actual 4-stroke SI Engine

Qout
P Qin
3
AIR AIR
Ise
n tro
Qin p ic E
xo
an
sio
n
2 AIR AIR
Isent 4
ropic
comp Qout
ressio
n
1

Compression Constant volume Isentropic Constant volume

BDC stroke heat addition Expansion Heat Rejection
TDC

Ideal Otto cycle

SUCTION STROKE
- Suction stroke starts when the piston is at the top dead centre and about to
move downwards.
- The inlet valve is open and the outlet valve is closed.
- The piston moves from the TDC to BDC
- The charge (Air –Fuel mixture) is drawn into the cylinder.

COMPRESSION STROKE
- The Air/Fuel mixture is compressed. The piston moves from BDC to TDC
- The IV and OV are in closed position.
- The A/F mixture is compressed to the clearance volume. Compression ratio (6
to 10)
- At end of the compression stroke, the A/F mixture is ignited with the help of
spark plug located in the cylinder head.
- Combustion of fuel takes when the piston is at the TDC.
- During combustion, the chemical energy of fuel is converted into heat energy.
(Temperature 2000 ºC)
EXPANSION STROKE:
-The high pressure of the burnt gases forces the piston towards the BDC.
-Both the IV and OV remain closed
-Power is obtained during this stroke

EXHAUST STROKE:
-At the end of the expansion stroke the exhaust valve opens and the IV
remains closed
-The pressure inside the cylinder falls to atmospheric pressure
-The piston moves from the BDC to TDC and sweeps the burnt gases out from
the cylinder.
EACH CYLINDER OF A 4-STROKE ENGINE COMPLETES THESE 4-OPERATIONS IN
2-REVOLUTIONS OF THE CRANKSHAFT OR 720 º ROTATION.
4-STROKE CI ENGINE
or
DIESEL ENGINE
 Fuel injector
IVO OVC IVC OVC IVC OVC IVC OVO Exhaust
Air gases

Air

Air Combustion
gas

Exhaust
Suction Stroke Compression Power
stroke
stroke stroke

Actual Diesel cycle

P Qout
Qin
Qin

2 3
Ise
ntr AIR AIR
op
ic E
xp
an
Ise sio
n n
tro
p ic c AIR AIR
om 4
pre
ssi Qout
on
1
Compression Constant Pressure Isentropic Constant volume
stroke heat addition Expansion Heat Rejection
TDC BDC
Ideal Diesel cycle
SUCTION STROKE
- Suction stroke starts when the piston is at the top dead centre and about to move
downwards.
- The inlet valve is open and the outlet valve is closed.
- The piston moves from the TDC to BDC
- Air is drawn into the cylinder.

COMPRESSION STROKE
- The Air is compressed. The piston moves from BDC to TDC
- The IV and OV are in closed position
- The Air is compressed to the clearance volume. Compression ratio (16 to
20)
- At end of the compression stroke, FUEL is injected and combustion takes
place spontaneously. in such way that the combustion maintains the
constant pressure. After the injection of fuel is completed (Cut-off), the
combustion products expands
- Combustion of fuel takes place spontaneously when the piston is at the
TDC.
- During combustion, the chemical energy of fuel is converted into heat
energy.
EXPANSION STROKE:
-The high pressure of the burnt gases forces the piston towards the BDC.
-Both the IV and OV remain closed
-Power is obtained during this stroke

EXHAUST STROKE:
-At the end of the expansion stroke the exhaust valve opens and the IV remains
closed
-The pressure inside the cylinder falls to atmospheric pressure
-The piston moves from the BDC to TDC and sweeps the burnt gases out from
the cylinder.

❖DUE TO HIGHER PRESSURE RATIO IN THE CYCLE OPERATION THE CI ENGINE

HAS TO BE MORE STURDY THAN A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE FOR THE SAME
OUTPUT.
❖IT HAS HIGHER THERMAL EFFICIENCY ON ACCOUNT OF HIGHER
COMPRESSION RATIO
 Comparison of SI and CI engine
Description SI Engine (petrol Engine) CI Engine (Diesel Engine)
Basic cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle

Fuel Gasoline, a high volatile fuel, self Diesel oil, non-volatile fuel, Self
ignition temperature is high ignition temperature is low

Ignition Spark Plug is required Self ignition occurs due to high

temperature of air because of high
compression ratio.
Compression 6 to 10 ( It is limited by the antiknock 16 to 20 (Upper limit is limited by the
ratio quality of fuel) weight increase of the engine)

Speed High speed due to light weigh Due to heavy weight and non-
and homogeneous combustion homogeneous combustion, they
are low speed
Thermal Low due to low compression High due to high compression
efficiency ratio ratio

Weight Light weight Heavy weight

 Air standard Cycle
• The combustion process that occurs in the actual engine is
represented in the ideal cycle as an equivalent heating process
either at a constant pressure or at a constant volume.
• The ideal cycles are known as air standard cycle or gas power
cycle.
• To simplify the analysis of IC engines, air standard cycles are
conceived. In a air standard cycle, a certain mass of air operates
in a complete thermodynamic cycle, where heat is added and
rejected with external heat reservoirs and all the processes in
the cycle are reversible.
➢Air is assumed to behave as an ideal gas and its specific heats
are assumed to be constant
➢The air standard cycles are so conceived that they corresponds
to the operations of internal combustion engines.
 Otto Cycle
• The otto cycle is the air standard cycle of the SI engine.
• It is named after Nikolaus A Otto, a German engineer
who built a successful 4-stroke SI engines
• An Otto cycle comprises of four internal reversible
processes
• Process 1-2: reversible isentropic compression process
• Process 2-3: reversible constant volume heat addition
process
• Process 3-4: Reversible isentropic expansion process
• Process 4-1 : Reversible constant volume heat rejection
process.
 P-V diagram and T-S diagram
Pmax
P 3 p3 T
3
Tmax

V=c
Q1 S=C
V=C
2 PVn = C
2
p2 4

S=C
V= C
4
V2 1
1 V=c
Vs= V1-V2 p1 S

V
PV- Diagram of Otto Cycle V1 S3=s4
S1=s2
V3=v2 V1=v4 Fig-2
Fig-1
Analysis of Otto Cycle

• Heat Supplied, 𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2

• Heat rejected 𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − 𝑇1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊 𝑄 −𝑄 𝑇 −𝑇
Efficiency η = = = 1 2 = 1 − 4 1 (1)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑇3 −𝑇2

𝑉1 𝑣1
Compression ratio, 𝑟𝑘 = =
𝑉2 𝑣2
𝑇2 𝑣1 𝛾−1
From Process 1-2, = (2)
𝑇1 𝑣2
𝑣 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 1 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 (3)
𝑣2

𝑇4 𝑣3 𝛾−1 𝑣2 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
From Process 3-4, = = ; 𝑇3 = 𝑇4 𝑟𝑘
𝑇3 𝑣4 𝑣1
• From Eq (1)
𝑇4 −𝑇1 𝑇4 −𝑇1 1
• η=1− = 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 = 1- 𝛾−1
𝑇3 −𝑇2 𝑇4 𝑟𝑘 −𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑘
1
• Thus η = 𝑓( 𝛾−1 )
𝑟𝑘
• The thermal efficiency increases with increase in
compression ratio.
• Net work per kg of air in Otto Cycle
𝑝3 𝑉3 −𝑝4 𝑉4 𝑝2 𝑉2 −𝑝1 𝑉1
•𝑊= −
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑣1
• Now = 𝑟𝑘 ; 𝑉1 = 𝑟𝑘 𝑉2
𝑣2
𝑝2 𝑝3 𝑉1 γ 𝛾
• Again = = = 𝑟𝑘
𝑝1 𝑝4 𝑉2
𝑝3 𝑝4
Pressure ratio ; = = 𝑟𝑝 ; 𝑆𝑎𝑦
𝑝2 𝑝1
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝3 𝑉3 𝑝4 𝑉4 𝑝2 𝑉2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = − − +1
𝛾 − 1 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝1 𝑉1
𝛾
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝 𝑘𝑟 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = − 𝑟𝑝 − 𝑟𝑘 + 1
𝛾 − 1 𝑟𝑘
𝑝1 𝑣1 𝛾−1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑟𝑝 − 1 𝑟𝑐 −1 (1)
𝛾−1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Mean effective pressure =
𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Swept Volume = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 (2)
 𝛾
𝑝3 𝑉3 𝑟𝑝 𝑝2 𝑣2 𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑘
• = =
𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝1 𝑣1 𝑟𝑘
 𝑝1 𝑣1 𝛾−1 𝑝1 𝛾−1 𝑝1 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
𝑟𝑝 −1 𝑟𝑐 −1 𝛾−1
𝑟𝑝 −1 𝑟𝑐 −1 𝛾−1
𝑟𝑝 −1 𝑟𝑐 −1
𝑝𝑚 = = 𝑣 = 1
𝑣1−𝑣2 1− 2 1−
𝑣1 𝑟𝑘

𝛾−1
𝑝1 𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑝 −1 𝑟𝑘 −1
𝑝𝑚 = 𝛾−1 𝑟𝑘 −1
Diesel Cycle ( constant pressure heat
addition cycle
• The Diesel cycle is the air standard cycle of the CI
engine.
• It is named after Rudolph Diesel, who proposed diesel
cycle
• An Disel cycle comprises four internal reversible
processes
• Process 1-2: reversible isentropic compression process
• Process 2-3: reversible constant pressure heat addition
process
• Process 3-4: Reversible isentropic expansion process
• Process 4-1 : Reversible constant volume heat rejection
process.
P 3
T
3

V=C
2 P=c
3

Q1 P=c S=C
n We
PV = C

Q1
2
4

4 S=C Wc
V= C
Q2
Q2
1 V=c 1

V2 v3 S
V
PV- Diagram of Disel Cycle Diesel
T-S diagram of Otto cycle

V1
Analysis of Diesel Cycle
• Heat Supplied 𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
• Heat rejected 𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − 𝑇1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊 𝑄1 −𝑄2 𝑇4 −𝑇1
Efficiency η = = = =1− (1)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄 𝑄1 𝛾(𝑇3 −𝑇2 )
𝑐𝑣 1
=𝛾
𝑐𝑝
𝑉1 𝑣1
Compression ratio 𝑟𝑐 = =
𝑉2 𝑣2
𝑇2 𝑣1 𝛾−1
From Process 1-2, = (2)
𝑇1 𝑣2
𝑣 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 1 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 (3)
𝑣2
𝑉3 𝑣3
Cut-off ratio 𝑟𝑐 = =
𝑉2 𝑣2
𝑇3 𝑉3
From the process 2-3; = = 𝑟𝑐
𝑇2 𝑉2
𝛾−1
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 𝑟𝑐 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 𝑟𝑘 (4)
 𝑇4 𝑣3 𝛾−1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝛾−1
From Process 3-4, = = × =
𝑇3 𝑣4 𝑣2 𝑣4
𝑣3 𝑣2 𝛾−1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1
× =( ) v1=v4
𝑣2 𝑣1 𝑟𝑘

𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛾−1

𝑇4 = 𝑇3 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 𝑟𝑘
𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑘

𝛾
𝑇4 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 (5)
• Putting the value of 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇4 in Eq. (1)
𝛾
𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 −𝑇1
• Efficiency η == 1 − 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 (1)
𝛾(𝑇1 𝑟𝑐 𝑟𝑘 −𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 )

𝛾
1 1 𝑟𝑐 −1
• η𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1 − 𝛾−1
𝑟𝑘 𝛾 𝑟𝑐 −1
𝛾
1 𝑟𝑐 −1
• 𝑟𝑐 > 1; and also is also greater than unity.
𝛾 𝑟𝑐 −1
Therefore, the efficiency of the Diesel cycle is less than that
of the otto cycle for the same compression ratio.
Dual cycle or Limited Pressure Cycle
or Mixed Cycle
 P 3 T
4

3 P=c P=c
4
P3=p4 3
S=C
Q1 We
Q1 V=c PVn = C
V=C Q1
2 2
5

S=C Wc
5 V= C
Q2 Q2
V2=v3 1 V=c
1

S
V5 =v1 V
PV- Diagram of Dual cycle
T-S diagram of Dual cycle
• The air standard Diesel cycle does not simulate exactly
the pressure volume variation in an actual compression
ignition engine where the fuel injection started before
the end of compression.
• A closer approximation is the limited pressure cycle or
dual cycle in which some part of heat is added to air
constant volume and the remainder at constant
pressure.
• A dual cycle consists of five processes
• Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
• Process 2-3: Constant volume heat addition
• Process 3-4: Constant pressure heat addition
• Process 4-5 : Isentropic expansion process
• Process 5-1: Constant volume heat rejection process
• Heat Supplied 𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 + 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇4 − 𝑇3
• Heat rejected 𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇5 − 𝑇1

𝑊 𝑄1 −𝑄2 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇5 −𝑇1

Efficiency η = = =1−
𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 −𝑇2 + 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇4 −𝑇3
(1)
𝑐𝑝
=𝛾
𝑐𝑣
𝑇5 −𝑇1
Efficiency η = 1 −
𝑇3 −𝑇2 +γ 𝑇4 −𝑇3
𝑣
Compression ratio; 𝑟𝑘 = 1
𝑣2
𝑣5
Expansion ratio, 𝑟𝑒 =
𝑣4
𝑣
Cut-off ratio 𝑟𝑐 = 4
𝑣3
𝑃3
Pressure ratio or explosion ratio, 𝑟𝑝 =
𝑃2
 𝑇2 𝑣1 𝛾−1
From Process 1-2, = (2)
𝑇1 𝑣2
𝑣 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 1 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 (3)
𝑣2

From process 2-3,

𝑇3 𝑃3
= = 𝑟𝑝
𝑇2 𝑃2

𝛾−1
𝑇3 = 𝑟𝑝 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 (4)
From the process 3-4
𝑇4 𝑣4
= = 𝑟𝑐
𝑇3 𝑣3
 𝛾−1
• 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 𝑟𝑐 =𝑟𝑐 𝑟𝑝 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 (6)
• From the process 4-5,
𝑣4 𝛾−1 𝑣4 𝑣2 𝛾−1
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 = 𝑇4 × ; 𝑣5 = 𝑣1
𝑣5 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣 𝑣 𝛾−1
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 2
× 4
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣2 𝑣4 𝛾−1
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 × ; 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 from the process
𝑣1 𝑣3
2-3, ( V=c)
𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛾
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 = 𝑟𝑐 𝑟𝑝 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 =𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 𝑇1 (7)
𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑘
• Putting the values of T2, T3, T4, and T5 in Eq. (1),

𝛾
𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 𝑇1 −𝑇1
• η=1− 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑟𝑝 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 −𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 +γ 𝑟𝑐 𝑟𝑝 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 −𝑟𝑝 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘
1
• η𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜 = 1- 𝛾−1
𝑟𝑘
𝛾
1 1 𝑟𝑐 −1
• η𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1 − 𝛾−1
𝑟𝑘 𝛾 𝑟𝑐 −1
𝛾
1 𝑟𝑝 .(𝑟𝑐 −1)
• η𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1 − [ 𝛾−1 ] [. ]
𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑝 −1 +𝛾𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 −1
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle
• For the same compression ratio and heat rejection
η𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜 > η𝐷𝑢𝑎𝑙 > η𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙
T
3
6
3
7

5 S=C

5 6
V=C
PVn = C 2
4

2 7
S=C
V= C

4 1
Q2
1 V=c S

Otto Cycle : 1-2-3-4-1, Diesel Cycle : 1-2-7-4-1; Dual cycle : 1-2-5-6-4-1

 For the same maximum pressure and temperature and
the heat rejection
𝜼𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍 > 𝜼𝑫𝒖𝒂𝒍 > 𝜼𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐
T
3

7 6 3 6 S=C

7
V=C
PVn = C
5 4
5
2
S=C
4
2 V= C

1 V=c 1

V S

Otto cycle : 1-2-3-4; Diesel : 1-7-3-4; Dual Cycle : 1-5-6-3-4

P 3 P 3 P 3

V=c P=c 3 P=c

2 3 4
Q1
Q1
Q1 Q1 V=c PVn = C
2 PVn = C PVn = C
2

5
4 Q2
4
Q2 1 V=c

1 V=c 1 V=c

PV- Diagram of Dual cycle V

PV- Diagram of Disel Cycle V

PV- Diagram of Otto Cycle V
T
3

T
4

S=C P=c
V=C 3
S=C
We

V=C Q1
2
4 2
5

S=C S=C Wc
V= C
V= C Q2
1
1
S

S T-S diagram of Dual cycle

Q. The minimum pressure and temperature of an otto cycle are
100 kPa and 27 ⁰C. The amount of heat added to the air is 1500
kJ/kg.
(i) Determine the pressure and temperature at all points of the
air standard otto cycle
(ii) Also calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of
the cycle for a compression ratio of 8.
Solution : T
3

P 3

S=C
V=c V=C
Q1

2 PVn = C
2
4

S=C
4 V= C

1 V=c 1

PV- Diagram of Otto Cycle V

S
• Given Points
• 𝑇1 = 27 + 271 = 300 𝐾; 𝑃1 = 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
100 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑄1 = 1500 ; 𝐶𝑣 = 0.718 ;
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑟𝑘 = 8
𝑇2 𝑣1 𝛾−1
From Process 1-2, = (2)
𝑇1 𝑣2
𝑣1 𝛾−1
𝛾−1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 = 300 *81.4−1 = 689.22 K;
𝑣2
𝑝2 𝑣1 𝛾
= ; 𝑝2 = 100 ∗ 81.4 = 1837.91 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑝1 𝑣2
From the process 2-3; ( V=c)
𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ; 1500 = 1 ∗ .718 ∗ 𝑇3 − 689.22
𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2778.35 𝐾
 𝑃3 𝑇3 2778.35
• = ;
𝑃3 = 1837.91* = 74.08 kPa
𝑃2 𝑇2 689.22
• From the process 3-4;
𝑇4 𝑣3 𝛾−1 𝑣2 𝛾−1 1
• = = 𝑇4 = 2778.35* =
𝑇3 𝑣4 𝑣1 81.4−1
991.2 𝐾
𝑝4 𝑣3 𝛾 𝑝4 𝑣2 𝛾 1
• = or = 𝑝4 = 74.08* =
𝑝3 𝑣4 𝑝3 𝑣1 81.4
4.03 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1 1
• Thermal efficiency = 1- 𝛾−1 =1− =
𝑟𝑘 81.4−1
56.47%
• An engine with 200 mm cylinder diameter and 300 mm stroke
works on diesel cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of air
used are 1 bar and 27 ⁰C. The cut-off is 8% of the stroke.
Determine
(i) Pressure and temperature at all salient points
(ii) Theoretical and standard efficiency
(iii) Mean effective pressure
(iv) Power of the engine if the working of the cycle per minute are
380. Assume that compression ratio is 15 and working fluid is
air.
Solution:
Given
Cylinder diameter D = 200 mm or 0.2 m
Stroke length L = 300 mm or 0.3 m
Initial pressure P1 = 1.0 bar
Initial temperature T1 = 27+273 = 300 K.
8
Cut-off 𝑉3 − 𝑉2 = 𝑉 = 0.08 Vs
100 𝑠
Compression ratio 𝑟𝑘 = 15
 P 3

2 P=c
3

Q1
PVn = C

4
Q2
V3-v2 1 V=c
V2= Vc

PV- Diagram of Disel Cycle V

Vs

V1
• Stroke volume
𝜋𝐷2 3.14 ∗0.22
• 𝑉𝑠 = L= ∗ 0.3 = 0.00942 m3
4 4
𝑉
• 𝑟𝑘 = 1 = 15
𝑉2
• Cut off ; 𝑉3 − 𝑉2 = 0.08 × 𝑉𝑠 = 0.08 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 =
0.08 15 × 𝑉2 − 𝑉2 = 1.12 𝑉2
• 𝑉3 = 2.12 𝑉2 ; Cut-off ratio; 𝑟𝑐 = 2.12

• 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉2 Vc = V2
𝑉1
• = 𝑟𝑘 ; 𝑉1 = 𝑟𝑘 𝑉2 𝑜𝑟 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 𝑉2 𝑟𝑘 − 1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑠
• Or 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉2 𝑟𝑘 − 1 ; 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑐 = = 0.000672 𝑚3
𝑟𝑘 −1
• 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉2= 0.00942+ 0.000672= 0.01 m3
 𝑇2 𝑣1 𝛾−1
• From Process 1-2, = ; T2 = 300 ∗ 151.4−1 =
𝑇1 𝑣2
886.25 𝐾
𝑝2 𝑣1 𝛾
• = ; P2 = P1 ∗ 151.4 = 44.31 bar
𝑝1 𝑣2
• From process 2-3 ;
• 𝑉3 = 𝑉2 𝑟𝑐 = 0.000672*2.12 =0.00142 m3
• 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 = 44.31 bar
𝑉3
• 𝑇3 = 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 ∗ 𝑟𝑐 =1878.8 K
𝑉2
𝑇4 𝑣3 𝛾−1 𝑉3 𝑉2 1.4−1 1 1.4−1
• = = ∗ = 𝑟𝑐 ∗ =
𝑇3 𝑣4 1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑟𝑘
1.4−1
(2.12 ∗ ) ; 𝑇4 = 858.99 𝐾
15
𝑃4 𝑣3 𝛾 1 1.4
• = = 𝑟𝑐 ∗ ; 𝑃4 = 2.86 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃3 𝑣4 𝑟𝑘
 𝛾
1 1 𝑟𝑐 −1
• η𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 1 − 𝛾−1 =59.7%
𝑟𝑘 𝛾 𝑟𝑐 −1
𝛾 𝛾−1 𝛾
𝑝1 𝑟𝑘 [𝛾 𝑟𝑐 −1 −𝑟𝑘 (𝑟𝑐 −1)
• 𝑝𝑚 = =7.424 bar
𝛾−1 (𝑟 −1)
𝑘

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

• Work done per cycle ; 𝑝𝑚 =
𝑉𝑠
• Net work output = pm * Vs = 7.424 * vs = 6.99 kJ/cycle
• Work done per second = work done per cycle *no of
cycles per second = 6.99 kJ/cycle * (380/60)= 44.27
kJ/s. ( No. of cycle per second = 380/60)
• Power of the engine = 44.27 kW
• In an engine working on dual cycle, the
temperature and the Pressure at the beginning of
the cycle are 90 C and 1 bar, respectively. The
compression ratio is 9. The maximum pressure is
limited to 68 bar and the total heat supplied per kg
of air is 1750 kJ. Determine
• (i) Pressure and temperature at all salient points
• (ii) Air standard efficiency
• (iii) Mean effective pressure.
 P 3

3 P=c
4
Q1
Q1 V=c PVn = C
2

5
Q2
1 V=c

PV- Diagram of Dual cycle V

• Given :
• T1 = (90 + 273) K ; P1 = 1bar; rk = 9; pmax = p3=p4 =
68 bar ; Q1 = 1750 kJ
𝑇2 𝑣1 𝛾−1
From Process 1-2, = = 91.4−1 ; 𝑇2 = 363 ∗
𝑇1 𝑣2
90.4 = 874.18 𝐾
𝑝2 𝑣1 𝛾
= ; p2 = 1 ∗ 91.4 = 21.67 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑝1 𝑣2
From the process 2-3; V=C
𝑇3 𝑃3 𝑃3 68
= ;
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 ∗ ; T3 = 21.67 * ; T3 =
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑃2 21.57
2743.15 K
• From process 3-4;
𝑇4 𝑉4
• = and 𝑝4 = 68 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇3 𝑉3
• Heat supplied 𝑄1 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 + 𝑐𝑝 𝑇4 − 𝑇3
• 1750 = 0.718 (2743-874) +1.005 *(T4-2743)
• 𝑇4 = 3149.21 𝐾
• From process 4-5;
𝑣4 𝛾−1 𝑣4 𝑣2 𝛾−1
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 = 𝑇4 × ; 𝑣5 = 𝑣1
𝑣5 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣2 𝑣4 𝛾−1
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 ×
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣2 𝑣4 𝛾−1
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 × ; 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 from the process 2-3,
𝑣1 𝑣3
V=c)
𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛾
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 = 𝑟𝑐 𝑟𝑝 𝑇1 𝑟𝑘 =𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 𝑇1
𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑘
 𝑉4 𝑇4 3149.21
• 𝑟𝑐 = = = = 1.148
𝑉3 𝑇3 2743.15
𝑝3 68
• 𝑟𝑝 = = = 3.13
𝑝2 21.67
• 𝑟𝑘 = 9
𝑟𝑐 𝛾−1 𝛾
• 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 or T5 = 𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 𝑇1
𝑟𝑘
• T5 = 1381.91 K
𝑝5 𝑉4 𝛾 𝑣4 𝑣2 𝛾−1 𝑣2 𝑣4 𝛾−1 𝑟𝑐 𝛾
• = = × = × =
𝑝4 𝑉5 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣1 𝑣3 𝑟𝑘
• 𝑝5 = 3.8 𝑏𝑎𝑟
• Air standard efficiency
𝛾
1 𝑟𝑝 .(𝑟𝑐 −1)
• η𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1 − [ 𝛾−1 ] [. ] = 58.16%
𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑝 −1 +𝛾𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 −1
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑄2
• Or η𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 = =1−
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄1
• 𝑄2 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇5 − 𝑇1
• Net work output = Q1-Q2 ; kJ/kg

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

• 𝑝𝑚 =
𝑉𝑠
•
• Mean effective pressure
𝛾 𝛾−1 𝛾
𝑝1 𝑟𝑘 [𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 −1 + 𝑟𝑝 −1 −𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑝 𝑟𝑐 1 ]
• 𝑝𝑚 = = 11.04 bar.
(𝛾−1)(𝑟𝑘 −1)
• Net work output per cycle ; Wnet =
𝑝4 𝑣4 −𝑝5 𝑣5 𝑝2 𝑣2 −𝑝1 𝑣1
• 𝑝3 (𝑣4 − 𝑣3 + -
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
• 𝑝𝑚 = ; 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝑉𝑠