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RAM & Storage Solutions

The document discusses various RAM and storage solutions, including virtual memory, different types of RAM (DDR3 to DDR5), and hard drive technologies (HDD vs SSD). It outlines the pros and cons of each memory type, RAID configurations for data redundancy, and removable storage options like flash drives and CDs. Additionally, it highlights the performance characteristics and compatibility issues associated with different memory and storage technologies.

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ryworld92
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3 views5 pages

RAM & Storage Solutions

The document discusses various RAM and storage solutions, including virtual memory, different types of RAM (DDR3 to DDR5), and hard drive technologies (HDD vs SSD). It outlines the pros and cons of each memory type, RAID configurations for data redundancy, and removable storage options like flash drives and CDs. Additionally, it highlights the performance characteristics and compatibility issues associated with different memory and storage technologies.

Uploaded by

ryworld92
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RAM & Storage Solutions

Virtual Memory

Additional Memory without physical ram, simulates memory using storage


devices.

Useful when RAM is insufficient, Hardware and Software implementations.


Virtual Memory uses Harddrive space as virtual memory, modern OS uses
a lot of memory. Not enough physical RAM.

How Virtual Memory Works

 Memory Management Unit


 Unneeded data in RAM moved to Hard Disk
 Swap file or page file
 Slower than RAM

Pros

 Can improve system performance


 Increases capacity for multitasking
 Useful for Large, Memory-Intensive Applications

Cons

 Slower than Physical RAM


 Consumes Disk Space
 Can Result In Frequent Hard Disk Access
 Leads to Poor Performance if incorrectly used

Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module (SODIMM)

Refers to the smaller Footprint, Performs Similarly to Larger DIMM

SODIMM Versions. Uses the same Double Data rate (DDR) as standard
RAM.

DDR to DDR5.

DDR5, Max DIMM size of 128GB uses a lower voltage of 1.1v it supports
51.2GB/s

DDR3

Twice the speed of DDR2, 240-pin DIMM or 204-pin SODIMM, incompatible


with DDR2.

Bus clock speed between 400 to 1066MHz, cycles four times per bus
cycle, transfer twice per clock cycle, bandwith between 6400 – 17066MB/s
MT/s is attached to the name higher the value the better the performance.

DDR4

288-pin DIMM or 256-Pin SODIMM, not backwards compatible.

 Bus Clock Speed Between 1066 and 2133MHz


 Bandwidth between 12800 and 25600 MB/s
 MT/s from 1600 to 3200
 Voltage of 1.2v

Lifespan of each DDR version is roughly 4 years

DDR5

 Voltage of 1.1v
 Voltage Regulators
 Additional Cost
 Bandwidth of 51.2GB/s
 MT/s from 3200 to 6400

Four times the capacity of DDR4, single DIMM max of 128GB, supports Die
stacking is something called LRDIMM up to 4TB

Error Correcting Code (ECC) Memory

Discover and correct single bit memory errors, it can check individual bits
in each byte, it is more reliable but requires more processing power.

Data Integrity vs Processing Speed

ECC has 9 memory chips and standard memory has 8 chips

Uses parity: for every 8 bits written a 9th is stored, for each byte (8Bits) a
total of 1s are summed up, (1s are the number of errors and this is stored
on the 9th slot as either a 0 or 1, 0 is the number of errors is an even
number and 1 is the number of errors for an odd number.

So if the parity value does not match the ECC reading this is identified as
an error and it will attempt to correct it

Single Channel RAM

Data flow between CPU and RAM

64-Bit Memory bus or channel, chips on the same channel must share the
channel and there need to be working at different timings.
Dual Channel RAM

Two dedicated 64 Bit Busses

If two physical chips

Triple Channel RAM

Three separate channels it may have six slots but still use each channel
for the best performance same as dual slot, the Bus width is 192bits.

If there are 6 slots and you have 4 sticks of RAM the optimal way to place
them would be in a dual channel configuration leaving one empty as this
would

Quad Channel RAM

Requires the same capacity and speed, All four modules required for full
functionality.

Pros

 Improvement system Performance


 Four times memory Bandwidth as single channel
 Higher Capacity

Cons

 Costly

Hard Drive Storage Devices

HDD: Electromechanical Data Storage, Rapidly Rotating Magnetic Platters,


Actuators arm read and writes data, data is randomly accessed.

HDD Performance

 Platter Ratation Speed (5400, 7200, 10K, 15K RPM)


 Internal Cache
 Interface Type

HDD vs SSD

HDD underperforms SSD, HDD has larger capacity than SSD, desktops use
3.5 Inch

 Common In desktop systems


 Easy to Install
 Cost-Effective
 Increased Capacity
 Available Interface
2.5Inch HDD typically used in Laptops, usually lower capacity and spins at
5400rpm so not as fast and less heat and less noise.

Hybrid drives: combo of SSD and HDD, SSD Speeds and HDD Capacity.

Solid State Drives SSD

Non-Volatile Storage, doesn’t need power to store data. No moving parts,


Increased performance, mostly in the boot and transferring large amounts
of data. Less prone to wear and tear associated with HDD.

Pros

 No defragmentation required

Redundant Drive Configuration

RAID

 Redundant Array of Independent Disks


 Redundant and Non-Redundant
 Reliable data storage
 Low cost
 Common in Network Servers

Software Based RAID and Hardware based RAID,

Software based is that you can use the OS to configure using existing hard
drives, Hardware based is where you get a RAID Controller that is installed
into the computer, Hardware based is better for performance.

RAID 0 Striping, when a file is being written it is broken down into blocks
and then this is separated and stored on both drives or across all drives.
There is no redundancy and if 1 part of the file is lost then it would need to
be restored from a back up.

RAID 1 Mirroring: allows redundancy and mirrors the data across different
drives.

RAID 5 Striping with Parity: stores the data and uses calculations to find
and retrieve the data so it will combine the info from the other blocks and
it will be able to go backwards to determine what information is missing.

RAID 1+0 Stripe of Mirrors: This breaks up the data and mirrors the data
this can allow the redundancy and can allow upto 2 drives being lost and
is the most expensive 4 disks would be needed.

Removable Storage
Flash Drives: Electrically erasable programmable read only memory

 Non Volatile Memory


 Rapid Access Timers
 Shock Resistant and Durable
 Relatively Cheap

Key uses is for short term storage, data portability, Random Access
Memory enhancement, Multi-Boot Systems

 Flash Drives
 USB Flash Drive
 Compact Flash Drive
 SD Secure Digital
 MiniSD and MicroSD Cards
 xD-Picture Card

Compact Discs (CD)

 Mostly Read Only


 Increased Capacity compared to floppy disks, 657MBs 1.44MBs on a
floppy disk
 Prone to Damage

Blu Ray

Single Layer 120mm 1 25GB

Dual Layer 120mm 2 50GB

XL 3 Layer 120mm 3 100GB

XL 4 Layer 120mm 4 128GB

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