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UPPCS Mains 2024

Based on UPPSC New Syllabus

GENERAL STUDIES - VI

Congratulations

UPPCS RANK 08
2022 (SDM)

Prajakta Tripathi

Telegram Link

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Index

S.No. Topic Page No.

1. Economy 3-50

2. Geography 51-91

3. Census 92-103

4. Agriculture 104-137

5. Envinronment 138-166

6. Science and Technology 167-182

7. Developmental Indices of 183-193

UP in various fields

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Topic : UP ECONOMY

TOPICS COVERED :

• Overview of Economy of UP: Main features of economy

and State Budgets, Infrastructure and importance of
Physical Resources.
• Investment in U P: Issues and Impact
• Trade, Commerce and industries of UP.
• Public Finance and Fiscal Policy, Tax and Economic
Reforms, One District One Product Policy of UP
Government.
• Planning and management of renewable and
non-renewable energy resources of UP.
• UP Government Schemes, Projects and Planned
Development for welfare of People, Human Resources
and Skill Development.
• Evolvement of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for
development of UP.

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TOPICS COVERED:
Overview of Economy of UP: Main features of economy and State Budgets, Infrastructure and
importance of Physical Resources.
Trade, Commerce and industries of UP.
UP Government Schemes, Projects and Planned Development for welfare of People, Human
Resources and Skill Development.
Investment in U P: Issues and Impact
Public Finance and Fiscal Policy, Tax and Economic Reforms, One District One Product Policy of
UP Government. , Evolvement of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for development of UP.
Planning and management of renewable and non-renewable energy resources of UP.

Economy of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of the country accounting for 16.4 percent of the country's population.

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Also, in terms of geographical area, it is the fourth largest state in the country, which is 9.0 percent of the country's
geographical area. Agriculture is the main sector of the economy of Uttar Pradesh. The major agricultural products
here are wheat, paddy, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and potatoes. Sugarcane is one of the major produce of the

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state which is a cash crop.

Agriculture Agriculture is the mainstay of Uttar Pradesh's economy. Mainly crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane,
potato

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etc. are produced in Uttar Pradesh.
Since the late 1960s, with high-yielding varieties of seeds for wheat and rice, greater availability of
fertilizers and increased use of irrigation, the state has become a major producer of food grains in the
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country.
Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in terms of livestock and dairy farming.

Natural resources
Natural resources show great diversity. The vast mountain ranges of the state create a wealth of materials
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that meet the needs of a large number of industries.

The flora and fauna of the state also have a rich diversity including many species.
Three different types of forests are found in the state, which thrive in different climatic and geographical
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conditions. The creatures sheltered by them are also diverse.

Apart from these, Uttar Pradesh also hosts a variety of birds and aquatic species which add further
diversity to the natural resources of the state.
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Mineral Resources of Uttar Pradesh

Limestone is found in abundance in the state, although its distribution varies from region to region.
It is mainly found in Kajarhat area of Sonbhadra district and Gurma-Kanach-Bapuhari areas of Mirzapur
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district.
Dolomite is found in Banda, Sonbhadra and Mirzapur districts of the state while glass-sand is found in Mau
district, Karvi area of Banda district and Karchhana tehsil of Allahabad district.
Sonbhadra and Mirzapur are rich in marble while Rajghewan in Banda district is rich in bauxite.
Bansi area of Mirzapur district is known for non plastic fireclay and Lalitpur district for uranium.
Apart from these major minerals, other minor minerals include salt, marang, kankar and sandstone.

Power
Installed capacity has increased greatly since Indian independence, but the gap between supply and
demand remains wide.
One of the largest thermal stations in India, the Obra-Rihand complex in south-eastern Uttar Pradesh
generates a large amount of electricity.
Other facilities include a growing number of small and large hydroelectric power plants in different parts of the
state, and a nuclear power station in the western district of Bulandshahr (near Delhi).

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Production
• Other resource-based industries in Uttar Pradesh produce vegetable oil, jute, and cement.
• The Indian government established several large factories that manufacture heavy equipment, machinery,
steel, aircraft, telephone and electronics equipment, and fertilizers. The national government has funded an
oil refinery in Mathura.
• Textiles and sugar refining are both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employing a significant
proportion of the state's total factory labor. The state government has promoted medium and small scale
industries.
• The state's exports include products such as footwear, leather goods and sporting goods. Handicrafts also
form an important part of exports.
• Carpets from Bhadohi and Mirzapur, for example, are prized around the world.
• Other local specialties include silks and brocades from Varanasi, decorative brassware from Moradabad,
chikan embroidery from Lucknow, ebony work from Nagina, glassware from Firozabad, and carved
woodwork from Saharanpur.

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Tourism
• Tourism is of increasing economic importance in the state. Apart from socio-religious tourism, there is also

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educational and medical tourism in Uttar Pradesh.
• Visitors flock to Hindu centers such as Varanasi, Prayagraj, Ayodhya and the Mathura-Vrindavan region
• Buddhist centers such as Sarnath, Kasia (the site of Kushinagar, where the Buddha died), and Sravasti

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• Other historical places like Agra, Lucknow and Kannauj.
• For example, Lucknow is famous for its Nawabi culture, historical heritage, delicious food and unique
confluence of ancient and modern culture. A unique confluence of ancient colonial and oriental architecture
is seen here.
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Transportation
• The cities and towns of the state are connected by a vast network of roads including several national
highways and railways.
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• Major cities of Uttar Pradesh are connected by air to Delhi and other major cities of India.
• The three inland waterways of the rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Ghaghra also form part of the state's
transport system..
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Challenges with the Uttar Pradesh Economy

Low per capita income

• Developing economies have low per capita income.
• The per capita income in Uttar Pradesh was Rs 57944 in 2017-18 and is Rs 68810 in 2021-22.
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• Apart from this, the problem of poverty remains due to the problem of unequal distribution of income in
India.
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Heavy dependence of the population on agriculture

• The economy of Uttar Pradesh is mainly based on agriculture. About 65% of the total population is
dependent on agriculture.
• The contribution of the agriculture sector in the economic development of the state is significant.
• According to the 2014-15 survey, about 165.98 lakh hectares (68.7%) of the land is used for agriculture.

Heavy population pressure

• Uttar Pradesh is not only the most populous state of India but also ranks fifth on the size of population
among the countries of the world.
• The decadal growth in population during 2011-2021 was estimated to be 15.56. It is expected to decline to
9.14 during 2021-2031.

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• To keep up with the growing population, the administration is

under tremendous pressure on the state to meet the basic
needs of food, clothing, shelter, medicine, schooling, etc.

Unemployment problem-
• There is an abundance of labor in the state, which makes it
difficult to provide gainful employment to the entire
population.
• Lack of capital has resulted in inadequate growth of
secondary and tertiary businesses.
• In the year 2017-18, the unemployment rate in rural areas of
the state was 55 per thousand population, then it decreased
to 43 in 2018-19 and to 32 in 2019-20.

Slow recovery in the rate of capital formation

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• State have always been short of capital. However, in recent
years, the state has experienced a slow but steady
improvement in capital formation.

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Inequality in wealth distribution
• According to Oxfam's 'An Economy for the 99 Percent'
report, 2017, the gap between the rich and the poor in the world is huge.

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• In the world, eight people own as much wealth as 3.6 billion people, who make up the poorest half of
humanity
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Poor quality of human capital
• The term human capital refers to the economic value of a worker's experience and skills.
• Human capital includes things such as education, training, intelligence, skills, health, and other things of
employer value.
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Low level of technology

• Any new technology requires capital and trained and skilled personnel. Therefore, lack of human capital
and absence of skilled labor are the major constraints in the diffusion of technology in the economy.
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• Poor farmers cannot even buy essential things like improved seeds, fertilizers and machines like tractors,
inputs etc.
• Most of the enterprises in the state are micro or small. Therefore, they cannot afford modern and more
productive technologies.
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Lack of access to basic amenities

• Uttar Pradesh lacks facilities like economic and social and now digital infrastructure.
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• Enrollment and attendance in schools to increase to 1.91 crore in 2022-23. In terms of percentage it is less
as compared to other states.
• Bihar and UP are in the worst condition among 21 big states in the health index and their ranking is 20th
and 21st.

Demographic pressure
• According to the 2011 census, the total population of Uttar Pradesh was 19 crore 98 lakh 12 thousand 341.
In this, the population of males is 52.28%, while that of females is 47.72%.
• 77.73% of the total population of UP lives in villages.
• The average population density of Uttar Pradesh is 829 persons per sq km.

Non-efficient use of natural resources

• The state is rich in natural resources like land, water, minerals and power resources.
• However, due to problems like backward areas, primitive techniques and lack of capital, these resources
are not widely used.

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Lack of infrastructure
• Lack of infrastructure facilities is a serious problem affecting the state economy.
• These include transport, communication, power generation and distribution, banking and credit facilities,
health and educational institutions, etc.
• Therefore, the potential of various regions of the state is under-utilised.

State Transformation Commission

State Transformation Commission

• Restructuring the State Planning Commission in Uttar Pradesh on the lines of NITI Aayog, a new institution
State Transformation Commission has been formed.
• Its objective is to take the economy of UP beyond $ 01 trillion by the year 2027.
• The 'State Transformation Commission' has to work as a think tank for inclusive development. So that UP
can achieve this target.
Key points

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• The State Transformation Commission (STC) will be headed by the chief minister while the finance
minister, both deputy CMs, agriculture minister, social welfare minister, panchayati raj development
minister, industrial development minister, water power minister and urban development minister will be its

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members.
• The Vice-Chairman of the STC shall be an eminent economist or social scientist.
• Other members include chief secretaries, additional chief secretaries and principal secretaries of various

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departments including finance, agriculture, rural development, medical and health, industrial development
and planning.
• The commission will also have non-official members, who will be experts in the social sector, agriculture
and economy. The tenure of these nominated members will be three years, which can be extended by two
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years.
• It may be noted that the Planning Commission in Uttar Pradesh was established on August 24, 1972 and
helped the state government in formulating policies by identifying need-based areas.
Work of State Transformation Commission:
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• The work of the 'State Transformation Commission' will be to estimate the various types of resources of the
state such as physical, financial and manpower and to suggest a policy for their better use in the
development of the state.
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• Distribution of resources keeping in mind the objectives, priorities of the national agenda as well as the
needs, resources and capacity of the state
• Formulation of short term and long term policy according to area and work to remove regional imbalance.
• To develop mechanisms to improve the standard of living of the general public.
• To find out the factors hindering the economic and social development of the state and find solutions to
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make the development agenda successful.

• To make suggestions for better utilization of available financial sources and resources through PPP i.e.
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Public Private Partnership model for economic reforms.

• To make maximum use of information technology, digital technology and latest communication tools,
coordinate with high-tech institutions and work as a resource center and knowledge hub to take advantage
of knowledge.
• Along with regularly reviewing the progress of development works and giving necessary guidance.
U.P. Budget

Under Article 202 of the Constitution of India, the State Legislature lays before the State Legislature a statement of
the estimated receipts and expenditure of the State for each financial year. This statement is known as the "Annual
Financial Statement" (AFS) or "Budget".
The budget mainly includes –
• Estimated receipts and expenditure for the coming financial year
• Details of revised estimates for the current year in the budget
• Actual receipts and expenditure during the previous financial year

States' share in central taxes

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• As per the Constitution of India, the central government is required to share a portion of all tax revenue with
the state governments.
• This part of the tax collection that the central government shares with the state governments is known as
the states' share of central taxes.

Own tax revenue of the states

• There are many taxes which are either levied by the state governments, or where the collection goes
directly to the state governments.
• Except for the Goods and Services Tax (GST), the rates of such taxes are set by the state governments,
and therefore vary from state to state.

Main taxes that contribute to the revenue of state governments:

Tax revenue of states:

There are many taxes which are levied by the state governments and collected by them only. These taxes are

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received directly by the states.

Goods and Services Tax (GST):

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• GST is levied at the national level and the decision regarding GST is taken by the GST Council
• Goes directly to state governments as part of State GST (SGST) and Integrated GST (IGST).

State excise duty: Like Central Excise, it is levied on the production of goods which are not covered under GST.

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like wine.

Sales tax and vat: There are certain items whose sale is not covered by GST. The sale of such goods is subject to
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state sales tax or state value-added tax (VAT).

Stamp and Registration Fee: It is generally levied on sale of land and/or immovable assets such as
flat/house/building.
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Vehicle registration tax: This tax is levied on the registration of new vehicles or in case of change in the
ownership of the vehicle.
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Entertainment tax: This levy is generally applicable on the sale of movie tickets etc.

Non-tax revenue of states

States also have other means of raising revenue. The most important of these are:
• Lease/sale of natural resources States can either sell or lease natural resources for the economic
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purposes for which they receive the proceeds. Mineral leases are a major source for several states, such
as Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, among others.
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• Economic Services : There are some services provided by the government for which it charges the user,
such as irrigation, health, education, forestry and wildlife etc. User fees are not imposed for profit motive,
and are usually very low. Compared to the fee charged by the private sector. Nonetheless, they provide
some revenue to the government.
• Lottery sales Some states engage in the activity of selling lotteries, and the net proceeds from these go to
state coffers.
• Interest receipts- State Governments can provide loans to certain entities such as Public Sector
Undertakings (PSUs), local bodies etc. This is the interest received on such loans.
• Borrowed
Like the Union budget, when a state government's expenditure exceeds receipts, it borrows money to
bridge the gap. However, this borrowed money needs to be repaid with interest.

Salient Features/Objectives of the State Budget

• Reallocation of resources It helps in distribution of resources keeping in view the social and economic
benefits of the state. For this, the government provides allowances and tax concessions to manufacturers
to encourage investment.

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• Working on economic inequality For this, the government uses tax levied and the amount received from
it in state welfare schemes.
• Economic stability Budget is also used to meet the objective of financial stability and avoid business
fluctuations. Policies such as deficit budgeting during deflation and surplus budgeting during inflation help
to balance prices in the economy.
• Management of state enterprises - Many public sector industries have been created for the social welfare
of the people. It is planned to make separate provisions in the budget for the operation of such business
and for providing financial assistance.
• Economic development The economic growth of a state is based on the rate of investment and savings.
Therefore, budgetary planning focuses on creating sufficient resources for investment in the public sector
and raising the overall rate of investment and savings.
• Bridging the regional gap It aims to reduce regional disparities by implementing taxation and expenditure
policy and promoting the establishment of production units in underdeveloped areas

Fiscal policy

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Fiscal policy is concerned with increasing the revenue of the government and increasing the expenditure in the
government budget.
To generate revenue and increase expenditure, government finance or policy is called budget policy or fiscal policy.

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The major fiscal measures are:

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Public expenditure The government spends money on a variety of things, from the police to services such as
education and health care, as well as welfare benefits such as transfer payments.

Taxation The government imposes new taxes and changes the rate of existing taxes. Government expenditure is
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funded by the imposition of taxes.

Public borrowing - The government also raises funds from the country and abroad through bonds, NSC, Kisan
Vikas Patra, etc.
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Other measures Other measures adopted by the government are:

(a) Rationing and price control
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(b) Regulation of wages

(c) To increase the production of goods and services

Objectives of Fiscal Policy

Boost economic growth
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• The government promotes economic development by setting up basic and heavy industries such as steel,
chemicals, fertilizers, machine tools, etc.
• It also builds infrastructure such as roads, canals, railways, airports, education and health services, water
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and electricity supply.

• Both basic and heavy industries and infrastructure require a huge amount of investment which is met by
the government.
To ensure stability in prices
• The government ensures price stability by regulating the supply of basic essential goods and services.
• It spends on ration and fair price shops which keep adequate stock of food grains.
To balance the BOP deficit -
• Records its receipts and payments with foreign countries under the balance of payments.
• When payments to foreigners exceed receipts from foreigners, the balance of payments account is said to
be in deficit.
• Often this deficit occurs when a country imports more than it exports.
To provide employment opportunities:
• Establishment of public sector enterprises for employment.
• It encourages job creation by providing subsidies and other incentives to the private sector such as tax
holidays, lower rates of taxes, etc.
• Providing employment by creating infrastructure.

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To reduce inequalities of income and wealth

• Governments reduce inequalities of income and wealth by taxing the rich more and spending more on the
poor.
• Moreover, it provides employment opportunities to the poor which helps them to earn.
To provide effective administration : Government spends on police, defence, legislature, judiciary etc. to provide
effective administration

Infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh

Construction of industrial infrastructure is necessary for the economic development of the state and to improve the
quality of life of the people. At present, 8.5% of the total national highway is in Uttar Pradesh. Many cities of Uttar
Pradesh are connected by rail network and regional highways. Urban infrastructure is being developed under the
Smart City Mission of the Government of India. The primary sector contributes 24% to the economy of Uttar
Pradesh, the secondary sector contributes 27% and the tertiary sector contributes 49%. Still, there is a substantial
lack of infrastructure. More than 24 crore population of Uttar Pradesh and availability of natural resources can
provide a strong base for the industrial development of the state.

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Physical infrastructure
Airport
• The state has six domestic airports, located at Agra, Prayagraj, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Lucknow and

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Varanasi.
• International flights operate from Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, Lucknow and Lal Bahadur
Shastri Airport, Varanasi.

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• New airports have been proposed in Shravasti and Kushinagar districts. Out of the seven proposed
airports, work has been completed in Agra, Prayagraj and Kanpur. Work is left only in Meerut, Moradabad,
Ayodhya and Bareilly. Apart from this, the construction work of a new airport is also in progress at Greater
Noida (Jewar).
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• The Uttar Pradesh government is planning to develop an international airport between Agra and Mathura.

Proposed airport on PPP model –

• Facilitating dry-cargo transportation with aircraft maintenance center around DMIC area at Agra
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• Promotion of industrial development and tourism in Kushinagar in eastern Uttar Pradesh.

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Railway
• Uttar Pradesh's railway network is the largest in the country and the railway density (40 km) is almost twice
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the national average of 20 km per 1000 sq km.

• The state is well connected to other parts of the country by a railway network of over 8,800 km at the end
of 2011-12.
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• Major sectors and industries served by the railway include agriculture, cement, fertiliser, coal and
manufacturing.
• Different parts of the state are served by five of the 17 railway zones of India. These are Northern Railway,
North Eastern Railway, East Central Railway, North Central Railway and West Central Railway.
• Lucknow is the main junction of the Northern and North Eastern Railways.
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• The intra-state rail network is well developed, connecting cities and district headquarters of Uttar Pradesh.
• Delhi Metro Rail connects Noida and Ghaziabad with Delhi.
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Roads
• The Yamuna Expressway is a six-lane (expandable to eight-lane), 165 km long, controlled-access
expressway that connects Greater Noida with Joagra.
• The Agra-Lucknow Expressway is a 302.222 km long (06 lane) Access Controlled (Greenfield) Expressway
which can be extended to 8 lanes in future.
• The state is well connected to its nine neighboring states and other parts of India through 48 national
highways.
• About 8.5 per cent of the length of the national highways running in India is part of state national highways
(NHs).

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Energy
• The total power generation capacity in Uttar Pradesh was 14,375.3 MW, with state share of 5,472.2 MW,
central share of 5,250.6 MW and private share of 3,652.6 MW.
• The installed power generation capacity in the state has increased from 9,246.7 MW in 2008-09 to a new
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horizon from the year 2016.
• Multipurpose energy projects are being considered. Dopaha (3x660MW) in Sonbhadra district and
Jawaharpur (2x660MW) in Etah district are under active consideration and under construction. Other
thermal projects are Bara, Karchhana and Yamuna waterways power projects. There are 10 hydroelectric
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projects running at different places in Uttar Pradesh.

• A thermal power project of 2x250MW capacity will be set up at Gonda.
• Soo-Kam bagged the project for large-scale rural electrification under the Lohia Awas Project by installing
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solar power systems in 40,000 rural homes in Uttar Pradesh.

Telecommunications
• The Uttar Pradesh circle has good telecom infrastructure with all major service providers providing services
in the state.
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• According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), as of March 2014, Uttar Pradesh has a total
telecom subscriber base of 127.1 lakh, including about 125.7 lakh wireless subscribers and 1.3 lakh wire-
line subscribers, with a tele-density of 57.3 percent.
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• The state has a vast postal circle (17,667 post offices) divided into six regions: Prayagraj, Agra, Bareilly,
Gorakhpur, Kanpur and Lucknow.

Industrial infrastructure:
• The state has a strong industrial infrastructure, comprising 15 Industrial Areas, 12 Special Parks, Four
Growth Centers and Industrial Infrastructure Development Centers (IIDC) are included. At present
there are 23 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) notified in the State.
• The state 40 IT/ITES Parks (other than IT SEZ), two Biotech Zones and one Knowledge Park have
been proposed. Development of an integrated agro/food processing sector has been proposed at Hapur,
about 54 km from Delhi.
• In collaboration between IL&FS, Mineral and Mining Trading Corporation and Mitsui (Japan) Integrated
Logistics Hub (free-trade warehousing zones) have been proposed.
• Thus far, the State Government has recommended 56 SEZ proposals to the Government of India. Out of
these proposals, 21 SEZs have been notified. So far,There are nine functional SEZs in Uttar Pradesh.

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• Under a central government scheme, to encourage the development of micro and small scale industries in
Kosi Kotwan (Mathura), Etah, Banthar (Unnao), Baghpat, Mussoorie Gulawati (Ghaziabad), Kursi Road
(Barabanki) and Chandauli Integrated Industrial Development Center have been established.
• In Greater Noida Phase-II, 19.0 percent of the land has been reserved for industrial use.
• About 100 acres of government land in Gajaria fields on Sultanpur Road, Lucknow. IT City Proposal to
make. The approval for the city was granted by the state government in April 2012.
• Uttar Pradesh Poorv Dedicated Freight Corridor rIt is the largest beneficiary of the project, with the
state's share of 57.0 percent of its total length of 1,839 km.

Social infrastructure

Education
• in the stateThere are 45 universities, 10 deemed universities and 37 medical colleges. In 2017-18,
there were 6,681 colleges in the state.
• Uttar Pradesh was one of the first few states to successfully implement the "Education for All" policy. The

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state has invested towards raising the standard of education at various levels.
• The state has a good presence of private providers in the education sector. Amity University in Noida has
emerged as one of the largest private universities in India.

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• In the 2020-21 budget, the state government allocated Rs 783 crore for basic education, expansion of
education and improvement in its quality.
• According to the provisional figures of 2011 census, the literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh is 69.7 percent; The

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male literacy rate is 79.2 percent and the female literacy rate is 59.3 percent.

Health
• The state has a three-tier public health facility consisting of Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Health Units,
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Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Sub-centres.
• As of March 2012, the state had 20,521 sub-centres, 3,692 PHCs, 515 CHCs, 152 district hospitals and
133 mobile medical units (MMUs) to provide a range of preventive and curative health services.
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The state of Uttar Pradesh has been given many opportunities in the development of infrastructure
projects the challenges of which are facing some the challenges they are as follows:
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Challenges in building industrial infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh:

Insufficient power supply:

• The demand of electricity in the state is 17-18 thousand MW while the availability of electricity in the state
is about 15300 MW.
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• Due to the difference of about two thousand MW in the demand and supply of electricity, instead of 18
hours, electricity is being supplied in the villages only for 14-15 hours.
• On an average per capita consumption of electricity is 1181 units in India while in Uttar Pradesh it is around
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606 units per capita.

Regional imbalance:
• Uttar Pradesh Is Divided into four economic zones Western, Central, Eastern and Bundelkhand. The
region of Eastern and Bundelkhand is comparatively less developed than the western and central regions.
• Most of the people living in the eastern region are living below the poverty line. Due to the lack of
development of the eastern region, there has been little development of proper industries, whereas due to
the development of economically prosperous western regions, along with the development of industries, it
also attracts a large share of investment in the state.

Logistic Challenges:
• This poses as a major challenge before the industries in the state. Until some time back, Kanpur (located in
a congested area) had the only inland container port. Which is inadequate in terms of size and equipment.
• From here it takes 7 to 9 days for the goods to reach the sea ports
Budgetary constraint
• The Uttar Pradesh government has limited funds for infrastructure development.

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Land acquisition
• Due to various legal hurdles and time consuming bureaucratic procedures acquisition of land for the
country's infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh is a major challenge in Uttar Pradesh.
• Over 350 projects have been delayed under the provision of the Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act of 2013.

Technical competence
• The state lacks the technical expertise to undertake complex infrastructure projects, which delays
completion, and also drives up costs.

Lack of regulatory framework

• The state also lacks a regulatory framework to govern infrastructure projects

Attempts made by Uttar Pradesh to remove the challenges of Land Pooling Policy:

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• The Uttar Pradesh government approved the land pooling policy in February 2019, which aims to fast-track
land acquisition for government infrastructure projects.
• Under the land pooling policy, consent of only 60% of land owners is now required; Earlier it was 80%.

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PPP model
• The state government has partnered with various financial institutions under the PPP model to overcome

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the financial constraint.

Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority (UPEIDA)

• The government has set up UPIDA to undertake the development of expressways and other infrastructure
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projects.

Infrastructure development policy

• The Government of Uttar Pradesh has established the Uttar Pradesh Infrastructure and Industrial
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Development Policy to provide a roadmap for infrastructure development in the state.

Other efforts being made by the government

• Natural gas pipeline Urja Ganga Pipeline Project has been linked to Eastern Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi)
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under
• Public-Private Enterprise Several major road projects have been taken up in the state under PPP.
• Launched in 1978 Saryu Canal Scheme To be completed in December 2021. It will provide irrigation to
about 14 lakh hectares of land in 9 districts.
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• Many Highways and Expressways have been built. Such as Yamuna Expressway, Agra- Lucknow
Expressway, Delhi- Meerut Expressway, Purvanchal Expressway, etc.
• Some highways and expressways are in construction mode, such as the Ganga Expressway and the Delhi-
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Saharanpur - Dehradun Expressway.

• There are six domestic airports in Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Lucknow and Varanasi.
Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport (Lucknow) and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport (Varanasi) are
the international airports.
• Taj International Airport is proposed in the Delhi-NCR region.
• With an investment of Rs 20,000 crore Defense Industrial Corridor is being constructed. This will not only
boost the economic activities of the backward districts of the state but also develop the manufacturing base
for the defense sector.
• For city improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment) and city extension (greenfield
development), including smart system technology Smart Cities Mission has been started in 13 cities of
Uttar Pradesh.
• UP Electronics Manufacturing Policy 2017 UP Food Processing Industries Policy 2023 Solar Energy Policy
2022 Logistics and Warehousing Policy 2018 Pharmaceutical Policy 2018 Defense and Aerospace Policy
2018

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Lastly, Uttar Pradesh has taken several steps to remove bottlenecks in the development of infrastructure projects.
Due to this, Uttar Pradesh is now the fastest growing state in the field of infrastructure development. Ganga
Expressway, Yamuna Expressway, and Purvanchal Expressway are examples of excellent implementation of
infrastructure projects in the state.

Industrial Development in Uttar Pradesh

• Industries play an important role in the development of the economy of any country. The level of industrial
development has a direct relation with the economic prosperity of a country. The construction industry is a
major source of national income and employment.
• About 17% of the total population of India resides in Uttar Pradesh, which is also the most populous state
of India.
• Industries of the state have an estimated contribution of 20 percent in the state's economy and 8 percent
people have got employment in this sector.
• In the year 2006-07, 6,12,338 small scale industrial units were functioning in the state, with an investment
of ₹ 7,172 crore and employment to 2,396 thousand persons. At present, the number of small scale

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industrial units has increased to 6,45,640, in which 2,567 thousand people have got employment with an
investment of ₹ 9,219 crore.

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Cotton Textile (or) Handloom Industry-
• The state's cotton textile industry ranks third in India and maximum employment in the state is derived from
the handloom industry.

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• There are more than 10 cotton textile industries in Kanpur (Manchester of North India), Bareilly, Agra,
Ghaziabad, Meerut, Aligarh, Badaun, Moradabad, Varanasi, Modinagar and Ujhani Saharanpur etc.
• Banarasi silk sarees, bed covers of Gorakhpur, carpets of Sitapur-Etawah, lehenga-chunri of Farrukhabad,
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curtain of Ghazipur and terry towel of Ghaziabad are famous in the state.

Leather Industry
• The leather industry of the state is mainly an export-oriented industry. 5 lakh people get employment in this
sector.
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• Small, medium and large sized units are mainly established in Kanpur, Unnao while the Leather Regional
Extension Center is established in Chennai.
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Sericulture
• Mulberry silk and Eri silk are produced in 54 districts of the state. In which Lakhimpur, Sonbhadra,
Bahraich, Chandauli etc. are the main centers.
• For the development of silk, the State Cooperative Sericulture Federation was established in Uttar Pradesh
in 1992 and the Sericulture Research and Development Center was established in Gonda.
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Woolen textile industry

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• Out of total 224 woolen textile mills in the country, 14 mills are located in Uttar Pradesh.
• Modern mills were started in the country in the year 1876 in Kanpur city of the state.
• The woolen cloth of Lali Mill of Kanpur is famous all over the country.

Paper industry
• 4.3% of the total paper production of the country is obtained from this state.
• The major paper mills of the state are in Saharanpur, Mainpuri and Badaun.
• Paper industry is going to be the third largest industry of Uttar Pradesh after sugar and textile industry.

Vegetable oil industry

• This industry is the traditional industry of the state, which is dependent on the abundant production of oilseeds
in the state.
• Big factories of this industry are in Ghaziabad, Aligarh, Modinagar, Allahabad and Kanpur.
• The state produces about 18% (1 lakh tonnes) of the country's vegetable oil.

Wine and alcohol factory-

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• At present there are 24 factories in the state, whose installed capacity is 2.800 lakh liters of alcohol. Uttar
Pradesh is the leading alcohol producing state of the country.

Glass industry
• Glass sheets, chimneys, bottles, scientific instruments, bulbs, utensils etc. are prepared in Uttar Pradesh.
• There are 32 glass making factories and 90 bangle making factories in Firozabad, Naini, Sasni, Shikohabad,
Charansi, Hirangaon, Balawali, Ghaziabad, Bahjoi, Hathras etc. due to availability of raw material for this
industry in the state.

Cement industry
• Mirzapur district in Uttar Pradesh has two government cement factories at Chuck and Ilsa with a capacity of
8 lakh tonnes.
• A factory with a capacity of 8 lakh tonnes has also become operational in Kajrahat.
• There are a total of 16 cement factories in the state.

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Jute industry
• In the state, 3 jute mills of Sahjanwa near Kanpur and Gorakhpur produce about 26 thousand MT of jute
goods every year.

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Electronics:
• In the year 1991, this industry of the state had the first place in India.

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• Uttar Pradesh Electronics Corporation Ltd. has established industrial complexes at Allahabad, Lucknow,
Panki (Kanpur), Sahibabad (Ghaziabad), Noida and Rae Bareli.

Mini Steel Plants-

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• Due to the shortage of coal and iron ore, no big steel factory could be established in the state, but at present
there are 23 mini steel plants (electric arc furnaces) in the state, which produce about 1 lakh tonnes of steel
per year. .
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Cottage and Small Scale Industries in Uttar Pradesh

Cottages in Uttar Pradesh are earning a name not only in India but in the world. Out of 22 lakh craftsmen (artisans)
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of the country, 6 lakh are in Uttar Pradesh alone. The major industries of the state are as follows-

Handloom Industry-
• It is the biggest cottage industry of the state. Through this, 15 lakh people of the state have got employment.
• There are more than 509 thousand looms in the state, which is about 14% of the country's total looms of 38
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lakhs.
• Meerut, Deoband, Dhampur, Pilkhua, Tanda, Maghar, Barabanki, Etawah, Mau, Mubarakpur etc. are the
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main centers of handloom cotton cloth. The major centers of handloom silk fabric are Varanasi, Mau, Bilaspur
and Sandila.

Carpet industry
• Mirzapur, Bhadohi (Varanasi), Shahjahanpur and Agra are the major carpet-making centers of the state.
• Uttar Pradesh exports carpets in substantial quantities. Colorful carpets and small blankets are also made in
the state.

Jaggery Industry-
• In the production of jaggery, U.P. is at the first place in the country.
• In western Uttar Pradesh, more than half of the sugarcane production is used to make jaggery. There are
370 khandsari factories in Muzaffarnagar district alone.

Shoe industry
• It is an important cottage industry of the state. Although this industry is flourishing in every city and town of
the state, Agra and Kanpur are its major centers.

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Sporting goods
• Meerut is the biggest center in the state in manufacturing of sports goods.
• Here football, volleyball, hockey stick, cricket bat, racket, hockey and cricket ball, shuttle cock etc. are made.
• Sports goods are also manufactured in Agra, Saharanpur and Varanasi.
• Sports goods from the state are exported to foreign countries.

Brass and copper utensils

• Beautiful designs are carved on brass and copper in Moradabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Aligarh and Almora (in
Uttaranchal).
• Moradabad is called the 'Brass Town' of India. Every year utensils worth crores of rupees are exported from
India.

Wood furniture-
• Teak, pine, haldu, shisham, kel, deodar etc. wood is available from the forests of the state, from which
furniture and other items are prepared.

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• Although wooden articles and furniture are prepared in all the cities of the state, Bareilly, Saharanpur,
Hathras, Jagra, Meerut and Varanasi are the main centers of this industry.
• Bareilly's furniture also goes outside India. Bareilly has gained fame in making bait accessories.

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Cutlery Accessories The lock industry of Aligarh, knife industry of Rampur and scissor industry of Meerut are world
famous in the state.

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Toys and dolls In Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow and Varanasi are the main centers for making flowers and dolls. Clay
toys are made in Lucknow and Agra and wooden toys in Varanasi.
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The reason for industrial backwardness in Uttar Pradesh:
• Uttar Pradesh lacks dynamic economic policies. Due to which inclusive industrial development could not
happen.
• Unbalanced development of Uttar Pradesh has also been the reason for industrial backwardness.
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• Uttar Pradesh is landlocked from all sides and lacks sea coast all around and these conditions are inimical
to industrialization.
• The labor laws in the state also have an adverse effect on industrialization somewhere.
• Use of traditional industry and traditional production methods.
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• Lack of proper marketing system for the goods produced

• The agriculture sector in Uttar Pradesh is also not sufficiently developed and diversified.
• The basic infrastructure has also not been developed adequately in the state. Here the availability of
electricity is also less than the requirement or demand.
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• Lack of quality and adequate transport and roads in the state is also an important obstacle.
• The small scale units which are working in the state lack efficiency in these units and there are problems in
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marketing the goods produced by them.

Schemes related to industrial development

Many important schemes related to industrial development and employment generation are being implemented by
the state government, which is important for the economic development of the state.

Schemes operated in collaboration with the Government of India:

1: Prime Minister's Employment Generation Program
• This scheme of the Government of India is an ambitious scheme to connect unemployed people above 18
years of age with self-employment.
• Under this scheme, the project cost of the manufacturing sector in the micro, small and medium sector has
been increased from Rs 20 lakh to Rs 50 lakh, in the service sector it has been increased from Rs 10 lakh
to Rs 20 lakh.
• In the scheme, provision of special exemption has been made in the enterprises to be set up in the areas
by special caste / tribe / other backward class / minority / women ex-servicemen, physically handicapped
etc.

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• The scheme is being implemented in the state

by Khadi and Village Industries Commission,
Khadi and Village Industries Board and District
Industries and Enterprise Promotion Centers.
• On 30.06.2022 to provide employment to the
people of the state and make them self-reliant
• Under Mission Rojgar, online loan
disbursement of about 15 thousand crores was
done through banks while organizing the
Rozgar Sangam Loan Mela.

2: Micro and Small Cluster Development Scheme -

• Under the scheme, area specific / cluster
specific Common Facility Centers are
established through the Cluster Development

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Scheme run by the Government of India.
• Government assistance will be given keeping
in mind the cost of the project up to a

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maximum of Rs 30 crore.
• Its prime objective is to enhance the sustainability, competitiveness and growth of MSEs by addressing
issues such as improvement in technology, skill and quality, market access, and others.
• To build capacity of MSEs and Startups for common supportive action through integration of Self Help

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Groups, Federation, District Industry Associations etc.
• Creation or upgradation of infrastructural facilities in new or existing industrial areas or clusters of MSEs.
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3: SFURTI scheme -
• The main objective of SFURTI Yojana, run by the Government of India, is to develop the skills of
traditionally working industries and their artisans collectively.
• The SFURTI scheme has been launched by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises of India.
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• Under this scheme, training will also be provided to the artisans.

• Since the inception of the scheme, till July 2022, 55 clusters have been approved in Uttar Pradesh under
this scheme and 21 clusters are in functional condition.
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4: Aspire Scheme
• Under the Aspire scheme run by the Government of India, grants are approved for setting up LBI
(Livelihood Business Incubation Center).
• This assistance is permissible only for machinery up to a maximum of Rs.one crore.
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• There is a target to set up a total of 125 LBIs (Livelihood Business Incubation Centers) during the 15th
Finance Commission.
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Schemes run by the State Government

Important new schemes by the state government for the financial years 2021-22 and 2022-23 include Chief
Minister Youth Self-Employment Scheme, One District One Product Scheme, Vishwakarma Shram Samman
Yojana, Chief Minister Handcraft Pension Scheme and Skill and Entrepreneurship to connect youth with self-
employment. development training program.

1- Chief Minister Youth Self Employment Scheme

• Mukhyamantri Yuva Swarozgar Yojana is being run with the objective of providing self-employment
opportunities to the unemployed educated youth of the state.
• Under the scheme, loans up to Rs 25 lakh for setting up industry and Rs 10 lakh for the service sector are
made available through banks.
• For this scheme, such natives of U.P. who have passed high school in the age group of 18-40 years and
are not declared defaulters by any financial institution are eligible.
• Through the district level selection committee constituted under the scheme, the applications of the
selected candidates are sent to the banks and the process of loan approval and disbursement is done.
• A target is to set up 6250 units in the financial year 2022-23.

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2 One district one product scheme

• 'One district one product' scheme has been started by the government in January 2018 to give them
national and international recognition through skill development of artisans, handicrafts and branding of
special products of the districts of the state.
• With this scheme, maximum employment and livelihood opportunities will be available to the micro, small
and medium entrepreneurs, shopkeepers, educated youth and trained untrained workers in the state.
• A target has been set to set up 4656 units in the year 2022-23.
• Under the ODOP Skill Upgradation and Toolkit Scheme, a target has been set to distribute toolkits to
21000 beneficiaries in the financial year 2022-23.

3 - Vishwakarma Shram Samman Yojana

• Providing self-employment to traditional artisans, carpenters, tailors, basket weavers, barbers, goldsmiths,
blacksmiths, potters, confectioners etc. in urban and rural areas of the state
• To encourage and promote the arts of traditional handicrafts and provide opportunities to increase their
income.

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• In the year 2022-23, a provision of Rs 11250 lakh has been made for 30000 beneficiaries.
• During the training period, the artisans are provided an honorarium of Rs. 200 per day and arrangements
are also made for their food and drink.

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4- Chief Minister Handicraft Pension Scheme
• The Chief Minister Handicraft Pension Scheme was started by the Uttar Pradesh government from

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December 2017.
• Its main objective is to bring qualitative improvement in the living standard and economic condition of the
handicraftsman of the state and to keep the traditional arts intact.
• Under the scheme, a pension of Rs 500 per month is given to the selected handicraftsman.
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• Under this scheme, a budget of Rs 87.47 lakh has been allocated in the financial year 2021-22 and an
amount of 100 lakh has been approved in the financial year 2022-23.

5- Skill and Entrepreneurship Development Training Program

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• Under this scheme, Backward Classes Training Scheme, Training Scheme for Scheduled Castes/Tribes
and Entrepreneurship Development Training Programs are running.
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7- Nivesh Mitra Portal / Single Table Arrangement and Udyog Bandhu

• The three-tier Udyog Bandhu system is run by the state government for quick redressal of the problems of
the entrepreneurs related to various departments.

8 - Establishment of micro, small and medium enterprises

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• New MSME Policy - 2022 has been declared by the state government on 28.09.2022.
• Under the new policy, a 15 percent annual increase in employment generation is possible. 100 percent
stamp duty exemption will be given to the women of Purvanchal and Bundelkhand region and the entire
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state and 75 percent in the rest of the region on purchase of land for setting up industries.
• Units have been exempted from inspection by any department for 1000 days through the MSME Act -
2020.

9- MSME Partner Portal

• At the time of effective lock-down due to Covid-19, a portal named MSME Saathi has been developed to
solve the problems related to various departments of the entrepreneurs.

10 - Commerce Mega Export Conclave

• In order to encourage exports, the Commerce Mega Export Conclave was organized by the Ministry of
Commerce, Government of India from 20.09.2021 to 27.09.2021 at Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar,
Moradabad, Lucknow and Kanpur Nagar.
• An Export Conclave was also organized in the remaining districts.
11- Gem Portal
• Government purchases are being promoted through the Gem portal.

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• Uttar Pradesh ranks first in the country in purchase from Gem portal and Rs 11275 crore has been
purchased from the portal in the financial year 2021-22.

In short
Efforts made by the Government of Uttar Pradesh to promote rapid development and ease of
doing business in the industrial sector:
• An encouraging environment has been created by the state government for setting up more
and more enterprises. M.S.M.E Act 2020 Through this units have been exempted from
inspection by any department for 1000 days.
• Similarly, Through this, completely online arrangements have been made for the
entrepreneurs to obtain the desired clearance / license / permission etc. in order to set up
the enterprise, due to which the entrepreneur is getting the approvals etc. in a timely
manner.
• Due to these efforts of the state government, a total of 412134 enterprises were registered
in the financial year 2021-22, in which 2806425 jobs were created. ,

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• In order to provide easy working capital to the micro, small and medium enterprises
affected by the lockdown, a special economic package has been given in the form of

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Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Yojana
of the Government of India.
• Apart from this, maximum loan flow has been ensured in the micro, small and medium
sector by the state government with the help of SLBC.

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• In view of the circumstances arising out of Covid-19, the system of selection of
beneficiaries has been implemented for obtaining loans on the basis of scoring model
(score card) under the Pradhan Mantri Employment Generation Program scheme run by
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the Government of India.
• In order to provide employment to the people of the state and make them self-reliant, online
loans worth Rs 2505.58 crore were disbursed to about 31542 units of micro, small and
medium industries in the online employment union program.
• Under the One District One Product scheme, the online foundation stone of Common
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Facility Center was laid in 9 districts and an e-seva portal was also launched.
• The Facilitation Council was decentralized up to the circle level for quick settlement of
delayed payments of micro and small enterprises.
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• Every year, the scheme of upgradation and modernization of five district industry and
enterprise promotion centers has been implemented.
• At the time of effective lock down due to Covid-19, a portal named MSME Saathi has been
developed to solve the problems related to various departments of the entrepreneurs.
• In order to encourage exports, the Commerce Mega Export Conclave was organized in
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Ghaziabad, Gautam Budh Nagar, Moradabad, Lucknow and Kanpur Nagar.

• Government purchases are being promoted through the Gem portal. Uttar Pradesh ranks
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first in the country in purchase from Gem portal and Rs 11275 crore has been purchased
from the portal in the financial year 2021-22.
• Under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Cluster Development Scheme, three
Common Facility Centers (CFCs) have been established and 02 are under establishment.
• In the same order, the approval of 41 CFCs has been given by the government so far under
the sub-scheme of One District One Product Scheme, Common Facility Center, out of
which 22 CFCs are under implementation.

Uttar Pradesh government's goal

Energy
• Inviting private providers to invest in the energy sector and ensure uninterrupted power supply.
• To promote generation and use of clean and green power in the state by harnessing solar energy.

Skill Development

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• To integrate the efforts of various skill development departments of the Central and State Governments
and provide job oriented training in vocational skills

Information technology
• Using IT as a medium for economic development.
• To establish IT of Uttar Pradesh as a top and preferred destination for investment.

Social welfare
• To provide basic facilities to the economically and socially backward classes.
• Providing housing to the urban poor and undertaking redevelopment of slums.

Infrastructure
• To develop, manage and maintain highways of world standards.
• To provide connectivity to rural areas by developing roads.

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Tourism
• To develop religious tourism at various places of potential.
• To develop areas of tourist interest and provide facilities in a better way.

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Investment promotion
• To establish Uttar Pradesh as the most preferred destination for investment to accelerate industrial

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development and create a conducive business environment.

Agriculture
• To increase agricultural productivity and farmer profitability.
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• To disseminate technology through training networks, demonstration and development of reference
material among farmers.

One District – One Product Scheme

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One district one product scheme has been launched by the Uttar Pradesh government with the aim of promoting
small and medium industries in the state and encouraging self-employment. In Uttar Pradesh, glassware, clothes
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with Lucknowi embroidery, special types of rice, etc. Very famous. Such products are mostly produced by hand
rather than machines in rural areas. Through this scheme, income and employment will be generated at the local
level by giving a new identity to the disappearing products. Like Leather in Agra, Handicraft products in Bahraich,
Dholak in Amroha, Zari-Zardozi in Bareilly, Hardware in Aligarh, Bindi in Ballia etc.
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The main objective of One District – One Product Scheme:

1. Preservation and development of local crafts
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2. Increase in income and creation of local employment will also reduce migration for employment.
3. To improve the quality of the product and develop efficiency in the people.
4. To change the quality of the products through packing and branding.
5. Linking of products with tourism (live demo and counter sale – through gifts and souvenirs),
6. To reduce regional imbalance in the state.
7. ODOP at the state level To take the products to the national and international level after successful
operation.

Economic development of Uttar Pradesh along with a new identity to the products of Uttar Pradesh.
1. Through this scheme, the development of small, medium and traditional industries of the district will be
possible. This will lead to the development of Uttar Pradesh and the country.
2. The state government will focus on adapting new technology to compete in the market.
3. Under this scheme, 25 lakh youth will get employment and the state's GDP will increase by 2%.
4. The UP government will also provide incentives to local artisans and entrepreneurs in the coming 5 years
so that the products can be made better.

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5. Under this scheme, a committee will be formed to take care of the quality, productivity, competitiveness
etc. of the products being made in different districts, which will analyze all the products and prepare a
strategy for its work accordingly.
6. Small, medium and traditional industries will be financially helped by the government and at the same time
efforts will be made to improve their quality and efficiency.
7. Under this scheme, loans will be given at a low interest rate so that more and more people can take
advantage of this scheme.
8. Along with this, work will also be done on its packing and branding. Each product will be given a brand
name, which will expand the global recognition of the state's products.
In order to make the products accessible to the common people under the One District One Product scheme, it will
be exported far and wide through online mediums. Apart from this, a fair will be organized to sell these products.
Due to which the identity of that area will increase and tourism there will also get a boost.

New projects of Uttar Pradesh -

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Plastic city Auraiya
• Integrated Plastic Park is being set up in coordination with GAIL, NTPC, CIPET, MSME_DI and financial
institutions (HUDCO, SIDBI and NABARD and others).

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• Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) is a major producer of two types of plastic raw materials in Auraiya.

Mega Leather Cluster (MLC) Project

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• Two green-field Mega Leather Cluster (MLC) projects are coming up at Hardoi and Kanpur respectively.
• Hardoi and Kanpur clusters have been given 150 and 625 acres of land respectively.
• The MLC will have world class infrastructure with latest technology to meet the demands of Indian and
International markets.
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• A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) consisting of both entrepreneurs associated with the leather industry and
persons interested in setting up units has been formed for both the projects

Greater Mathura (Kosi-Kotwan Extension) Project

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• The Greater Mathura (Kosi-Kotwan Extension) project in an area of 237.57 acres is under discussion.
• The Kosi-Kotwan stretch is in quick reach with the national capital.
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Leather Technology Park, Unnao

• Leather Technology Park is being developed for setting up of tanneries and leather goods units on 232
acres of land.
• Current industrial land rates - US$ 41/sq.m.
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Tronica City Ghaziabad

• Developed by the Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation, this area has been divided into
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residential and industrial areas.

• It has been made self-dependent by building a plot with better provision of group housing, business
establishment, institutional and other facilities.
• Tronica City is easily accessible from the Alipore Dam Road along the west bank of the Yamuna River and
from the eastern end via the Delhi-Saharanpur Road.

Agro Park, Lucknow and Varanasi

• Agriculture and Food Processing Parks have been set up in Lucknow and Varanasi to meet the specific
needs of the agro and food processing industry.
• An Agro Park has been developed on the outskirts of Lucknow over an area of 180 acres
• Another Agro Park has been developed in Varanasi near Babatpur Airport in an area of 180 acres.

Textiles & Garments Park

• For the promotion of textile and clothing industry, Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation
has established Textile Park at Tronica City Ghaziabad and Hosiery Park at Ruma in District Kanpur.
• Industry specific infrastructure is available in both the parks.
• Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP)

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• To promote exports from Uttar Pradesh, two Export Promotion Industrial Parks have been set up at
Gautam Buddha Nagar and Agra.
• The EPIP in Gautam Buddha Nagar has been developed over an area of 200 acres. The current industrial
plot rates here are US $ 82 per square meter.

Hi Tech Industrial Township (DMIC) Project

• The Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited (DMICDCL) will set up Industrial
Investment Zones (IIZ) on both sides of the Western Freight Corridor.
• The 12 districts of UP have 36068 sq km (15%) of the DMIC catchment area.
• UPSIDC has proposed an integrated-industrial hi-tech township in 2,800 acres of land under IZ.
• The expected investment in the project is USD 427.05 million.

Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project

• The industrial corridor on the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC) will see an estimated investment
of around USD 6896 million by 2018.

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• Uttar Pradesh's share in the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor project is about 57% (1,049 KM disjointed
state).
The equity approved by the state government is 5%.

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UP Industrial Investment and Employment Promotion Policy 2022

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Uttar Pradesh has an important place in the Indian economy. The state contributes about 8 percent to the
country's GDP and is one of the largest consumer markets. There are seven cities with more than 10 lakh
population in the state and seven other cities have more than 5 lakh population.
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• As India marches towards achieving its dream of becoming a $5 trillion economy and a global economic
powerhouse, Uttar Pradesh plans to contribute to this mission by raising its Gross State Domestic
Product (GSDP) to $1 trillion.
• With the emergence of new technologies in a rapidly changing global economy, it is imperative to
develop a stable and balanced policy, strong legal and regulatory framework and an industry-friendly
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ecosystem in Uttar Pradesh.

• This policy is an important step towards fulfilling this vision. The policy reflects a new vision, under which
government and business can work together to shape a strong, balanced and sustainable economy for
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all citizens of the state and contribute significantly to building an 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'.
• Basically this policy signifies the confidence of the state, which enables private sector investment. and
intervenes decisively when necessary.
• It is rooted in the belief that a successful economy must be built on a solid foundation of skilled
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workforce, quality infrastructure and a fair, safe and predictable business environment.
• This policy gives priority to coordination and partnership between the government and the private sector.
• The policy also includes that expanding the economy should not be the sole objective of the
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government, but ensuring a responsible and sustainable development, which reaches the
underprivileged sections of the society and development of every region of the state.
• The policy determines how the government will enhance the specialties of the state and expand them in
the future by taking advantage of the opportunities for the state to achieve its full potential.
• This policy will encourage industrial development and development of value chain and supply chain
including all sectors for creation of new and advanced industrial scenarios in the state and with a strong
cooperative approach will make the state an excellent and important investment destination at the global
and national level.
• This policy provides a strategic framework for the next five years by consolidating all investment-oriented
policies, under which decisions related to private and public sector investments can be made with
confidence.

Policy Reference
Uttar Pradesh has established itself as one of the leading investment destinations in the country, not only among
large investors, but also among Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

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Infrastructure & Connectivity Network:

1. In the last five years, the state government has made rapid development of infrastructure and
connectivity networks in the state. National Highway Network is the densest in the country, present
and upcoming Expressways- Has established itself as an 'Expressway State' with a total of 13
Expressways, out of which 6 Expressways (1225 kms) have been completed while 7 others are in
various stages of development.
2. Uttar Pradesh is the Country's largest Railway network (more than 16,000 km) in addition to having
Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC) and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC) is
mostly in Uttar Pradesh.
3. WDFC connects to Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) port in Mumbai (Western India) and Haldia port
in Kolkata (Eastern India) through 57% of the EDFC route passing through the state, both of which have
been approved by the state government. A strategic framework has been prepared to take advantage of
freight corridors. With the efficient governance system of the State Government and the effective
cooperation of the Government of India, various early bird projects related to these corridors have been
implemented at a rapid pace.

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4. In Dadri (located in Gautam Budh Nagar district of the state) Junction of EDFC and WDFC Due to this,
the state has a unique advantage in the logistics sector. A Multi - Modal Logistics Hub and Multi-
Modal Transport Hub are also being developed, which will give further impetus to the development in

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the logistics sector.
5. UP is the country's first to connect Prayagraj with Haldia port inland waterways. About 1,100 km is
operated from the east. A multi-modal terminal at Varanasi and various floating terminals at

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Ghazipur/Rajghat, Ramnagar (Varanasi) and Prayagraj terminals are operational along National
Waterway-1. Also India's first Freight Village' Varanasiis being developed in 100 acres. The village
will act as a trans-shipment hub for inbound and outbound cargo, connecting the export centers of
eastern Uttar Pradesh with ports in eastern India.
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6. Presently Lucknow, Varanasi and Kushinagar international airports Apart from this, new airports are
being developed in Jewar and Ayodhya, soon Uttar Pradesh will be the only state in the country, where
there will be 05 international airports. For home connectivity Regional Connectivity Scheme Under
RCS, 07 airports have become operational and 08 more airports are in the pipeline.
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7. In different states Accessibility of Logistics Facilities Categorized as a top improver in LEADS

rankings, Uttar Pradesh has made a remarkable improvement of 7 places from the year 2019 by
attaining the 6th rank in the country in the year 2021.
8. Ease of doing business A major focus area for the state government. The state government has
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implemented a record 500 reforms in more than 25 departments, such as labor regulation, inspection
rules, land allocation, property registration, payment of environment clearance taxes, etc.
9. Regulatory compliance burden - Under the program to reduce compliances under RCB, more than
3,500 compliances have been reduced and 900 Acts/Rules/Regulations/Orders have been abolished
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and 569 compliances have been decriminalized in the state. As a result of which the state got the
second position in the ranking of states in the Business Reform Action Plan 2019 by the Government of
India and has been classified as 'Achiever State' in the ranking of the year 2020.
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10. Leading in the country Nivesh Mitra, one of the single window portals Through this, the government
has been able to successfully provide 353 services of 29 departments to industries and citizens without
any human intervention. The portal has also been integrated with the National Single Window System.
11. The state government has set up zones for industries in the entire state while earmarking areas for
specific industries. land bank Steps have also been taken for the creation of
o Defense Industrial Corridor-In this, on 5,000 hectares of land in Agra, Aligarh, Lucknow,
Kanpur, Jhansi and Chitrakoot
o Integrated Manufacturing Cluster-in Agra (1060 acres) and Prayagraj (1139 acres)
o Medical Device Park-Over 350 acres in Gautam Budh Nagar;
o Integrated Township (IIT GNLIn Greater Noida):
o Other - Toy Park (52 Acre), Apparel Park (118 Acre), Handicraft Park (40 Acre) Logistics Hub
(Tappal-Bajna), Yamuna Expressway Area, Mega Leather Park Unnao The country's first
leather park spread over 42 acres of land, Mega Food Park in Bareilly (246 acres), Agro Park
in Varanasi (259 acres): Trans Ganga City Unnao (1149 acres), flatted factories are included
in Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur and Aligarh etc.

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12. Headed by the state government Integrated Manufacturing Clusters Along Expressways are also
being developed.
13. ODOP Program in the State Various steps including tie-up with global e-commerce majors,
development of Common Facilitation Centres, distribution of financial assistance tool kits etc. have been
taken to ensure the progress of the scheme.
14. Apart from this, during the effective period of Industrial Investment and Employment Promotion Policy-
2017, a dedicated investment promotion and facilitation agency Invest UP was established by the state
government. ,
15. There was also a global loss due to the Covid 19 pandemic. However, as a result of a prompt and
efficient governance system in the state, the businesses in the state suffered minimum loss of man-days.
The state was not only appreciated globally for its Covid-19 management, but also attracted fresh
investments from both India and abroad.

Uttar Pradesh Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Policy 2022
The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has emerged as a highly vibrant and dynamic sector

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in the economy of Uttar Pradesh, promoting entrepreneurship and providing the largest number of self-
employment opportunities at comparatively low capital cost after the agricultural produce.

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Capital grant
• New MSME enterprises to be set up under the new policy will be provided capital subsidy ranging
from 10 percent to 25 percent. Capital subsidy (exemption) is available for investment on plant

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and machinery etc.
• In Bundelkhand and Purvanchal regions, this limit will be up to 15-25 percent and in Madhyanchal
and Paschimanchal it will be up to 10-20 percent.
• Two percent more relaxation will be given for SC-ST and women entrepreneurs.
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• The maximum limit of input has been fixed at Rs 4 crore per unit. Provision has been made for
capital subsidy up to 25 percent on investment and interest subvention (subsidy) up to 50 percent
on loans taken.
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Interest subvention
• New micro industries to be established in the state will get 50 percent rebate on the annual interest
payable on the loan under capital interest subvention.
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• This interest subsidy will be given for 5 years and the maximum limit will be Rs 25 lakh per unit.
• This interest subsidy will be up to 60 percent for SC-ST and women entrepreneurs.

Infrastructure Interest Subsidy

• 100 percent exemption in stamp duty will be given on purchase of land for setting up MSME park
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of more than 10 acres in the state and 50 percent interest subvention (maximum Rs. 2 crore) will
be made available for 7 years on the loan taken.
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• Financial assistance of up to Rs 10 crore will also be given for Common Effluent Treatment Plan
(CETP) for disposal of effluents.
• As per the policy, MSME units will be encouraged to get listed on stock exchange to make credit
available from more and more sources. All such units will be compensated 20 percent of the listing
expenses subject to a maximum of Rs 5 lakh. Establishment of flatted factories will be encouraged.
• The process of allotment of plots and sheds in industrial estates will be made online. To encourage
MSMEs in rural areas, 5 acres or more of Gram Sabha land will be recovered and transferred to
the Directorate of Industries free of cost.
• 5 km on both sides of the expressway. MSME units will be encouraged through the development
of industrial estates within 50 kms. There is also a provision to encourage CETP in view of the
problem of effluent treatment in traditional industrial clusters.
• 75 percent of the total cost and financial assistance up to a maximum of Rs 5 lakh for obtaining
quality standards such as Zero Effect-Zero Defect, WHO GMP, Hallmark etc. and financial
assistance of up to Rs 2 lakh for obtaining GI registration and patent etc. .

Stamp duty exemption

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• MSMEs will be eligible for 100% stamp duty exemption in Purvanchal and Bundelkhand regions,
except Gautam Buddha Nagar and Ghaziabad, and 75% in Madhyanchal and Paschimanchal
regions, which will have 50% stamp duty exemption
• Women entrepreneurs will be eligible for 100 percent stamp duty exemption in any part of the
state

Promotion of environmental improvement measures among MSMEs

• Reimbursement of up to 50% (maximum Rs. 2.5 lakh) of the consultancy fee incurred for
obtaining Green Rating for industrial buildings
• Reimbursement of up to 50% (maximum Rs. 10 Lakh) of the expenses incurred for setting up of
Environmental Management Laboratory / Environmental Management System
• Financial assistance up to a maximum of Rs 20 lakh will be provided to MSME units for adopting
clean and green technology.
• Entrepreneurship will be spread among the youth of the state on the basis of entrepreneurship
courses, while developing the Entrepreneurship Development Institute as a center of excellence.

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• Financial assistance of 75% (maximum Rs 10 lakh) will be provided for obtaining patent and GI
tag

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Uttar Pradesh Food Processing Industry Policy 2023:
There are ample possibilities for capital investment, employment generation and increase in rural income of the
state in the horticulture and food processing sector. In terms of total production of food grains, horticulture

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products, milk and meat in India, Uttar Pradesh occupies a prominent place in the agriculture sector. There is a
lot of potential for setting up horticulture and food processing industries in the state due to the large market, low
cost of production and adequate availability of raw produce besides human resources.
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Subsidy:
• 35% of the expenditure incurred on plant, machinery and technical civil work for FPIs subject to a
maximum of Rs. 50 million.
• In case of expansion and modernisation/upgradation Capital subsidy will be 25% subject to a
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maximum of Rs. 1 crore

• Permission for FPI to buy more than 12.5 acres of land (agriculture).
• Exemption from 2% of the value at the circle rate as non-agriculture use declaration fee for FPIs.
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• The fee for exchange of government owned land falling within the project site will not be applicable to
FPIs.

Change of land use:

50% fee will be waived off on CLU
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External development fee:

75% waiver on external development charges for FPIs to be set up in UP on land where no development work
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has been done by the authorities.

• On the land to be purchased for the establishment of the food processing industry 100% exemption
was given in stamp duty.
• For agricultural produce received from other states for processing in Uttar Pradesh Exemption from
market fee and cess.
• Directly sold by the farmers to the processing units Exemption from market fee and cess for
agricultural produce.
• Subsidy on solar power projects for power supply to processing units: 50% subsidy on solar
power utilities in rural areas and 90% subsidy for women entrepreneurs in the same category.
• 25% freight subsidy on exports except to Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan.
• Scheme for Value Addition and Cold Chain Infrastructure:
o 35% subsidy for infrastructure related to cold chain and value addition and 50% subsidy up to
Rs.
o 10 crore for frozen storage/deep freezer, value addition and processing infrastructure.
• Interest subsidy for purchase of reefer vehicles and mobile pre-cooling vans:
o Reimbursement is made for a period of five years subject to a ceiling of Rs.50 lakh.

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• In respect of payment of market fee and cess, the entire state of Uttar Pradesh will be considered as a
unified market for food processing industries.
• License holders of any mandi of the state will also be eligible to work in other mandis of the state.
• Support for adoption of modern technology for food processing start-ups engaged in agri value chain
development, coverage/production/productivity estimation and evidence-based decisions -up to Rs.5
crore.
• Promote decentralized processing and storage:
o SHGs/FPOs/Framers will be eligible for assistance in the form of grants based on their projects;
50% of the total project cost or 50 lakhs. Subject to a ceiling of Rs.
• Support under value addition and cold chain infrastructure and creation of backward and forward
linkages as per the guidelines of PM Kisan Sampada Yojana.

Ease of Doing Business - Ease of Doing Business

• The Government of Uttar Pradesh has initiated several reforms in the industrial sector on the lines of the

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Central Government, which has improved the overall business environment.
• In order to improve the ease of doing business, emphasis is being laid on simplifying and rationalizing the
existing rules, which has now made it easier for entrepreneurs to set up enterprises in the state.

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• The Government of Uttar Pradesh has imbibed the principle of "trust based governance".

Investment friendly

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• More than 600 reforms have been implemented in Uttar Pradesh under the Business Reform Action Plan.
• Along with digitizing more than thirty departments, more than 110 services have been included in the
Public Interest Guarantee Act.
• One of the major steps taken by the State Government in this direction is the implementation of one of
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India's largest digital single window portals - "Nivesh Mitra" through which more than 362 online services
are being provided to the entrepreneurs.
• It is one of the pioneer portals of various states which have been integrated with the National Single
Window System.
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• Sector specific services are continuously being added to Nivesh Mitra. Through this (one-stop solution) is
available.
• With more than 97% disposal rate of applications for licenses received from entrepreneurs, this portal has
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become the most efficient single window portal currently implemented in various states.

Multipurpose project
• The multipurpose project is important from the point of view of scientific management and optimum
exploitation of water resources available in the country. For this reason, the foundation stone of the
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country's first multipurpose project "Damodar Valley Project" was laid in 1948 only after independence.
Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru has called it the temple of modern India.
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• The river valley project started keeping several objectives in mind and is called a "multipurpose project".
• Efforts are made to achieve the objectives of irrigation, hydro-electricity, flood-control, drinking water
supply, soil conservation etc. through the project. For example, through the "Kosi Project", an attempt
was made to control the floods of the Kosi river, considered the "sorrow of Bihar", as well as irrigation and
power generation.

Following are the major multipurpose projects of Uttar Pradesh

1. Rihand Dam Projects This is the biggest multipurpose project of Uttar Pradesh. Under this, a dam
has been built in Pipri village (Sonbhadra) on Rihand river, a tributary of Son. The artificial lake
"Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar" built behind the dam is the largest artificial lake in India. The project
produces 300 MW (50 MWx6) of electricity. Due to which electricity is supplied to about 20 districts of
Uttar Pradesh and the Hindalco plant located in Renukoot.
2. Obara Hydropower Station This is the second multipurpose project constructed on Rihand river. Six
power generating units of 300 MW capacity are established under the project.
3. Matatila Hydro Electric Project: This project is built on Betwa river near Jhansi district. It is a joint
project of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The project would generate 30,000 kW (10,000 x 3) of
electricity.

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4. Ganga electrical sequence The sequence of several small-hydel power projects built on the "Upper
Ganges Canal" from Haridwar to Aligarh is called the "Ganga Power Line". It includes the following
projects-(i) Pathri (Saharanpur) – 20,4000 KW (ii) Muhammadpur (Saharanpur) – 9,300 KW (iii)
Chittaura (Muzaffarnagar) – 3000 KW (iv) Salkha (Muzaffarnagar) – 4000 KW (v) Dhola (Meerut) –
27000 KW (vi) Palra (Bulandshahr) – 6000 KW (vii) Sumera (Aligarh) – 2000 KW
5. Sharda Hydro Electric Project: This project is situated on Sharda Canal. 41400 KW capacity water
power house is established near Banwasa in Pilibhit district. It has been linked to the "Ganga Vidyut
Krama". Through the project, electricity is made available to the districts of Pilibhit, Bareilly,
Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Kheri etc.
6. Ban Sagar Canal Project: It is a joint project of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. Under the
project, the dam has been constructed near Deolond village in Shahdol (Madhya Pradesh) district.
Tomorrow 171 km from the dam. A long canal has been made which will ensure water availability for
irrigation in Mirzapur and Prayagraj (Allahabad) districts of Uttar Pradesh.

Investment in Uttar Pradesh

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Uttar Pradesh, being one of the largest and most populous states of India, offers many investment opportunities in
various sectors. The state government has implemented several initiatives to attract investment and promote
industrial development. Some of the major areas for investment in Uttar Pradesh are as follows:

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Manufacturing and industrial sector:
• Uttar Pradesh has a strong manufacturing base and provides favorable conditions for industries such as

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textiles, automobiles, engineering goods, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food processing.
• The state government has set up industrial parks, special economic zones (SEZs) and industrial corridors
to facilitate industrial development.
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Information Technology and IT-Enabled Services (ITES):
• Cities like Noida, Greater Noida and Lucknow are major IT centers in Uttar Pradesh.
• The state government is focusing on the development of IT infrastructure and providing incentives to
promote the IT and ITES sectors.
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• There are opportunities in software development, IT consulting, business process outsourcing (BPO) and
e-commerce.

Renewable energy:
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• Uttar Pradesh has immense potential in the field of renewable energy generation, especially solar and wind
energy.
• The state provides incentives and favorable policies to promote investment in renewable energy projects.
• Investors can explore opportunities in setting up solar power plants, wind farms and biomass power
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projects.

Tourism and Hospitality:

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• Uttar Pradesh is home to several popular tourist destinations including the Taj Mahal, Varanasi, Ayodhya
and Lucknow.
• The state government is actively promoting tourism infrastructure development and provides incentives for
setting up hotels, resorts and other hospitality related enterprises.

Policy and Fiscal Stimulus

• The state provides a wide range of business support with subsidies, policy and financial incentives within
the industrial and service sectors.
• The state has well formulated and implemented sector specific policies for the IT and Biotechnology sector.

Agriculture and Food Processing:

• With a significant agricultural base, Uttar Pradesh offers investment opportunities in the agriculture,
horticulture and food processing sectors.
• There is scope for investment in cold storage facilities, food parks, agro-processing units and organic
farming.

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Infrastructure Development:
• There is scope for investment in the development of smart cities, industrial corridors, logistics parks and
warehousing facilities.
• Excellent connectivity by roads, rail and air (including proximity to international airport)
• The proximity of container freight stations Dadri with warehousing facilities along with good connectivity to
major ports in western India is crucial for the EOU/SEZ.
• Well connected to major metros via road, rail and air.
• The country has the largest rail network, which is spread over 8, 800 km.
• International connectivity to Middle Eastern countries.

Benefits of investing in Uttar Pradesh:

Large consumer market:

• Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India, offering a vast consumer market.
• With a growing middle class and increasing purchasing power, there is a significant demand for various

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goods and services, providing ample opportunities for businesses.
• Presently Uttar Pradesh is the third largest economy state in the country. UP is also contributing 8 percent
to the total GDP of the country.

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• The country's maximum population of 24 crore resides in Uttar Pradesh.

Strategic Location:

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• The strategic location of Uttar Pradesh provides access to major markets of North India including Delhi,
Haryana, Punjab and Bihar.
• It is well connected through road, rail and air networks, making it easy to transport goods and reach
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neighboring states.

Efficient use of natural resources

• The state boasts of abundant natural resources, including fertile land, minerals and water resources, which
are beneficial to the agricultural, mining and industrial sectors.
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Government Initiatives:
• The Government of Uttar Pradesh has launched several initiatives to attract investment and promote
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industrial development.
• These include industrial parks, SEZs, single-window clearance and sector-specific policies, which provide a
conducive business environment.

Skilled workforce:
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• Uttar Pradesh has a large pool of skilled and semi-skilled workforce in various sectors.
• This availability of human resources can be beneficial to industries that are looking for skilled labor at a
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competitive cost.

Challenges of investing in Uttar Pradesh:

Infrastructure:
• Although Uttar Pradesh is improving its infrastructure, there are still challenges in terms of quality and
capacity.
• Sectors such as transport, power supply, logistics and urban infrastructure need further development to
support industrial growth.

Bureaucracy and Administrative Processes:

• Dealing with bureaucratic processes and administrative procedures in Uttar Pradesh can be time
consuming and complicated.
• Streamlining administrative procedures and enhancing ease of doing business is a continuing challenge.

Skill Development:
• While there is a large workforce, skill gaps and limited availability of specialized skills remain a challenge.

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• Sustained investment in skill development programs and vocational training is necessary to bridge the skill
gap.

Regulatory Environment:
• Adhering to regulatory compliance and navigating the legal framework can be challenging.
• Investors need to understand and comply with various labor laws, tax rules and environmental regulations.

Infrastructural disparities:
• While some areas of Uttar Pradesh, such as Noida and Lucknow, have well-developed infrastructure, there
are disparities in infrastructure development across the state.
• Investors may need to carefully select locations based on their specific infrastructure requirements.

Before investing in Uttar Pradesh, it is important for investors to conduct thorough market research, assess the
risks and opportunities, and develop a sound business plan. Engaging with local authorities, industry associations
and experienced advisors can also help address challenges and maximize the benefits of investing in the state.

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Uttar Pradesh Global Investors Summit 2023

Uttar Pradesh Global Investors Summit 2023 is the flagship investment summit of the Government of Uttar

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Pradesh which brings together policy makers, industry leaders, academicians, think tanks and leaders from across
the world to collectively explore business opportunities and build partnerships.

The summit aims to contribute to Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of making India a $5 trillion economy. In

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line with this vision, the Uttar Pradesh government has set an ambitious target of turning the state into a $1 trillion
economy within the next five years. This shows a strong commitment to accelerate the pace of development and
attract investment in Uttar Pradesh.
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Investment:
• During the event, UP GIS-2023 received investment proposals worth thousand crores in a total of 33 days.

MOUs:
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• Notably, 19,058 MoUs were signed at the summit, indicating a strong commitment to business cooperation
and partnership.
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Employment:
• The investments and initiatives from the summit are expected to generate employment opportunities for
about 93 lakh, 82 thousand, 607 persons, which will further boost economic growth in the state.
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Investment Charioteer:
• In order to support the investors and monitor the implementation of the MoU, the State Government
launched an online system called 'Nivesh Sarathi', which aims to facilitate convenience and efficient
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inspection.

Game inclusion:
• The inclusion of sports in the summit reflects the government's focus on promoting various sectors. In order
to build a stadium with a capacity of 30,000, the Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association had signed an MoU with
the state government.

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Some of the major investments announced at the summit

• Swedish group IKEA to invest Rs 43 billion in Noida

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• UAE-based Lulu Group has signed an MoU worth Rs 25 billion to open a mall here.
• The Godrej Group is set to invest Rs 24 billion to build two group housing societies in the region.

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• M3M India has acquired 13 acres of land in Noida and the real estate company has committed an
investment of Rs 75 billion.
• The Adani Group has signed an MoU with DNGIR for an investment of Rs 50 billion and is expected to set
up a warehouse on a 200-acre land parcel.

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• The Adani Group is looking to invest Rs 55 billion to develop an industrial and warehousing complex on a
700-acre plot near the Jewar airport, which is yet to be finalized.
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Uttar Pradesh Nivesh Mitra

A single window portal named UP Nivesh Mitra was launched by the Government of Uttar Pradesh to promote
trade and commerce in the state. On this online portal, small, medium and large businessmen of the state and
entrepreneurs Nivesh Mitra will provide many online services like security, legal metrology, environmental issue
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clearance and No Objection Certificate (NOC) from concerned departments. Nivesh Mitra serves as a seamless
interface, which aims to facilitate speedy and timely issuance of various approvals required by an entrepreneur
seeking to set up an enterprise in UP.
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Features and benefits of Uttar Pradesh Nivesh Mitra -

1. Through this, investors will get a transparent, integrated, one-stop solution for onboarding and time-
bound delivery of services.
2. Entrepreneurs setting up small, medium and large scale industries have to mandatorily file applications
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through this system. Nivesh Mitra facilitates online submission and updating of all forms required by
entrepreneurs for various approvals.
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3. Nivesh Mitra Portal acts as a single window portal for entrepreneurs and businessmen of the state. In
which relevant information related to all departments, government orders and process information is
received.
4. The entrepreneur can pay the fee for online registration and application online and the entrepreneur
can easily track the status of his application. This will save time and unnecessary expenses of the
entrepreneur.
5. Provision has been made for Common Application Form (CAF) to apply for pre-establishment and pre-
operational clearance/approval.
6. Provision has also been made to download the digitally signed NOC in PDF format.
7. 'Know Your Acceptance' facility has been provided to help investors understand the approvals
required.
8. This will avoid the need for the entrepreneur to post and submit various application forms manually with
multiple enclosures to get the necessary clearances.
9. Online monitoring of applications can be done by the entrepreneur, concerned department and DIC at
district level, divisional level and state level.

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Nivesh Mitra portal provides online 70 services of twenty government departments of Uttar Pradesh, which are
related to businesses and industries. This will enable the entrepreneur to get all NOCs and approvals at one place.

Renewable energy

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is working towards achieving 500 GW of power capacity from non-
fossil sources by 2030, as announced by the Prime Minister at COP26. A total of 172.72 GW of electricity capacity
has been achieved in the country till 31.10.2022 from non-fossil fuel sources. This includes 119.09 GW of
renewable energy, 46.85 GW of large hydro and 6.78 GW of nuclear power capacity. It accounts for 42.26% of the
total installed generation capacity in the country i.e. 408.71 GW power generation capacity has been achieved by
31.10.2022.

• Such energy depends on natural sources which do not end like

solar energy, geothermal energy, wind, tide, water and biomass
etc.
• Renewable energy resources are spread over a much wider area

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of land than conventional sources of energy (which are present in
a much more limited area of the world). Apart from being

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environment friendly, it also plays an important role in economic
empowerment.

Importance of renewable energy -

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• It is environment friendly i.e. it has minimal or zero carbon and
greenhouse emissions.
• It is a never ending energy.
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• Renewable energy is a better and cheaper source than other conventional alternatives.
• Due to the increase of renewable energy in the world, employment is also being created.
• The use of renewable energy significantly reduces the dependence on fossil fuels as a source of energy.
• Greenhouse, carbon and sulfur etc. emitted by fossil fuels are very harmful for human health. In this context,
renewable energy is friendly to human health.
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• Compared to non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are readily available to
humans.
• Renewable sources require less maintenance than non-renewable energy sources.
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Potential and availability of renewable energy in Uttar Pradesh

• Along with the development of the state, there is a continuous increase in the demand for energy. Due to
limited and polluting traditional sources of energy, high priority is being given to renewable energy
production.
• The position of Uttar Pradesh on the globe is between 23°32′ to 30°24′ north latitude and 77°05′ to 84°38′
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east longitude.
• Due to which the state receives sunlight throughout the year. This situation is favorable for the
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development of solar energy.

• Hydroelectricity can be obtained on a small scale from small rivers and canals that are tributaries of big
rivers in the state.
• There is ample scope for development of wind energy at places above 80 meters in the Terai areas
adjacent to the Himalayas in the state.
• The state ranks first in the country in livestock and sugarcane production, which gives impetus to biomass
energy production.

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Uttar Pradesh Solar Energy Policy-2022

Uttar Pradesh Solar Energy Policy-2022 was approved in the cabinet meeting chaired by Uttar Pradesh Chief
Minister Yogi Adityanath on 16 November 2022, in which many important provisions have been made to promote
solar energy. This policy will be applicable for five years.

Agency:
• Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNEDA) has been designated as
the nodal agency for the implementation of the Uttar Pradesh Solar Energy Policy-2022.

Land provision:
• Under this policy, Gram Panchayat and revenue land will be given at the rate of Re 1 per acre per year
to government undertakings for setting up solar power plants.
• For the establishment of solar parks in the private sector, it will be given on lease for 30 years at the rate
of Rs 15,000 per acre per year.

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Target:
• The state government has set a target of producing 22 thousand MW electricity from solar energy in the

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next five years.
• 14 thousand MW production from solar park under PM Kusum scheme
• 4500 MW from Solar Rooftop Residential,
• A target has been set to generate 1500 MW and 2000 MW power from solar rooftop non-residential.

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• Under this policy, Ayodhya city will be developed as a model solar city.
• Apart from this, 16 municipal corporations of the state and Noida will also be developed as solar cities.
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Environment:
• It has been decided to exempt solar plants from obtaining environment clearance, grid connected solar
PV projects from obtaining consent and NOC for installation and operation under pollution control rules.

Subsidies and other concessions:

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• According to this policy, solar parks with storage systems of 5 MW or more capacity will be provided
subsidy at the rate of Rs 2.5 crore per MW.
• The cabinet approved 10 percent exemption in stamp duty payable on land purchased or taken on lease
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for setting up solar power units, as well as 10 percent exemption in electricity duty.
• The Uttar Pradesh cabinet has also approved central financial assistance for installation of grid
connected solar systems with net metering systems in private residences, besides allowing a subsidy of
Rs 15,000 per kWh from the state government, subject to a maximum of Rs 30,000 per consumer .
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• Provision of subsidy has also been made for the farmers under the PM Kusum Yojana.

Employment generation:
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• Additional manpower will be created for maintenance of solar power plants.

• For this, 30 thousand youth will be given training in maintenance of solar power plants and they will be
named 'Surya Mitra'.
• In this way employment will also be created for these 'Surya Mitras'.

Other facts:
• Under this, at least 10 percent of the estimated total demand of conventional energy of the concerned
city will be met from solar power plants installed in the city area.
• Solar rooftop with net metering has been allowed on buildings of government and educational
institutions.
• For this, according to the 2011 census of the municipal area, the state government will provide financial
assistance at the rate of Rs.100 per person to the municipal corporations/Noida city for setting up solar
power plants.

The potential capacity of solar energy in Uttar Pradesh is 22.3 GW. To achieve this potential, the state
government has announced 'Uttar Pradesh Solar Energy Policy, 2022'. The objective of this policy is to achieve

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the target of production of 10.7 GW of solar power by 2022 (out of which 4300 MW is earmarked for solar rooftop
projects) with the help of the private sector.

Projects for solar energy development

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• State's largest solar power plant in Mirzapur has been established which has a production capacity of
75 MW.
• In the state under the Solar Mission Banda, Jhansi and Badaun by private sector. A total of 100 MW

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grid connected projects have been set up.
• On the grant of the Central and State Government, the State Solar household lights, solar lanterns from
NEDA offices (each district), Solar Street Light, Solar Photo-Voltaic Pump etc. are being distributed.

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• Establishment of 600 MW capacity solar park in district Jalaun, Etah, Mirzapur, Allahabad and
Jhansi will be done.
• Development and Management of Solar Park State nominated agency which is UPNEDA and nominated
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by Government of India Nodal Agency Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) Will be done through
joint venture of
• Grid connected rooftop solar PV power plants can work on a net metering basis. Payments can be made by
the consumers to the Discoms as per the net meter reading.
• Solar Energy Policy 2022 In which the state government has set a target of producing 22 thousand MW of
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electricity from solar energy in the next five years.

Uttar Pradesh Solar Energy Assistance Scheme

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• The UP Solar Energy Assistance Scheme has been started by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for the
workers, and their families engaged in construction work.
• Under this scheme, those workers who are employed in building and other construction works are
unorganized sector workers who belong to an extremely poor and exploited class. They will be provided
free solar power assistance by the state government.
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Benefits of Uttar Pradesh Solar Energy Assistance Scheme

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• Through the Uttar Pradesh Saur Urja Sahayata Yojana, all the labor families of the state will get the
benefit of free solar energy electricity connection.
• Through this scheme, all kinds of problems related to electricity of labor families will be solved to a great
extent.
• The UP government will also provide two LED bulbs, one DC table fan, one solar panel charging controller
and one mobile charger to the labor families under this scheme.
• Through this scheme, electricity will also be provided to the families of the workers.
• By getting the benefit of the Solar Energy Assistance Scheme, the beneficiaries will be able to live their
lives smoothly.
• Children will be able to do their studies well. Now they will not have the problem of power cuts.

Wind Energy and Uttar Pradesh

• The National Institute of Wind Energy, Government of India has expressed the possibilities of producing
138 MW wind power at 50 m height and 1260 MW at 80 m height in the state.
• It is noteworthy that with the increase in height from the ground level, the wind speed increases. In this
way, with the increase in height, the possibilities of electricity generation increase.

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• Central organization M.N.R.E. According to the report, 1260 MW capacity of power generation from wind
energy is available in the state at a height of 80 m.
• At present two wind monitoring masts have been established by THDC India Limited in Shahjahanpur and
Kheri districts. Such masts have been installed by UPNEDA in Gonda, Balrampur and Siddharth Nagar.

Biomass Energy and Uttar Pradesh

• Biomass is an important source of renewable energy. It is widely available, carbon neutral, reliable energy
provider and will generate substantial employment in rural areas. About 32 percent of the total primary
energy used in the country is still generated from biomass and more than 70 percent of the country's
population is dependent on biomass for its energy needs.
• Biomass is a very commonly used energy source for many small scale industries and is used as a fuel for
independent power plants.
• Bagasse co-products and other non-bagasse products such as rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shell,
soybean husk, skin, coffee and jute waste, sawdust, etc. are used for energy production.

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Government of Uttar Pradesh's commitment to increase the use of biofuels
• Giving a boost to its commitment to increase the use of bio-fuels, the Uttar Pradesh government has
decided to implement a bio-energy policy that will help reduce the use of fossil fuels as well as increase

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farmers' income.
• Agricultural waste, agricultural produce market waste, livestock waste, sugar mill waste, urban waste and
other organic waste available in abundance will be used to make bio-fuel.

IF
• Under the Bio-energy Enterprises Promotion Program-2018, 100 percent exemption in stamp duty on land
purchase and 100 percent reimbursement of SGST will be given to bio-energy enterprises for 10 years
from the date of commencement of production.
• The duration of the new policy will be five years. Bio-energy projects (compressed biogas, bio-coal, bio-
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ethanol and bio-diesel) to be set up in the state during this period will be encouraged.
• Under this policy, a maximum subsidy of Rs 20 crore will be given on compressed biogas production at the
rate of Rs 75 lakh per tonne.
• It will be Rs 75,000 per tonne on bio-coal production, subject to a maximum of Rs 20 crore and Rs 3 lakh
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per kiloliter on biodiesel production.

• The state cabinet approved the MSME Promotion Policy, under which industrial clusters will be set up in
each gram sabha, where local artisans will be given financial help as well as a window to start the
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marketing process.
• Also, the Industries department has been asked to identify 5 acres of land, 5 km away from the
expressway, where industrial clusters will be set up, as per the requirement of the new MSME policy. "The
private sector will also be encouraged to set up MSME units and for this they will also be given subsidies."
• In a historic decision, the cabinet approved the first Tiger Reserve of Bundelkhand in Uttar Pradesh. The
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government has approved the proposal to notify Ranipur Tiger Reserve under section 38(v) of the Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972. It is spread over 52989.863 hectares, of which 29958.863 hectares of buffer area and
23,031 hectares of core area is already designated as Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary in Chitrakoot. district.
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• Along with the acceptance of necessary posts, it was also decided to establish Ranipur Tiger Conservation
Foundation. The Ranipur Tiger Reserve area covered with northern tropical dry deciduous forests is home
to megafauna tigers, leopards, bears, spotted deer, sambar, chinkara and diverse avifauna, reptiles and
other mammals.
• The state cabinet also approved a proposal to digitize the records of the Stamp and Registration
Department. Till now only records till 2017 were being digitised. Now, the state government has decided to
digitize the records till 2002.
• Tourism Minister Jaiveer Singh said, 'This decision will bring transparency in government work and legal
cases will be resolved quickly.
• The state cabinet has also approved the proposals of the urban development department to increase the
municipal council limits of Muzaffarpur and Gonda.

Current status of biomass energy

• Various projects are being run in the state to get biomass energy.

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• Combustion Based Biomass Power Project – Three such grid connected power plants have been set up in
Ghazipur, Mathura and Kanpur in the state with the help of the private sector. The total capacity of these
plants is 38 MW.
• Under the biogas based power generation program, 3 to 250 kW power generation can be achieved by
running generators from the gas produced from biogas plants. Capacity plants are established at dairy etc.
sites.
• Biomass Gasifier Plant – 41.65 MW power capacity has been created by the establishment of gasifier
plants of various capacities by more than 171 industrial units of the state.
• A 5 MW power plant based on garbage has been set up in Lucknow.
• A total of 1900 MW projects have been set up by 65 private sector sugar mills in different districts of the
state from Khoi (Bagaj) available in 6 sugar mills.
• There is a lot of scope for setting up power plants of different capacities based on different technologies
(gasification, co-generation and combustion) using biomass other than bagasse (agro-residues). According
to a TERI report, a potential of about 3757 MW power generation capacity has been estimated by biomass
in the state.

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• In the process of disposal of waste coming out from various industrial units – distilleries, food process
industries, dairies, pulp and mills, etc., it is estimated that more than 150 MW of energy production is
possible in the state.

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Small Hydroelectric Project and Uttar Pradesh
• With the increase in population and industrial development, the demand for electricity is increasing at a rapid

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pace. The total installed power capacity of the state is about 6160 MW, out of which the share of hydro based
generation is 522.50 MW.
• Small hydropower projects can play an important role in the state to overcome the power crisis by producing
additional energy. NEDA is the state nodal agency for projects up to a capacity of 25 MW by MNRE,
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Government of India.
• In order to establish projects in accordance with the small hydropower policy in the state, UPNEDA and UP
Jal Vidyut Nigam are setting up projects and implementing works through private developers.
• Transmission of electricity generated from small hydropower projects is provided through the grid network
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of UP Power Corporation Limited, apart from this, electricity can be supplied directly to consumers (stand
alone) in far-flung villages, where grid network is not available.
• UPNEDA has vast experience in project identification, survey, design, implementation, operation and
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maintenance as well as management of small hydro projects. Before the formation of Uttaranchal state,
NEDA has completed 30 small hydro power projects of 2095 KW capacity, which are supplying electricity to
164 villages in remote areas of Uttaranchal.
• After the formation of Uttaranchal as a new state, hydropower potential in the state is now available on the
falls available in irrigation canals, rivers and dams. Many perennial rivers are available in the state of Uttar
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Pradesh.
• An extensive network of irrigation canals has been developed in the state. For irrigation and other needs,
water is transferred by rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Sharda, Sarju, Gandak, Ghagra, Betwa etc. through
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canals for irrigation etc. Natural and artificial falls and irrigation dams available on canals have great potential
for power generation. The flow in canals is mainly determined by the pattern of irrigation release.
• According to the Uttar Pradesh Government's Small Hydro Power Policy 2009, UPNEDA and UP Jal Vidyut
Nigam, working as nodal agencies, are taking action to set up projects through private developers.

Hydro power generation

According to the provisions of the year 2000, all the work related to the operation, maintenance, survey, research
and construction of new projects of all (major and small) hydropower plants of the state come under the Jal Vidyut
Utpadan Nigam.
Presently there are total 7 hydroelectric projects in the state under the Corporation; Which is as follows:

Rihand Dam Hydro Electric Project

• In this project, a dam and an artificial lake named Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar have been built on Rihand
river at a place called Pipri in Sonbhadra district of the state.
• In which 6 units of 50-50 MW power capacity have been installed. Thus the total generation capacity of this
project is 300 MW.

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• It is the largest man-made lake in India.

Sheetla Hydro Electric Project

• The Sheetla Hydroelectric Project has been constructed at Moth (Jhansi).
• The total generation capacity of this project is 3 MW.

Khara Hydro Electric Project

• The Khara Hydroelectric Project has been constructed on the Yamuna Canal in Saharanpur district.
• Its total generation capacity is 72 MW.

Matatila Hydro Electric Project

• The Matatila Dam has been built on the Betwa River in Lalitpur district with the assistance of Uttar Pradesh
and Madhya Pradesh.
• The total generation capacity of this power house is 30.6 MW.
• From here electricity is supplied to the nearby districts of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

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Obra Hydro Electric Project
• Obra dam has also been built on Rihand river at a place called Obra in Sonbhadra district in which 3 units

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of 33 MW each have been installed.
• The total generation capacity of this project is 99 MW.

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Ganga Power House on Upper Ganga Canal
• Pathari and Mohammadpur (Saharanpur), Nirgajini and Salawa (Muzaffarnagar), Bhola (Meerut), Palra
(Bulandshahr) and Sumera (Aligarh) etc. are several small hydropower stations on this canal which
originates from near Haridwar, which are jointly operated. Ganga is called Vidyut Kram.
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• The total generation capacity of all these units is 13.70 MW.

Eastern Yamuna Canal Hydro Electric Project

• Under this project, small power houses have been set up at Belka, Babel salt places on the Eastern
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Yamuna Canal.
• Each of which has a capacity of 3-3 MW. Hence the total capacity of these two projects is 6 MW.
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Paricha Hydropower Center

• This project has been constructed on Betwa river in Jhansi district.
• Its total generation capacity is 220 MW.

Public and private partnership in the Uttar Pradesh

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PPP project refers to the arrangement or supply of a project through a long-term agreement between the
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government and the private sector. Under this, various infrastructural services are provided to operate, build, or
develop the project through a joint effort between the government or any of its statutory bodies and the private
sector.
Under this process, a special partnership entity is formed between private sector companies and government or
statutory bodies, commonly known as Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)) is called. In this agreement between the
two parties a concession agreement will be signed.
Under this model, private sector companies are entitled to a margin or operating fee in return for their investments,
and the government or statutory entities take advantage of the technical and administrative know-how of the private
sector to provide better services.
Today, the PPP model is being promoted for investment in many important sectors of infrastructure, such as road,
rail, renewable energy, port, airport, pipeline and urban infrastructure sector etc.

Types of PPP Models

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT):

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• Under this model, a private entity is responsible for the design, construction, financing, operation and
maintenance of a public infrastructure project for a specified period.
• Once the concession period expires, the ownership and control of the project is transferred back to the
government.

Build-Own-Operate (BOO)):
• In this model, a private entity finances, builds and operates a project, retaining ownership throughout the
concession period.
• The private entity is responsible for project operation and maintenance, and they generate revenue through
user fees or other agreed mechanisms.

Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO):
• Similar to the BOT model, this model involves private sector participation in the design, construction and
financing of a project.

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• However, upon completion the ownership is transferred to the government, and the private entity operates
and maintains the project for a specified period.

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Design-Build-Operate (DBO):
• In the DBO model, a private entity is responsible for the design, construction, financing and operation of a
project.

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• This model integrates the construction and operation phases, allowing the private entity to optimize project
design and operational efficiencies.

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Contract:

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• Under this model, the government retains ownership of the infrastructure while outsourcing operation and
maintenance responsibilities to a private entity.
• The private entity is responsible for ensuring the efficient operation of the project during the contract period.
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Lease agreement:
• In this model, the government leases infrastructure or assets to a private entity for a specified period.
• The private entity operates and maintains the infrastructure and pays a lease fee to the government.
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Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC)

• Under this PPP model, the procurement and manufacturing cost of raw material is fully borne by the
government.
• Private sector participation in this model is minimal and limited to the provision of engineering expertise.
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Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)

• BOT is a mix between annuity and EPC.
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• As per this model, the government will contribute 40% of the project cost through annual payments
(annuities) in the first five years. The remaining 60% will be provided based on the assets created and the
performance of the private company.
• Since the government pays only 40% of the share, during the construction phase, the private participant
has to finance the remaining amount.
• Under this model, the private company does not enjoy any toll rights.

Providing the benefits of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model

Advantages of PPP Model:

Improve efficiency :
• PPP projects often involve private sector expertise, innovation and efficiency, thereby improving service
delivery and project implementation.
• Private companies bring their specialized skills and resources to increase operational efficiency.

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Risk Sharing:
• In the PPP model, the risks associated with the project are shared between the government and the private
sector.
• This allows for a more balanced distribution of risks, with each party taking on the risks they are best
equipped to manage.

Flow of private investment:

• PPP attracts private investment, allowing the government to leverage private capital for infrastructure
development and service provision.
• This reduces the burden on public finances and helps bridge the investment gap in infrastructure.

Speed up project implementation:

• With private sector involvement, PPP projects can often be implemented more quickly than traditional
government-led projects.
• Private companies are profit driven and more time conscious and focused on meeting project deadlines.

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Technological advancement:
• Private sector partners bring technological advancement and innovation to the projects, thereby helping in

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the adoption of modern techniques and technologies that may not be readily available in the public sector.

Challenges of PPP Model:

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Complex contractual arrangements:
• PPP projects involve complex contractual arrangements between the government and private entities,
leading to lengthy negotiations and potential conflicts.
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• Drafting and managing contracts can be challenging, requiring clear terms and effective dispute resolution
mechanisms.

Balancing the interests of stakeholders:

• PPP projects often affect multiple stakeholders including the government, private partners, employees and
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the general public.

• Balancing the interests of all stakeholders while ensuring project viability and public welfare can be a
complex task.
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Financial viability:
• It is important to assess the financial viability of PPP projects. This requires accurate estimation of revenue
streams, project costs and potential risks.
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• Financial stability and long-term profitability must be carefully assessed to ensure the success of the
project.
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Regulatory and legal framework:

• The PPP model requires a strong regulatory and legal framework to address various issues such as
procurement, contract enforcement, dispute resolution and risk allocation.
• Developing and implementing effective regulatory mechanisms can be challenging for governments.

Public perception and accountability:

• Public perception and concerns about privatization and potential conflicts of interest can present
challenges for PPP projects.
• Successful implementation requires ensuring transparency, accountability and public trust.

Uttar Pradesh and the PPP Model

Uttar Pradesh is actively promoting the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model in various sectors to attract private
investment, spur development and enhance service delivery. The PPP model involves collaboration between the
government and private entities for the provision of infrastructure, services and facilities.
Here are some examples of PPP initiatives in Uttar Pradesh:

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Infrastructure development:
• Uttar Pradesh is implementing PPP projects in infrastructure development including roads, highways,
bridges, airports and urban transport systems.
• These projects involve private sector participation in financing, construction, operation and maintenance
with an aim to improve connectivity and transport efficiency.
• For example, the cabinet has approved two bus stands each in Lucknow, Agra and Prayagraj and 23 bus
stands in big cities including Banaras, Kanpur, Gorakhpur on PPP model on the lines of airports.

Electric field:
• The state is encouraging private investment in the power sector through the PPP model. This includes
development of thermal power plants, renewable energy projects, transmission and distribution networks
and energy efficiency initiatives.
• The PPP approach helps to meet the growing energy demands of the state and promote sustainable
energy sources.

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Health Care Facilities:
• Uttar Pradesh is exploring the PPP model to improve health care infrastructure and services.

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• Public-private partnerships have been established to build and operate hospitals, medical colleges,
diagnostic centers and specialized health facilities.
• These initiatives are aimed at increasing access to quality healthcare and addressing the lack of healthcare

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infrastructure in the state.
• To further improve the health services in rural areas, 15 Community Health Centers (CHCs) of the state will
be run on the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model.
• Medical colleges will be opened on the PPP model of one district one medical college initiative in
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Mahoba, Mainpuri, Baghpat, Hamirpur, Hathras and Kasganj districts.

Tourism development:
• The state government is promoting PPP projects for development and upgradation of tourism infrastructure
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and attractions.
• This includes development of tourist resorts, heritage sites, theme parks and hospitality facilities through
private sector participation.
• The PPP model helps in leveraging private expertise and investment to promote tourism and generate
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employment opportunities.
• Lucknow, Barsana Jal Mahal Mathura, Shukla Talab Kanpur Dehat, Tikait Rai Baradari Kanpur City, some
properties of Bundelkhand – Tehroli Fort Jhansi, Chirgaon Fort Jhansi, Madwara Fort, Mastani Mahal
Salarpur, Senapati Bhavan etc. have been identified to be developed on PPP model Is.
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Industrial and Manufacturing Sector:

• Uttar Pradesh is attracting private investment in the industrial and manufacturing sector through PPP
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model.
• This includes development of industrial parks, special economic zones, logistics hubs and industrial
infrastructure in collaboration with private players.
• Its objective is to create a conducive environment for industries, promote economic growth and generate
employment.
• PM Mitra Mega Textile Park is being developed on PPP model at Attari village in Malihabad block of
Lucknow district.

The specific details and projects under the PPP model may vary over time as per the state government's priorities
and initiatives. The PPP approach enables the government to leverage the resources, expertise and efficiency of
the private sector while ensuring the delivery of essential services and infrastructure to the citizens of Uttar
Pradesh.

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model in Education – Uttar Pradesh

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• Education is a social duty and not only the responsibility of the government but also of the civil society. The
impact of our history on the fabric of our entire society, including education, has been so deep that building
a strong education system will require efforts from all sectors.
• The total literacy rate of the state is 67.7 percent, of which the male literacy rate is 77.3 percent and the
female literacy rate is 67.2 percent. The total literacy rate of the state is 53 percent less than the national
literacy rate. The state ranks 29th in terms of literacy in the country.
• The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model can be implemented in the education sector to enhance the
quality of education, expand access to educational facilities and improve educational outcomes.

Infrastructure development
• PPP can be used to develop educational infrastructure like schools, colleges, universities and vocational
training centers.
• Private entities can invest in building, maintaining and operating these facilities, bridging the infrastructure
deficit and providing a better learning environment.
• About 400 schools are being considered for setting up under the PPP model in backward areas of the

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state.

Skill development and training:

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• Private companies can collaborate with educational institutions to offer skill development and vocational
training programs.
• This partnership can help align the curriculum with industry needs, provide hands-on training opportunities,

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and improve employability outcomes for students.

Technology Integration:
• Private sector expertise in technology can be leveraged through PPP to enhance the use of technology in
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education.
• This includes the development of digital learning platforms, e-learning resources and smart classrooms that
promote interactive and personalized learning experiences.
• Selected ITIs will be upgraded for Azamgarh, Gonda, Etah, Saharanpur, Faizabad, Fatehpur, Unnao,
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Hardoi, Sitapur, Varanasi, Mau, Pratapgarh etc. in the state under PPP model.

Teacher Training and Capacity Building:

• About 2.74 lakh teachers have been appointed at the primary level in the state. At the same time, there are
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1.43 lakh vacant posts. There is a shortage of 1.31 lakh teachers in rural areas.
• PPP models can support initiatives for teacher training and professional development.
• Private organizations can collaborate with educational institutions to provide specialized training
programmes, mentoring and support for teachers, which will ultimately improve the quality of teaching and
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learning outcomes.

Education Management and Administration:

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• Private entities can contribute in the management and administration of educational institutions through
PPP.
• This includes the outsourcing of administrative functions, financial management, and strategic planning to
improve operational efficiency and accountability.

Public-Private Partnership in Schools:

• PPP may involve the operation and management of public schools by private entities.
• This model, often referred to as the "charter school" model, allows for greater autonomy in decision
making, flexibility in curriculum design, and increased accountability for results.

Scholarship and Financial Aid:

• Private organizations can contribute to scholarship programs and provide financial assistance to students
through the PPP model.
• This support helps to increase access to education especially for economically disadvantaged students.

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It is important to ensure that PPP models in education prioritize inclusivity, equity and quality. Proper regulation,
monitoring and evaluation mechanisms must be in place to maintain transparency, accountability and public
interest while leveraging the expertise and resources of the private sector to improve educational outcomes.

PPP model in agriculture sector and Uttar Pradesh

Agriculture is the mainstay of Uttar Pradesh's economy and about 65 percent of the population is dependent on
agriculture. Agriculture sector contributes significantly to the economic development of Uttar Pradesh. According to
the statistics of the year 2014-15, about 165.98 lakh hectare (68.7 percent) area is cultivated in the state. As per
the 2010-11 figures in Uttar Pradesh, there are 233.25 lakh cultivators.

Production and productivity have increased by using modern technology in the agriculture sector, which is the
result of the hard work and effort of the farmers. Due to this, the state is moving towards "more than necessary"
along with being self-sufficient in the matter of essential food security.
Agricultural production, farmer income and Post-harvest Management, Food Processing Facilities
Agricultural Marketing Setup.The role of the private sector is expanding. In view of this, efforts are being made

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by the government to promote private cooperation in many areas of agriculture -

Mega Food Park:

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• The Mega Food Park Scheme, implemented on PPP basis, aims to set up modern infrastructure facilities
for food processing and value addition.
• These food parks provide integrated facilities like processing units, cold storage, warehouses, testing
laboratories and logistics support.

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• They encourage private investment and promote agro-processing industries, benefiting farmers by
reducing post-harvest losses and increasing value addition.
• In Uttar Pradesh Establishment of 6 Mega Food Parks Will be done .
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Agricultural Marketing and Infrastructure Development:
• Uttar Pradesh has taken up projects for development and upgradation of agriculture marketing
infrastructure on PPP model.
• These projects include construction and modernization of mandis (market places), development of market
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yards, provision of storage facilities and establishment of agri-trade centres.

• These initiatives are aimed at improving market access, reducing middlemen and ensuring fair prices for
farmers' produce.
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• For example, the Center of Excellence for potato and fruit will be opened in Saharanpur, Lucknow, Hapur,
Kushinagar, Chandauli and Kaushambi.

Contract Farming:
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• Contract farming is being promoted through PPP arrangement in Uttar Pradesh.

• Private companies contract with farmers to produce and supply specific crops.
• These contracts provide farmers with an assured market, technical support, quality inputs and
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predetermined prices.
• Contract farming helps in mitigating market risks, ensuring market connectivity and improving farm income.

Seed Production and Distribution:

• Uttar Pradesh has collaborated with private seed companies under PPP model to enhance production and
distribution of quality seeds.
• Public-private partnership in seed production involves multiplication of improved seed varieties, production
of breeder seeds and setting up of seed processing and storage facilities.
• The objective of this initiative is to ensure availability of high quality seeds to the farmers, thereby
improving crop productivity.

Agri-Entrepreneurship Development:
• The state government has launched programs to promote agri-entrepreneurship and agribusiness
development in partnership with private entities.
• These initiatives provide training, financial support and technical guidance to aspiring agri-entrepreneurs.

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• They aim to encourage agricultural diversification, value addition and setting up of agro-based enterprises,
generate employment opportunities and improve rural livelihoods.

Organic farming:
• Uttar Pradesh is promoting organic farming through PPP initiative.
• Private companies are partnering with farmers to adopt organic farming practices, provide organic inputs,
facilitate certification and create marketing linkages for organic products.
• The initiative promotes sustainable agriculture, reduces chemical inputs and helps farmers access specific
organic markets.
• For example -Jaivik Kisan Organic Farmer Producer Company Limited is working in this direction.

The state government, in collaboration with private sector partners, is working on an innovative PPP model to
promote agricultural development and improve the livelihood of farmers in Uttar Pradesh.

PPP Model in Transport System and Uttar Pradesh

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The public-private partnership (PPP) model in the transport system in Uttar Pradesh involves collaboration between
the government and private entities to develop and operate transport infrastructure and services. The PPP model
allows private sector participation in the design, construction, financing, operation and maintenance of

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transportation projects. In Uttar Pradesh, the PPP model has been implemented in various transport sectors
including roads, highways, metro rail systems, airports and bus terminals.

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Here are some examples of PPP initiatives in the transport system:
Road and • Under the PPP model, private companies can be involved in the development, operation
highway: and maintenance of road and highway projects.
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• This includes construction of new roads, widening of existing highways and toll
collection.
• At present, various types of expressways and highways are being constructed in the
state.
• On February 7, 2023 Union Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari
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inaugurated 7 National Highway projects with an investment of Rs 6500 crore at

Chitbada village in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh
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Metro Rail • Metro rail systems such as the Lucknow Metro can be developed and operated through
System: PPP arrangements.
• Private companies collaborate with the government to design, build, finance and operate
metro lines to ensure efficient and reliable urban transportation.
• After the successful implementation of metro rail in Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater
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Noida and Kanpur, the UP government aims to expand metro services to Gorakhpur,
Varanasi, Meerut, Bareilly, Jhansi and Prayagraj.
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Airport: • The PPP model is used for the upgradation and management of airports in Uttar
Pradesh.
• Private entities can participate in the development, operation and maintenance of airport
infrastructure including terminals, runways and other related facilities.
• In the budget of the year 2023-24, it was said that in the coming years, a target has been
set to make 5 international and 16 domestic airports, that is, a total of 21 airports
functional in the state.
• Aditya Birla Group has developed a private airport at Sonbhadra (Myorpur). Jewar
International Airport is also being built on the PPP model.

Bus • Construction, operation and maintenance of modern bus terminals in various cities of
terminal: Uttar Pradesh can also be done through PPP arrangement.
• Private companies work in partnership with the government to provide better facilities
and services to the passengers.

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• For example The cabinet has given approval to make two bus stands each of Lucknow,
Agra and Prayagraj and 23 bus stands of big cities including Banaras, Kanpur,
Gorakhpur on PPP model on the lines of airports.

The PPP model in the transport system aims to leverage the expertise, resources and efficiency of the private
sector to enhance the quality and availability of transport infrastructure and services in Uttar Pradesh. This enables
effective use of public funds while ensuring timely project implementation and long-term sustainability.

Health sector of Uttar Pradesh and PPP model

In the health sector of Uttar Pradesh, the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model is used to enhance health care
infrastructure, improve service delivery, and increase access to quality health care for the people.

Rogi Kalyan Samitis (Patient Welfare Committees):

• Under this model, private organizations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) collaborate with the

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government to manage and operate health facilities such as district hospitals, community health centers
and primary health centers.
• The private partner assists with infrastructure development, staffing and service delivery, while the

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government provides financial support and oversight.

Telemedicine Services:
• The Government of Uttar Pradesh has implemented telemedicine services through a PPP arrangement to

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expand access to specialized health care in remote and under-served areas.
• Telemedicine centers have been set up where doctors and health care professionals from private hospitals
connect with patients in rural areas through video conferencing. This enables timely diagnosis, consultation
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and treatment of patients without having to travel long distances.
• “Around 7,000 vacant posts of doctors in health centers and hospitals across the state are hampering work.
Out of 18,382 sanctioned posts, only 11,034 government doctors are working.
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Diagnostic Services:
• PPP model is used to set up diagnostic centers and laboratories in collaboration with private entities.
• These centers provide a wide range of diagnostic services including pathology, radiology and imaging.
• The private partner invests in equipment, technology and skilled personnel, while the government provides
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infrastructure support and quality assurance.

Janani Express:
• It is a PPP initiative in the maternal and child healthcare sector.
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• Under this programme, private transport providers operate and manage ambulance services to ensure the
safe transport of pregnant women and infants in need of emergency care.
• Government Subsidy on cost of services gives an ambulance network Monitors the quality and
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coverage.

Other -
• "Prime Minister's Health Protection Scheme(PMSSY). Under this initiative, the Government Indian
Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) and collaborates with private entities for setting up and upgrading
medical institutions including medical colleges
• The private partner invests in the construction, maintenance and operation of the AIIMS facility, while the
government provides financial support, land allocation and monitoring.
• Example of a prominent Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model in the medical sector in Uttar
Pradesh"Health Service Towards the Village" (Swasthya Sewa Ghar ki Aur). This is a part of the
initiative which is being run under the Mukhyamantri Matritva Abhiyan. Through this model, access to
health services is promoted in villages.
• Open on PPP model 50 bed hospital For this, the government will provide land under Viability Gap
Funding (VGF).
• To build a 200-bed hospital The private sector company will buy the land and build the hospital and
maintain it.

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The PPP model enables setting up of state-of-the-art medical institutions and providing quality healthcare services
to the people of Uttar Pradesh. It combines the expertise and resources of the private sector with regulatory
oversight and public investment from the government, with the aim of improving health care infrastructure, medical
education and research capabilities in the state.

Uttar Pradesh New Sports Policy 2023

1. The new sports policy physical fitness and training is considered important. Along with this, on the lines
of State Sports Authority of India ‘State Sports Authority' Sports will be formed and private academies
and school-colleges will be linked.
2. As per the policy, 40 minutes will be earmarked for sports, physical education or yoga in every school. In
addition, in the state 14 centers of excellence of different sports under PPP will be prepared and five
high performance centers will be established in the state.
3. In addition, in the new policy Financial assistance to various sports associations and sports

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academies will be provided, which will benefit financially weak academies and sports associations.
4. With financial aid from the government, Sports Association and Academies will be able to improve its
infrastructure and training facilities. They will get an opportunity to improve the system of the Games by

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using more resources and means.The Uttar Pradesh government will also cooperate in the
development of sports infrastructure facilities along with the assistance of sports through Public
Private Partnership (PPP).
5. To be constituted under the new sports policy ‘State Sports Authority' Will work on the lines of Sports

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Authority of India (Sai). Under this, the skills of various sports will be upgraded and training, camps etc. will
be conducted.
6. With the implementation of the sports policy, the players of the country and the state will get education and
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training through sports, and employment opportunities in sports will be increased. State from the
establishment of Sports University It will help in creating a pool of qualified managers, administrators
and operatives.Sports University Employment opportunities will increase through various courses related
to sports.
7. The sports department will work closely with sports federations to organize national and international sports
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events in Uttar Pradesh. This will lead to recruitment of a lot of personnel and increase in service providers.
8. For sports in the state 'State Sports Development Fund' Will be formed, whose amount will be Rs 10
crore. This will make it easier for the best players of the state to buy equipment of international standard
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and get an opportunity to train and perform abroad. Apart from this, foreign coaches, physiologists,
psychologists etc. will also be available to the players.
9. As per sports policy, every registered player gets health insurance of five lakh rupees. The state
government will also provide financial assistance for the treatment of injuries suffered by the players during
training or competition. All these measures will help in increasing the employment opportunities in the
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sports sector and will help in making Uttar Pradesh a major hub in sports.
10. To ensure that players are groomed commensurate with their skill power, they are divided into three
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categories.
(a) First tier It will have grassroots players, who will be trained at the initial level.
(b) Second tier Where talented players will be discovered and action plans will be made to develop
them into future players.
(c) Third Tier Elite class players will come, who represent the state in various sports. These players
will be encouraged for better performance at national and international level.
11. In this, consent has been given to the proposal related to activating various committees for organizing
Khelo India University Games. All these measures will help in facilitating better training and guidance to the
sportspersons and encourage them to participate in the highest level of competitions at national and
international level.

Practice Questions

Q: What is Kaushal Satrang Yojana and mention its benefits?

Approach:
• Write about Kaushal Satrang Yojana in the role.

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• Write in brief about the schemes included in Kaushal Satrang Yojana.

• Write the benefits of the scheme.

Answer:
Mega job fairs will be organized in the employment office of each district of Uttar Pradesh state. Under this,
special training will be provided to 2.37 lakh people so that the youth can be made self-reliant.

There are 7 schemes included under Kaushal Satrang Yojana –

1. CM Yuva Hub Scheme – Under this scheme, there is a provision to bring together the self-employment
schemes of all the departments and to set up 30000 startup units. With this scheme, unemployed youth
will be able to get suitable employment according to their qualifications.
2. Chief Minister Apprenticeship Promotion SchemeUnder this scheme, an honorarium of Rs 2500/- will
be given by the government for youth doing apprenticeship in any industry. Under this scheme, the
central government will bear Rs 1,500, the state government Rs 1,000 and the remaining amount will be
borne by the concerned industry. With this, unemployed people will also be able to get some amount

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during training.
3. District Skill Development Scheme The list will be prepared through a committee constituted under the
chairmanship of DM in the district. Which will work for job registration for unemployed youth of Uttar

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Pradesh.
4. Skill fortnight scheme at Tehsil level Under this scheme, information about skill development
schemes will be made available to the youth by a van.

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5. Providing employment through trainingFor this scheme agreement has been made with IIT Kanpur
and IIM Lucknow which will play an important role in imparting training. In this, Arogya Mitras and cow
herders will be trained through various government departments. Along with this, out-of-school children
will be given admission in school as well as skill development training will also be provided.
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6. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) Under this scheme, certification will be done by providing a
certificate to artisans associated with traditional industries.
7. AMOU has been done with three placement agency So that better employment can be made
available to the youth. Through these schemes by the state government, unemployed youth can be
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trained and enabled to get self-employment. So that they can easily bear the expenses of themselves
and their families.
Benefits of UP Kaushal Satrang Yojana 2021
1. Under this scheme all the unemployed youth of the state will be included.
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2. Under Kaushal Satrang Uttar Pradesh 2021, skill training and employment opportunities will be provided
to the youth of UP.
3. Beneficiaries will be linked to this scheme by organizing employment fairs in the state.
4. All sections of the state will get the benefit of this scheme.
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5. The salary received by the beneficiaries will be directly transferred to their bank account.
6. Under the Kaushal Vikas Yojana, the youth going through unemployment will get relief and there will be
no need to wander for jobs.
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Youth should be trained through Kaushal Satrang Yojana, which will provide employment on one hand
and on the other hand it will be easier to achieve the goals of Vision 2030 of the state.

Q: Give a brief introduction about Uttar Pradesh 'Startup Policy-2020'? How will it be helpful in the
development of Uttar Pradesh?
approach -
• Write the role in the context of the working population and available resources of Uttar Pradesh.
• Explain the objectives of Uttar Pradesh 'Startup Policy-2020'.
• Mention how start up policy is helpful in the development of Uttar Pradesh.
• Write the positive aspects of this policy and end the answer by writing a conclusion.

Answer:
Uttar Pradesh has 52.7 percent of its population under the age of 25, while Kerala and Tamil Nadu have the
highest median ages. Startups have more possibilities in Uttar Pradesh from the point of view of more population

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and availability of resources. 'Uttar Pradesh Startup Policy-2020' was passed by the Government of Uttar
Pradesh with the aim of rapidly developing the startup ecosystem in the state and strengthening the economy.

Objective -Uttar Pradesh Startup Policy-2020' The goal of the policy is to bring the state to the top 3 position in
the startup ranking of the states operated by the Government of India. For this, a provision has been made to set
up at least one incubator in each district of the state.
Uttar Pradesh Startup Policy-2020 Features:
1. In Uttar Pradesh Startup Policy-2020, assistance will be provided in commercialization of more than
10000 enterprises in five years from the day of notification. It is through this policy that special attention
is being given to startups in various sectors like tourism etc. in Lucknow.
2. The policy will encourage an enabling business environment and establish state-of-the-art centers.
3. Under this, the government will encourage small units working in agriculture, health, energy, education,
tourism and transport sectors.
4. Under this policy, additional incubation and financial assistance will be provided to startup ventures of
backward areas of the state like Bundelkhand and Purvanchal etc.

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Helpful in the development of Uttar Pradesh :

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1. Infrastructure development : To provide primary information to recognized incubator start-ups under
Startup Policy-2020, guide startups and recommend individual startups for incentives given by the state

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government under the new policy Hub & Spoke Model work will be done under Due to which the
infrastructure will be developed.
2. 'Start-in-U.P.Through '(a single window system), entrepreneurs, incubators and investors will be linked
together on a single platform.
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3. Development of startup ecosystem: Under this policy, there is a provision to create a strong and
effective startup ecosystem, which will encourage startup culture in the state. Entrepreneurs can list their
products and services on the JAM portal of the Government of India. Due to which the business between
the government and the entrepreneur will be encouraged.
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4. Use of demographic dividends: Uttar Pradesh is a state with a young population, where by
encouraging entrepreneurship among youth through this policy, the startup ecosystem in the state will be
strengthened and self-employment will be generated on a large scale.
5. Development of innovation : Innovation (development and research) will be encouraged in the state
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through universities and enterprising students. With this policy, Uttar Pradesh will become a better
center of knowledge. This will strengthen the brand value of products and services in Uttar Pradesh.
Over 3.5 million migrant workers have returned to Uttar Pradesh from other states after the COVID-19 lockdown
and the Uttar Pradesh government is trying to harness their skills. The objective is to provide these migrant
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workers with jobs that suit their work-profile and also to promote self-employment opportunities in various
sectors. Startup policy in this direction will not only provide employment to the people but will also help in
providing better status to the state.
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Q: Mentioning the efforts being made by the Uttar Pradesh government in the development of road
infrastructure, throw light on its economic importance?

Approach
• Mention the current situation of Uttar Pradesh in the introduction.
• Mention the efforts being made by the Government of Uttar Pradesh.
• State the importance of road infrastructure.
• conclusion
Answer -
The total road length in Uttar Pradesh is 3,36,806 kms. Out of which the length of National Highways is 11,737
kms (built) and 3010 kms (under construction). About 8.5 percent of the length of National Highways in India lies
in Uttar Pradesh. In recent years, the following projects are being worked on by the Government of Uttar
Pradesh for road development.

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Ganga ExpressWay: It is 594 km in Uttar Pradesh. There is a long 6-lane wide greenfield expressway which
connects Meerut and Prayagraj. This expressway will pass through Meerut, Hapur, Bulandshahr and Amroha.
This expressway will connect Prayagraj via Pratapgarh via Sambhal, Badaun, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Unnao,
Rae Bareli.
Purvanchal Expressway: It is 340.8 km in Uttar Pradesh. There is a long and 6-lane wide Access Control
Expressway (under construction) that connects Lucknow to Ghazipur.
Bundelkhand Expressway: This is 296 km. It is a long and 4-lane wide (6-lane expandable) access controlled
expressway that starts from Chitrakoot district and meets the Agra-Lucknow Expressway at Kudrail village in
Etawah district.
Agra - Lucknow Expressway - It is a 302.22 km long, 6 lane (expandable to 8 lane) expressway that passes
through Agra, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Etawah, Auraiya, Kannauj, Kanpur, Hardoi, Unnao and Lucknow.
Yamuna Expressway: It is also called Taj Expressway (165.5 km long and 6-lane wide) which connects Greater
Noida and Agra.
• Bundelkhand Expressway: It is 296 km long. It is a long and 4-lane wide (6-lane expandable) access
controlled expressway that starts from Chitrakoot district and connects to the Agra-Lucknow Expressway at

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Kudrail village in Etawah district.
• Agra Lucknow expressway It is a 302.22 km long, 6 lane (expandable to 8 lane) expressway that passes
through Agra, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Etawah, Auraiya, Kannauj, Kanpur, Hardoi, Unnao and Lucknow.

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• Ballia Link This 35-40 kilometer project will connect Ballia district located on the Uttar Pradesh-Bihar border
with the under-construction Purvanchal Expressway.
• Eastern Peripheral Expressway - The 135 km expressway passes through Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. It

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starts from Western Peripheral Expressway at Kundli, Sonipat. It passes through Baghpat, Ghaziabad and
Gautam Budh Nagar districts of UP and Faridabad district of Haryana. It connects to the Western Peripheral
Expressway near Dhaulagarh, Palwal. The Eastern Peripheral Expressway along with the Western Peripheral
Expressway completes the largest ring road around Delhi.
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State Highway: Work is underway on various state highway projects in Uttar Pradesh, such as the Pukhrayan-
Ghatampur-Bindki road (SH-46).

Economic importance of the road project for Uttar Pradesh:

• Purvanchal Expressway can be used for road transport as well as for emergency landing of fighter
planes. This expressway will serve to connect industrial centers along its length.
• This will also lead to development of employment opportunities as labor and skills are required on a
large scale during the construction of roadways.
• The development of road transport will give impetus to investment. Due to which India's Ease of Doing
Business ranking will improve.

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• There will be an increase in the livelihood of a large population engaged in the agriculture sector in Uttar
Pradesh, expansion of agro-based industries, etc.
The development of road infrastructure will help to remove the Bimaru state level and help the Uttar Pradesh
government to achieve the target of one trillion dollar economy by 2024-25.

Q: Highlighting the various initiatives included under the Uttar Pradesh Bio Energy Policy, discuss its
benefits.
Approach -
• Mention the forest condition and land condition of Uttar Pradesh in the introduction.
• In the main part, state the various initiatives included under the Uttar Pradesh Bio Energy Policy.
• Mention the following direct benefits on the implementation of the State Bio Energy Policy.
• Write a conclusion underlining the importance of bio energy.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh is an agricultural state. According to the Indian Forest Survey Report 2017, only 6.09 percent of
the total geographical area of Uttar Pradesh is forest cover and 3.09 percent of the area is tree cover, which is

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only 9.18 percent of the total geographical area. Apart from this, there is 4.57 lakh hectares of barren and
uncultivable land. Under the bio-energy policy, the waste land will be used to promote planting of bio-energy

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crops.
Mission Bio DieselBio-diesel plants will be planted by using public land and private land of Gram Panchayat
unsuitable for agricultural pasture and social forestry of the state. Like - Karanj, Jatropha, Neem, Mahua and
Seemaruba etc.

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Financial Resources - Financing will be done through various development projects of the Rural Development
Department, Panchayati Raj Department, Forest Department, Agriculture Department and Horticulture
Department.
Opportunity will be given to public sector oil companies/private sector companies associated with the program,
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which will implement the program in Public-Private-Panchayat-Partnership (P-4) mode.
Biodiesel processing plants will be set up by public sector oil companies/private sector companies associated
with the program at their own cost.
Mission Bio EthanolBio-ethanol will be produced by producing non-sugarcane based crops like sweet
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sorghum, cassava, sugar beet etc. on public and private land of gram sabhas unsuitable for agricultural pastures
and social forestry of the state.
Apart from this, all types of cellulosic waste like rotten potatoes, rotten fruits and vegetables etc. will also be
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used. For this work, the Rural Development Department, Panchayati Raj Department, Forest Department,
Agriculture Department and Horticulture Department will provide financial resources for this program through the
convergence of their various development projects.
This program will be operated in Public-Private-Panchayat-Partnership (P-4) mode.
Bio-ethanol processing plants will be set up by public sector oil companies/private sector companies associated
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with the program at their own cost.

Mission BiogasUsing all types of degradable agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry based wastes, biogas
plants developed by new technology (VEMC-UNICEF model) will be set up in the collective and private sector.
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• Through this, the requirements of energy and bio-fertilizer will be met in the rural areas.
• In this work, full cooperation will be provided by the Panchayati Raj Department from the solid and liquid
waste management head of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural) and the Rural Development Department
from the solid and liquid waste management head of MNREGA.
• In this model, small/rural units established by entrepreneurs will be given the benefit of Pradhan Mantri
Rojgar Yojana/Chief Minister Rojgar Yojana.
Mission Producer Gas Plantation of wood-based saplings will be done on the public and private land of gram
panchayats unsuitable for agricultural pastures and social forestry in the state.
• Producer gas will be produced using wood waste obtained from it, burnable garbage available in urban
and semi-urban areas and bio-waste produced in industrial units.
• This gas will be used for power generation.
• This work will be done by private sector entrepreneurs.

With the implementation of the State Bio Energy Policy, the following direct benefits will be received:
(i) Due to this, proper environmental management will be strengthened and agricultural production will increase.

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(ii) With the implementation of the state bio-energy policy, the expenditure on agricultural inputs such as diesel,
electricity, etc. used in agricultural production will be reduced, which will reduce the cost of agricultural
production. Due to reduction in the cost of agricultural production, the economic condition of the farmers will
improve and the expansion of agriculture and production will increase.
(iv) Barren, barren/rugged/waterlogged land will be put to good use and farmers will get additional means of
employment.
(v) There will be no adverse effect on the food grain production of the state because for biodiesel
Jatropha/Castor etc. plants will be planted only on rugged/barren and other waste land.
(vi) Biogas will be produced from cow dung and other agricultural and social forestry wastes. Organic manure
obtained from biogas units will be available in abundance, which will encourage organic farming and strengthen
waste management.
(vii) Import of petroleum products will decrease after assured availability of bio energy products. This will save
valuable foreign exchange reserves.
(viii) Meeting the energy requirement of small and rural industrial units at the decentralized level will be ensured,
which will increase the productivity of this sector.

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(ix) This policy will stop the burning of agricultural waste (straw) in the fields. Which will play an important role in
pollution control.

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Along with the development of the state, the demand for energy is continuously increasing. In view of limited
traditional sources of energy and increasing environmental pollution due to their exploitation, high priority is
being given to increase the production of energy based on new and renewable energy sources and its

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promotion. So that along with the energy needs of the state, the energy needs of the country can be met.
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Topic : UP Geography (Relief, Drainage, Soil,

Minerals)

TOPICS COVERED :

• Geography of UP: Geographical Location, Relief and

Structure, Climate, Irrigation, Minerals, Drainage System
and Vegetation.

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Topics Covered:
• Geography of UP: Geographical Location, Relief and Structure, Climate, Irrigation, Minerals, Drainage
System and Vegetation.
• Natural Resources of UP- Soil, Water, Air, Forests, Grasslands, Wetlands.

Geography of UP: Geographical Location, Relief and Structure

Geographical Location:

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• UP is situated between 23° 52'N and 31° 28’ N latitudes and
77° 3’ and 84° 39'E longitudes, this is the fourth largest state
in the country.

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• Its length from east to west is 650 km and width from north
to south is 240 km. Its total area is 2,40,928 sq km, which is
7.33 percent of the total area of India.
• It is the fourth largest state after Rajasthan, Madhya

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pradesh, and Maharashtra.
• Uttar Pradesh shares an international border with Nepal to
the north.
• Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include
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Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest;
Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south;
Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on
the east.
• The northernmost district is Saharanpur whereas the
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southernmost is Sonbhadra. The easternmost district of the

state is Balia whereas the westernmost district is Shamli.
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Physiography of Uttar Pradesh:

There are the three physical divisions:

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1. Bhabar and Terai region,

2. Gangetic Plain and
3. Hill-plateau region of the south.
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Bhabar and Terai region:

The transitional belt running along the sub-himalayan Terai region
is called the Bhabar and the Terai belt.

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Bhabar Region:
• It is the northernmost region of Uttar Pradesh, situated in south of the Shivalik range and to the north of the Terai.

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• Bhabar region extends in the form of a thin strip. The length of this area extends from Saharanpur to Kushinagar
(Padrauna). This area covers Saharanpur, Bijnor, Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur Kheri and Pilibhit district.
• The width of the Bhabar strip is about 34 km in the areas around

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Saharanpur, but the width decreases as it moves towards the east.
• The streams and rivers descending from the Shiwalik at a rapid speed
deposit heavy materials of rocks and boulders in the Bhabar tract.
• Porosity is very high that most of the small streams disappear in the

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Bhabar tract. Only a big rivers are seen flowing over the surface in this
tract.
• The Bhabar tract is not suitable for cultivation of crops. Only big trees
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with large roots thrive in this zone.

Terai region:
• The Terai region, located just south of the Bhabar region, consists of
flat and moist areas with marshy and silt soil made up of fine
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sediments.
• This region experiences high rainfall, resulting in the presence of swampy plains. In eastern Uttar Pradesh, the Terai
is around 80-90 km wide, as the eastern region receives more rainfall compared to the western region. Moving
from Kushinagar in the east to Saharanpur in the west, the width of the Terai gradually decreases.
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• The Terai includes parts of various districts such as Saharanpur, Bijnor, Rampur, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri,
Bahraich, Gonda, Basti, Siddharth Nagar, Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Deoria, and Kushinagar.
• Rivers that disappear in other regions resurface in the Terai. Due to land reclamation efforts, the width of the Terai
has significantly reduced, resulting in a substantial portion being allocated to farmers as fertile land.
• The Terai is characterized by the presence of trees such as Sal, Haldu, Semal, Sakhu, as well as tall grasses.
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• The combination of abundant rainfall and fertile soil makes the Terai suitable for cultivating crops like sugarcane
and paddy, which require ample water. Jute cultivation is also practiced in many areas. The oldest alluvium found in
the higher altitude parts of the state is known as Rarh.
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The Gangetic Plain

• The Ganga plain lies to the south of the Bhabar-Terai and to the north of the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand
plateaus.
• The Gangetic plain lies between the Vindhya range in the south and the Shivalik range in the north. This plain is the
result of the deposition of sediments from the Pleistocene epoch to the present day. The ancient alluvial deposits
are known as ‘Bangar‘ and the new alluvial deposits are known as ‘Khadar‘.
• Yamuna and Gandak rivers determine the western and eastern boundaries of this vast plain region respectively.
• This plain is a very fertile area formed by alluvial soil, mud and sand brought by the Ganges and its tributaries.

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On the basis of the sediments deposited by the rivers and its structure, this plain can be divided into two sub-parts:
1. Bhangar region and

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2. Khadar region.

Bhangar Region:
• Bhangar area refers to that area where the flood water of the rivers does not reach and there is accumulation of old
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alluvial soil.
• Fertility of the soil of Bhangar area has decreased considerably sinc it has been used continuously for thousands of
years..

Khadar Region:
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• Khadar region refers to the alluvium where the rivers keep changing the soil layers every year. This soil is very
fertile.
• Ravines are also formed due to excessive erosion of cover by rivers in Khadar areas, such as the bank ravines of
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Yamuna and Chambal. The soil of these ravines is extremely infertile.

Southern Highlands (Deccan Plateau region):

• Geologically, Uttar Pradesh is a part of the oldest ‘Gondwana land continent‘ of India. It is north-facing part of
peninsular India, which was formed in the Cambrian era from the Vindhyan rocks like limestone, dolomite,
sandstone etc.
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• This region has a total area of 45200 sq. km. the parts of Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand of UP falls in this region.
• This region is extended in Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, lalitpur, Banda, Prayagraj (Meja & Karchana
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Tehsil), Mirzapur (area south of Ganga), Chandauli (Chakiya Tehsil).

• The slope of this plateau is from south to north.
• The land is mostly pebbly and desolate. Hills are found in eroded or residual form due to cover erosion.
• The rainfall is less in the entire plateau region. Due to lack of water and severe heat, the trees are of small size and
their development is not complete.
• Most of the land in this region is not suitable for agriculture as red soil is found in most parts. Irrigation and
potable water are arranged by constructing reservoirs.
• Main crops grown here are Millets, gram, arhar, mustard, jowar and wheat.

The Southern Plateau region is divided into two parts:

• Baghelkhand Plateau-
o The Baghelkhand Plateau is situated in the south-eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It includes Sonbhadra,
Mirzapur, southern part of Chandauli and south-eastern part of Prayagraj.
o To the south of this plateau lies the Narmada-Son rift valley. Here the rivers Son, Karmnasa, Belan etc.
flow.

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o Sonpur mountain is situated in its north and Raigarh mountain in the south. The region is rich in coal and
the Singrauli Basin is located here. It is also called Vindhyachal
plateau.
• Bundelkhand Plateau-
o The gneiss rocks formed in the Pre-Cambrian age in Bundelkhand is
found and known as 'Bundelkhand gneiss'.
o This plateau is divided into the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh. In which a mixture of minerals like red orthoclase feldspar,
red quartz, hornblende chloride etc. is found.
o In the western part of Bundelkhand, there is an extension of black
soil (Regur), which is an extension of the Malwa plateau. In
Bundelkhand, grass called Chalas is found in abundance.
o Its boundaries are determined by the Yamuna in the north and the
Vindhya range in the south, the Chambal in the north-west and the
Panna-Ajaigarh range in the south-east. Jhansi, Jalaun, Mahoba,

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Lalitpur, Banda, Hamirpur and Chitrakoot comes under this plateau.

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Climate of Uttar Pradesh

• The entire state, except for the northern region,

has a tropical monsoon climate.
• In the plains, January temperatures range from
12.5°C-17.5°C and May records 27.5°-32.5°C,
with a maximum of 45°C.
• UP receives high rainfall in the east than the
west. Rainfall varies from 1,000- 2,000 mm in
the east to 600-1,000 mm in the west.

SEASONS
The IMD has divided Uttar Pradesh into three
predominant seasons on the basis of its temperature

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and rainfall.

Summer season (March-June):

• The highest temperature in the state is

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recorded in the months of May and June.
• In June the temperature rises up to 45°C or
sometimes 48°C. Bundelkhand region has the
highest average temperature due to its proximity

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to the Tropic of Cancer. Agra and Jhansi experience
maximum heat while Bareilly experiences minimum
temperature.
• Local winds "Loo" are observed in the months of
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May and June.
• The summer season is hot and dry and there is no
or negligible rainfall with low relative humidity (20%).
• Due to the dry season, dusty winds locally known
"andhi" are present. Some amount of convectional
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rainfall is also received. The average rainfall varies

between 10 to 25 cm.
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Rainy/Monsoon Season (June-October):

• Due to the high temperature during summer, the low
pressure conditions of the northern plains become
more intense and attract the westerly winds of the
southern hemisphere. These westerly winds enter
India as the South-West Monsoon.
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• The maximum rainfall in UP occurs in the months of

July and August. About 83% of the state's rainfall
occurs between June and September, and 17% in
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winter.
• The Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon
is the main driver of rainfall in most parts of Uttar
Pradesh. It enters the state from the eastern and
south-eastern part and the winds associated with it
are known as "Purva"/"Purba". These winds bring the
first rains to the state by the end of June. There is
nominal rainfall from the Arabian Sea monsoon
branch. Most of the rainfall in this branch is received
in the southern plateau of the state.
• Maximum rainfall occurs in Gorakhpur and minimum
rainfall occurs in Mathura.
• Due to the increase in the distance from the Bay of Bengal, the rainfall decreases from east to west. Apart
from the monsoon, the state also receives rainfall from the mountainous relief, cyclonic activities and
convection.
• The variability in the amount of rainfall increases from east to west.

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Winter season (November-February):

• There is variation in temperature from south to north in different regions of the state. The lowest
temperature is recorded in the Gangetic plains in winter. January is the coldest month of the winter season
in UP.
• During winters, the region sees clear skies, low temperatures and pleasant weather.
• Areas like Jalaun, Hamirpur, Jhansi etc. receive the lowest rainfall of 5 cm to 7.5 cm while the plains
receive 7.5 cm to 10 cm of rainfall.
• Foggy conditions are seen in other areas like Terai.
• The southern branch of the subtropical jet stream is located over the northern plains. This southern
branch brings Western Disturbances to the northern plains causing light rain (5 cm to 10 cm). This rain is
beneficial for the Rabi crop. These temperate cyclones originate from the Mediterranean Sea.
• By the end of December, the Sun is situated above the Tropic of Capricorn. Uttar Pradesh remains under
high pressure condition during winters.

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IRRIGATION

Irrigation is artificial application of water to land. In Uttar Pradesh, many major rivers and their
tributaries flow e.g. Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghra, Gandak Son, as well as there is an abundance of
underground water. Uttar Pradesh ranks third after Punjab and Haryana in terms of percentage
irrigated area in the country.

Net irrigated area in Uttar Pradesh

Category Percentage Name of the district

Very Above Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Meerut, Ghaziabad, J. P. Nagar, Rampur,

High 91.66 Pilibhit, Aligarh Mathura, Hathras, Etah, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Ambedkar Nagar and
Chandauli.

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High 84.66-91.66 Bulandshahar, Budaun, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Kannauj, Barabanki,
Lucknow, Unnao, Mau, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Pratapgarh and Varanasi

Medium 71.67 - Bijnor, Moradabad, Kheri, Sitapur, Farrukhabad, Agra, Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur

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84.66 (rural), Lalitput, Faizabad, Sultanput, Raebareli, Maharajganj Kushi Nagar, S.K.
Nagar, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Mau, Ghazipur, S. R. Nagar and Allahabad.

Low 48.94 - Bahraich, Siddharth Nagar, Gonda, Basti, G.B. Nagar, Jalaun, Jhansi Kanpur (urban),

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71.67 Fatehpur, Khushambi and Mirzapur

Very Below 48.94 Shrawasti, Balrampur, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda, Chitrakut and Sonbhadra
Low
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The cultivable area of UP is 82.1% of it’s total geographical area
and the net area sown is 68.5% of cultivable area. The net
irrigated area is 13.313 million hectare.
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The total number of land holdings are 224.57 lakhs out of which
78.0% are marginal farmers, 13.8% small farmers and 8.22%
farmers hold land above 2 hectare.
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Major means of irrigation in Uttar Pradesh

1. Irrigation by tube well:

o In Uttar Pradesh, maximum irrigation is done by
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tube wells, UP has the highest number of

tubewells in the country. The water utilised in the
state for irrigation is 70 percent groundwater. In
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last 27 years (From 1989-90 to 2015-16)

cultivation of state tubewells increased from 10.40
lac hectare per year to 18.86 lac hectare per year.
o Tubewell irrigation is preffered in areas of
insufficient precipitation and areas not within the
reach of canal irrigation systems. Tubewells are
making irrigation and cultivation more
comfortable to farmers.
o Tubewells are used in UP to irrigate 74.9% of total
crop area. In meerut, mainpuri, Etah, Firozabad,
Etawah, Farrukhabad, Bulandshahar, Muzzafar
nagar, Saharanpur, and Aligarh districts tubewells
are mostly used for irrigation.
o Wells: In the state, except rocky areas wells are
found almost everywhere. In the central region of
the Ganges valley, irrigation is done mostly from
wells. Means like Rahat, Mayadas lift, Chain

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Pump, Washer Rahat, Hand Pump, etc. are used to take out water from the well. Well
irrigation is done in Gonda, Bahraich, Basti, Ayodhya, Sultanpur, Azamgarh, Baliya,
Raebareli, Pratapgarh, Mau etc.

2. Irrigation through canals:

o Canals irrigate nearly 19.63 % of total crop area of UP. In the western part of U.P., the
highest number of canals are found.
o There is an abundance of perrenial rivers, so it is easy to develop canals. since this
system is more expensive the canals could not be expanded on a large scale.

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3. Irrigation from other sources :

o Other sources which provide irrigation are tanks,
lakes, ponds, and other wells. Area under other
sources of irrigation in the state declined.
o Other sources which provide irrigation are tanks, lakes,
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ponds, etc. Area under other sources of irrigation in the

state declined from 3.13 per cent during (1996-2000) to
1.70 per cent during (2001-2005).
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Major Canal System of Uttar Pradesh

Sharda Canal System

• The Sharda Canal System, established in 1928, is the longest
canal in the state. It was constructed at Banbasa in the
Champawat area, located on the Uttar Pradesh-Uttarakhand-
Nepal border, on the river Sharda (also known as Kali or
Mahakali river).
• The canal irrigates nearly 800,000 hectares of land in Prayagraj, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Raebareli, Unnao,
Lucknow, Barabanki, Sitapur, Hardoi, Lakhimpur-Kheri, Shahjahanpur, Bareilly, and Pilibhit. The canal has
an international agreement with Nepal, and supplies water to Nepal for Rabi and Kharif seasons.

Lower Ganga Canal

• The Lower Ganga Canal, built in 1878 at Narora in Bulandshahr district, has two branches: Kanpur Canal
and Etawah Canal.

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• Originating from the right bank of the Ganges River, this canal irrigates approximately 400,000 to 500,000
hectares of land in Prayagraj, Mainpuri, Firozabad, Bulandshahr, Etah, Fatehpur, Kanpur, and
Farrukhabad.

Agra Canal System

• The Agra Canal System, constructed in 1878 at Okhla from the right bank of the Yamuna River, provides
irrigation to nearly 150,000 hectares of land in Bharatpur, Agra, Mathura, Gurugram, and Delhi.
• It passes through Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Haryana.

Eastern Yamuna Canal

• The Eastern Yamuna Canal originates from Saharanpur and provides irrigation to approximately 200,000
hectares of land in Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, and Ghaziabad. It includes the Okhla barrages
located in New Delhi.

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Upper Ganga Canal
• The Upper Ganga Canal was constructed near Haridwar in 1854, drawing water from the right bank of the
Ganga River.

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• This canal irrigates around 700,000 hectares of land in Fatehpur, Farrukhabad, Kanpur, Etawah, Mainpuri,
Firozabad, Etah, Mathura, Aligarh, Bulandshahr, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, and Saharanpur.

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Middle Ganga Canal
• Middle Ganga canal is a barrage constructed on river Ganga near Bijnor district to merge 115.54 km Main
Ganga Canal with Upper Ganga Canal.
• This canal benefits Firozabad, Hathras, Mathura, Aligarh, Bulandshahr and Ghaziabad.
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Western Gandak Canal System
• Gandak canal is a joint project of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It was constructed in 1972 as a dam on Burhi
Gandak River 18 km north of Uttar Pradesh-Nepal border.
• The land of Deoria, Maharajganj, Kushinagar and Gorakhpur districts of Uttar Pradesh is irrigated by this
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canal.
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Ramganga Canal
• This canal was constructed at Kalagarh in Garhwal district of Uttarakhand on Ramganga River. Ramganga
Dam, the highest dam of Uttar Pradesh, lies on this canal.
• This canal irrigates districts of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh like Moradabad, Rampur, Amroha and
Bijnor.
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Lalitpur Dam Canal

• This canal is created using the Lalitpur Dam, which is built on the Shahzad River in Lalitpur district.
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• It facilitates irrigation in Jhansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, and Jalaun districts.

Matatila Dam Canal or Rani Laxmi Bai Dam

• Matatila dam has been used for the construction of Gursaria and Mandar canals on river Betwa in Jhansi
district of Uttar Pradesh.
• This canal irrigates land of Jalaun, Lalitpur, Jhansi and Hamirpur districts.

Halld Meja Reservoir Canal

• It is an earthen dam constructed on river Belan in Prayagraj district in order to establish a 315 km long
canal.
• This reservoir irrigates nearly 70,900 acres land of Prayagraj and Mirzapur districts.

Nagwa Dam Canal

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• The canal is constructed on the Nagwa dam, which is located on the Karmnasa River.
• It provides irrigation to Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts.

Naugarh Dam Canal

• This canal is built on the Karmnasa River at Naugarh in Ghazipur district.
• It irrigates area of Chandauli (Varanasi division) and Jamania Pargana (Ghazipur district).

Chandraprabha Dam Canals

• Near Chakia in Varanasi district, canals have been constructed at the Chandraprabha Dam on the
Chandraprabha River.
• Canals irrigate land of Chakia and Chandauli tehsils.

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Ghaglira Canal
• Originating from the Ghaghara River, the Ghaglira Canal consists of two branches, namely Mariham and
Ghorayal.

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• It serves as a source of irrigation for the Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts in Uttar Pradesh.

Canal Irrigation Projects of Bundelkhand:

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Betwa Canal System
• This canal was established at Parichha, 24 km away from Jhansi on the river Betwa. Parichha dam is
situated on the Betwa River. Hamirpur and Khethona Branch are the two branches of this canal.
• The Dhukwan Dam and Matatila Dam have been constructed on this river to provide water to Betwa Canal.
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• The Betwa canal irrigates nearly 83 thousand hectares land of Hamirpur, Jalaun and Jhansi.

Dhasan Canal System

• The Dhasan Canal System, constructed in 1910, is built on the Dhasan River, a tributary of the Betwa
River.
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• It provides irrigation to the land in Hamirpur district.

Ken Canal System

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• It is a joint project of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

• It was established at Panna, Madhya Pradesh, on the right bank of the river Ken by constructing the
Bariyarpur weir. This canal benefits Banda district in Uttar Pradesh.
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Major projects of Uttar Pradesh:

Banganga Project:
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• The Banganga Project involves the construction of a barrage on the Banganga River near Shohratgarh in
Basti district.
• This project includes the creation of a 45 km long canal that irrigates approximately 23 thousand acres of
land in Basti district.

Hathni Kund Barrage:

• The Hathni Kund Barrage is a collaborative project involving five states/union territories: Delhi, Uttar
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
• Built in 1872 in Yamunanagar on the Yamuna River, the original Tajewala Barrage was replaced due to
extensive damage caused by heavy floods in 1978.
• A new Hathnikund Barrage was constructed between 1994 and 1999. The Eastern Yamuna Canal System,
originating from this barrage, irrigates the fields of Ghaziabad, Meerut, Saharanpur, and Muzaffarnagar.

Rajghat Canal Project:

• Originally known as the Rajghat Dam Project, this initiative was proposed to foster the development of the
Bundelkhand region and utilize the additional water resources from the Betwa River.

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• The project is jointly owned by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The dam is being constructed on the
Betwa River in Lalitpur district, and two canals will be built as part of this project.

Sharda Sahayak Project:

• Initiated in 1968-69, the Sharda Sahayak Project aimed to address water scarcity in various districts of the
Sharda canal system, including Lucknow, Rae Bareli, Barabanki, Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Sultanpur,
Pratapgarh, Allahabad, Bhadohi, Varanasi, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Mau, Ghazipur, and Ballia.
• It sought to provide irrigation facilities and utilize the water from the Ghaghara River. Water supply under
this project commenced in 1974.

Rihand Valley Project:

• Located at Pipari in Sonbhadra district, the Rihand Valley Project includes the construction of the Rihand
Dam, also known as 'Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar.'
• This project facilitates irrigation across approximately 40 lakh acres of land in Varanasi, Prayagraj,
Sonbhadra, and Mirzapur districts.

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Gokul Barrage Project:
• The Gokul Barrage Project was designed to provide drinking water and irrigation facilities to Agra and
Mathura districts.

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• The barrage is constructed on the Yamuna River near Gokul town in Mathura district.

Luv-Kush Barrage Project:

• Constructed on the Ganga River in Kanpur, the Luv-Kush Barrage Project primarily aims to ensure

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sufficient water supply for drinking and irrigation purposes in Kanpur city.

Belan-Tons Canal Project:

• The Belan-Tons Canal Project features the Baroda Dam on the Belan River, along with a reservoir on the
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Maruhar River, a tributary of the Belan River.
• This project has facilitated irrigation in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh.

Saryu Canal Project:

• The Saryu Canal Project, initially called the Left Bank Ghaghara Canal, commenced in 1977-78 and
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received national recognition in August 2012.

• This project aims to harness the waters of the Ghaghara, Rapti, and Saryu rivers to provide irrigation in
Maharajganj, Gorakhpur, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Gonda, Balrampur, Shravasti, and Bahraich districts.
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Irrigation Schemes related to Irrigation:

Scheme of Boring in Plateau Areas/Table Land by Inwell Ring Machines

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• A grant of 50% of the real cost for inwell ring machine boring for the construction of tubewell is approved
only in those plateau areas of Chitrakoot, Lalitpur and Jhansi where tubewells by hand boring set are no
possible to be made.
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• 60 meter is the depth of this boring.

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Community Tubewell Scheme

• This scheme got initiated in November 2012.
• It is applied throughout for such hard and depth strata areas, i.e., of alluvial area in which either free of cost
boring is not possible or where boring increases more than the depth of 30 metre.

Scheme of Medium Deep Tubewells

• This scheme has been initiated in May 2004.
• Under this scheme, 50% of the cost, i.e., a maximum of 7,500 grant is paid for boring medium deep
tubewells to the farmers.
• This scheme involves 31 m to 60 m deep boring.

National Hydrology Project

• This project has been prepared under the direction of the Ministry of Water Resources, Ganga
Rejuvenation no and River Development, Government of India.

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• This project will be aided by the World Bank. For this project, 50% grant from the World Bank and 50%
grant from the Government of India will be provided.
• Flood control and management shall be easier after getting real time data and in the future, with the help
the of simulation, long-time and short-time flood beforecasting will become possible.

Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project (UPWSRP)

• UPWSRP outlines a holistic plan for reforming the management of the state's water resources, with a
specific focus on irrigation, drainage, and groundwater. Launched in 2002, its primary objective is to
establish a supportive institutional and policy framework.
• After the installation of Solar Photovoltaic Irrigation Pumps with a 5 Horse Power capacity, a grant
amounting to 40% of the total cost will be provided.
• The implementation of these pumps will lead to a decrease in environmental pollution and significant
savings in terms of diesel and electricity consumption.

Minor irrigation
An irrigation project having culturable command area (CCA) upto 2000 hectare is classified as minor irrigation

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scheme in India. In Uttar Pradesh, more than 80 percent of irrigation is done from minor sources. Share of private
minor irrigation resources is more than 70 percent of the total irrigation resources. Wells, tube wells, check dams,
small canals etc. come under minor irrigation resources.

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Schemes of minor irrigation resources in the state

Ram Manohar Lohia Collective Tube Well Scheme:

• This scheme offers grants for the construction of tube wells in areas where no other deep or medium depth

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tube wells are available within a 300-meter radius.
• Grants are given to farmer groups, and provision is made for charging a fee to provide irrigation to
neighboring fields.
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Medium Depth Tube Well Scheme:
• Under this scheme, grants are provided for the construction of tube wells in areas where groundwater can
be accessed at a depth ranging from 31 to 60 meters.

Surface Pump Sets Scheme:

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• Targeting Bundelkhand and plateau districts including Yamuna, Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Chandauli, and
Prayagraj.
• This scheme provides grants for the installation of pumping sets to facilitate irrigation from natural surface
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water sources.

Blast Well Construction Scheme:

• Focused on eight districts in Bundelkhand and Vindhyachal region, namely Jhansi, Lalitpur, Mahoba,
Chitrakoot, Prayagraj, Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, and Chandauli.
• This scheme involves the construction of collective and private tube wells using the blast technique.
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• The government covers 100% of the expenses for private blast wells.
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Check Dam Construction Scheme for Groundwater Recharge:

• This scheme involves the construction of check dams on small rivers and streams in plateau regions,
including Bundelkhand.
• These check dams serve the purpose of utilizing rainwater efficiently, facilitating irrigation, and promoting
groundwater recharge.
• In 2018, the construction of 16 check dams was completed.
• Additionally, the scheme includes the construction of 5-horsepower driven tube wells under collective mini-
green tube well construction, utilizing solar energy.

Free Boring (Deep Tube Well) Scheme:

• This scheme, initiated in 1985, provides grants to small and marginal farmers for borewell construction.
• Additionally, the Deep Tube Well scheme, launched in 2012-13, offers grants for the establishment of tube
wells in plateau and hard surface areas.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana run by the Central Government -

• Under the Prime Minister Agriculture Irrigation Scheme’s factor “Per Drop More Crop”.

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• A new scheme named as Redevelopment and Management of ponds larger than 1 Hectare falling in the
areas of exploited & critical development segments, has been started from the year 2016-17 by the Minor
Irrigation Department.
• 40 percent of the funds will be provided by the state government and 60 percent by the central
government.

Micro irrigation
• Due to limited water resources, there is a need to use more efficient means of irrigation.
• Micro-irrigation is one such method where irrigation is provided on the surface or below the surface of each
plant through drip and sprinkler.

Drip Irrigation System:

• Under drip irrigation, required amount of water
is supplied to the roots at a fixed interval by a
dripper.
• A system of pipes is installed in the agricultural

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field which carries the pumped water to the
roots. The system of pipes may be above the
surface or below the surface.

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Sprinkler irrigation system:
• In this system pressurized water is sprayed over a specified area. It is like irrigation with rain water.
• Droplet size and water pressure affect the efficiency of irrigation. Sprinkler

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irrigation is not suitable for windy areas.

Benefits of micro irrigation:

• Efficient water utilization and conservation.
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• Decreased power usage.
• Application of fertilizers, pesticides, and weed killers in conjunction with
irrigation water.
• Minimized weed growth due to controlled water usage.
• Adaptability to various soil types and landscapes.
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• Improved resistance to soil salinization, particularly in drip irrigation where moisture retention at the plant
roots is higher.

Limitations of micro irrigation:

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Drip Irrigation System

• High Initial cost.
• Clogging of Emitters.
• Technical Knowledge is required for design, installation & maintenance.
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Sprinkler Irrigation System

• Water distribution from sprinklers is non-uniform when speed of winds is high in the area.
• Ripe fruits are affected adversely by sprinkler irrigation.
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• Regular source of water is necessary for effectiveness of this technique.

• Water should be free from sand, floating materials and shall not be saline.
• Energy requirements for this technique are very high.
• This technique is not suitable for clayey soils and in dry areas.
• Grooves and furrows are not required in sprinkler irrigation. This leads to saving of land which can be utilised for
increasing crop area.
• Farmers need to be made aware and educated regarding sprinkler irrigation.
• This technique depends on type of crop under cultivation.
• In this technique, multiple types of components are used leading to high maintenance cost.

Projects for micro irrigation:

Prime Minister Agricultural Irrigation Scheme:

• This project is applicable in all the districts of the state. Under this, up to 90% subsidy is given to the
farmers for making micro irrigation system.

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Kulpahar Sprinkler Irrigation Project:

• The objective of this project is to construct a sprinkler irrigation system by installing a pump from Arjun
reservoir. Kulpahar area of district Mahoba will be benefited by this project.

Masgaon and Chilli Sprinkler Irrigation System:

• The financial support of this project will be done under the Bundelkhand package.

Shahzad Sprinkler Irrigation Project:

• Under this project, sprinkler irrigation system has been made for villages like Paraun, Rajpura, Baroda
Dang, Baswaha etc. in Lalitpur district.

Challenges related to Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh:

• Groundwater Depletion:
o Excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation has led to a rapid decline in groundwater levels
across many parts of Uttar Pradesh.

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o Unregulated pumping, lack of recharge measures, and the absence of effective groundwater
management policies have worsened the situation.
o This depletion not only affects agricultural sustainability but also poses long-term threats to

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drinking water availability.
• Poor maintenance and modernization of irrigation infrastructure
o Canals suffer from siltation, leakages, and poor water distribution systems.
o Lack of water storage capacity.
o Lack of new and scientific techniques in irrigation such as Drip irrigation.

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• Non-availability of water:
o It is observed that all farmers do not get required amount of water as per the requirement of the
crop.
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o Major sufferers are the tail-enders whose land is not situated in the vicinity of the canal.
• Climate Change Resilience:
o Climate change have a direct bearing on the availability and management of water resources for
irrigation.
o Developing climate-resilient irrigation strategies, such as water harvesting, micro-irrigation, and
integrated water resource management, is critical to adapt to the changing climatic conditions.
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Suggestions:
• Ensure uninterrupted electricity supply in rural regions of Eastern Uttar Pradesh to enable efficient use
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of groundwater for irrigation.

• Subsidized solar tube well sets should be made accessible to farmers, reducing the operating costs
associated with electricity or diesel-powered tube wells.
• Improving water storage capacity is essential to prevent the wastage of naturally available rainwater.
Scientific techniques such as rainwater harvesting can be employed to achieve this objective.
• Implementing dry farming techniques in areas with low rainfall and water scarcity can help mitigate the
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negative impacts of droughts.

• Expanding the area under irrigation has the potential to significantly enhance agricultural productivity.
Adopting new scientific irrigation methods to enhance water utilization. These methods may include the use of
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sprinklers, drip irrigation, underground irrigation, and strategies for reducing soil salinity, among others.

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Mines and minerals

UP has only 2% of the total value of the resource found in the country. The State is the principal holder of
country's andalusite & diaspore resources and is said to possess 78% andalusite, 37% diaspore and 10%
pyrophyllite.

Geologically and Geomorphologically the state can be divided into Indo-gangetic alluvial plain and hills / plateau.
Indo-gangetic alluvial plain is practically devoid of valuable mineral resource. However, its northern part bordering
the Himalayas is considered potential for the search of Petroleum. The rivers following through the plains carry
boulder, shingle, course sand and ordinary sand, which are used in the construction industry. In addition ordinary
earth is used for making bricks.
The southern hills comprising Bundelkhand granite and Vindhyan sandstone plateau. The hills and plateau
comprises the hard rock in which the mineral deposits of the state are located.

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Minerals in Uttar Pradesh:
S.N. Mineral District

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1. Rock Phosphate Lalitpur

2. Iron Ore (Girar) Lalitpur, (Mauranipur) Jhansi

3.

4.
Sillimanite

Quartz
Sonbhadra

Jhansi, Lalitpur, Mahoba

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6. China- clay Sonbhadra

7. Platinum Group of Lalitpur

elements
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8. Placer Gold Sonbhadra

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9. Potash Chitrakoot

10. Cement Grade Limestone Kajrahat Limestone

Rohtas Limestone
Scarp Limestone
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Ghaghar Limestone
Rudali Limestone
Rohtas Limestone , Kanach- Basuwari
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Billi Area in Sonbhadra

11. Silica Sand Lalapur, Golhiya Sankargarh Area in District Prayagraj ind Mishra Arvari,
Naudihya, Kurbiyan in District Chitrakoot

12. Pyrophyllite Diaspore Palar- Gaurari, Mailar in District Jhansi, Bar Tori, Siron Kakrari,
Puradhankuan in District Lalitpur
Majhgavan District Hamirpur

13. Coal Bina And Singrauli Area In Ditrict Sonbhadra

14. Dimensional Granite Lalitpur, Mahoba, Banda And Sonbhadra

15. Dimensional Sandstone Madanpur, Jahajpur, Kapasi in District Lalitpur

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PL
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Minerals:

Cement industry:
• Cement grade limestone, shale and gypsum are required as raw materials in the cement industry.
• Reserves of about 430 million tonnes of cement grade limestone occurrences have been reported from
a few places.
• Nearly 175 million tonnes of cement grade limestone is estimated in a 20 kms long Kajrahat belt located
south of Son river in district sonbhadra extending from Kota to Billi. The cement factory of Dalla is
based on these deposits.
• North of Son river, the Rohtas limestone belt runs through almost the entire width of the district from
M.P. border to Bihar border along a strike length of about 90 kms. East of the Robertsganj-chopan road,
nearly 98.5 million tonnes limestone lies between Kanach and Basuhari. The deposits near Gurma have
been exploited, In the past for the requirements of Churk Cement factory.

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• Crystalline marble deposits in Ningha hill, south of Obra in Sonbhadra contain a reserve of about
10.19 million tonnes. The deposit contains high calcium and low silica material and can also serve as a
blending material in upgrading the marginal grade materials in Kajrahat and Rohtas belts.

Shale:
• Low silica aluminous shale deposits suitable as additives in the cement manufacture, are know from
almost all the cement grade limestone areas and large reserves of the same exist.

Granite:
• Dimensional granite deposits have been located in Lalitpur, Jhansi, Mahoba, Banda districts.
• The granite is of grey, grey and pink, pink, red and of black/brown colour. The pink/red granite from Lalitpur
only has the identified export potential.

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Fire Clays:
• Reserves of about 3 million tonnes of low PCE fire clays have been established in Bansi-Misra-Makrikhoh
areas in the SW part of Sonbhadra district.

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• These clays alone are not suitable for any industrial purposes, due to their non-plastic nature and high
porosity.
• The clays could, however, be use for making fire-bricks after blending with suitable plastic clay. Some clay

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pockets are also found in Karvi-Manikpur area of Banda/Chitrakoot district.

Diaspore:
• Diaspore is found associated with pyrophyllite in many areas of district Jhansi, Lalitpur and Hamirpur.
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• Generally 4 to 10% diaspore occurs in pyrophyllite.

Andalusite:
• Andalusite are found in over an area of about 48 sq kms, north and west of Wydhamganj in Sonbhadra.
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Sillimanite:
• Sillimanite occurs as prophyroblasts in a 100 meters wide zone of quartz-biotite schist rocks at Chhipiya
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near Babhani, south Sonbhadra constitutes roughly 15% by weight of the rock.

Glass Industry:
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• High grade silica sand is the basic raw material for the manufacture of various types of glass. Presently the
friable high grade material around Shankargarh, Prayagraj district is mined at many localities by private
parties and sent to various glass factories and foundries (as moulding sand).
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• Glass sand is found in Prayagraj and adjoining Chitrakoot district.

Aluminium Industry
• Aluminium Industry used bauxite, high alumina clays and diaspore etc. as raw material for the manufacture
of aluminum metal.
• Sizeable deposits of high grade Alumina have been located in Rajahaun, south of Manikpur in Banda
district. Out of about 12 million tonnes bauxite, about 6 million tonnes of reserves are high grade containing
>45% alumina and are suitable for aluminium industry.
• In Varanasi/ Chandauli reserves of 1.5 million tonnes (G.S.I) have been estimated.

Fertilizer Industry:
• Deposits of phosphatic rock, gypsum and limestone occur in the State at various places.

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Phosphatic rocks:
Rock phosphate in a 6 kms long belt of in Pisnari-Tori areas of Lalitpur is found. The P2O5 content varies from 5-
36%. Over 25 % P2O5 material of use in the manufacture of elemental phosphorus and as direct fertiliser.

Construction Industry:
• Apart from cement, the construction industry uses a variety of rocks and their products as basic material,
such as building stone, marble, ballast, sand, morrum, brick earth, fillers and extenders for paints , lime
etc,
• The Bundelkhand granites and Vindhyan sandstones are extensively quarried for building stone and
ballast. Roofing slates are quarries form numerous places in hill districts.
• Sand morrum and boulders are taken out from almost all the river beds in the plain areas of the State. Brick
kills are located all over the plains and brick earth is taken out from nearby land.
• The low grade limestone and dolomite occurring in Sonbhadra district have been mined in the past for

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making lime.
• Paints of various kinds are very important in the construction work. Pyrophyllite, Ochre and several other
minerals make the bases for high quality paints. Pyrophyllite deposits are found in Jhansi, Lalitpur and

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Hamirpur districts, while ochres are found in district Banda/ Chitrakoot.

Placer Gold:
• About 0.70 Tonne of placer Gold deposit is in district Sonbhadra. Where the values of gold obtain upto 0.30

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ppm, which is not economically viable at present.
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Miscellaneous Industries:
There are many other big and small industries which use minerals in one or the other form e.g., electronic ,
chemical, rubber, paper, filler, cosmetics, steel melting etc. Many of the minerals used in these industries are found
in the State.
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A brief account of some such minerals is as follows:

• Dolomite: Reserve of Dolomite is found in Bari- Bagmana, Sinduria, Chopan and Karamdand areas in
Sonbhadra.
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• Pyrophyllite: Pyrophyllite is used as fillers in rubber, paper and soap etc also as polishing agent, carrier
for insecticides and pesticides and as extender in paints.
• Pyrophyllite along with diaspore is found associated with certain geological structures in Lalitpur, Jhansi
and Hamirpur districts.
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• Baryte: Ground or crushed baryte is used principally in oil well drilling mud and in the glass, paint and
rubber industries. Baryte mineralization is known from near Mathura village in Lalitpur.
• Coal: About 900 million tonnes of medium to low grade coal was estimated by the Geological Survey of
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India in the southern and southwestern parts of Sonbhadra district. Coal is annually produced from four
mines located on the four seams viz., Upper Purewa, Lower Purewa, Turra and Kota.

Base metal Investigation in Sonrai Area, district Lalitpur:

• Base metal sulphide mineralization in several areas. A potential area is Sonrai Lalitpur.
• Another zone of mineralization containing 1.7% copper has been found in the Tori area.
• In the Pisnari area Uranium has been discovered along with copper mineralization. This zone is 300 meters
wide and contains 0.01 to 0.09% uranium.

Low grade iron ore of Girar:

• About 100 million tonnes of low grade iron ore containing 25%-30% iron has been established in Berwar-
Girar area of Lalitpur.
• Sporadic gold mineralization is associated in quartz veins within the iron formation.

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MINOR MINERALS:
Minor minerals have been defined in Section 3 of the mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957
“minor minerals” means building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than sand used for prescribed
purposes, and any other mineral which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare
to be a minor mineral.
In Uttar Pradesh following minerals have been included in the category of Minor Minerals.
• Limestone (for lime burning etc)
• Marble or marble chips
• Brick Earth
• Saltpeter
• Building Stone
• Slabs and Ashlar,
• Sized Dimensional Stones (Sand Stone, Quartzite)
• Millstone and Hand Chakki (Sand Stone, Quartzite)

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• slabs and Boulders
• Granite and Dolostone sized upto 25*25*25 cm
• Sandstone and Quartzite sized upto 25*25*25 cm

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• Gitti Ballast
• Morrum : Available in river bed
• Kankar, Bajri

Sr. no. District Minor Mineral

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1 Brick Earth is found in all the districts, except the hilly districts.

2 Agra sandstone- Patia, chauka, gitti, ashlar

3 Prayagraj sandstone and quartzite- soling, gitti, patia, chakki, ashlar

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4 Mahoba Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi- Granite-slab, gitti, block

5 Lalitpur Granite, sandstone- slab, gitti, block, patia, chauka, ashlar Mathura-quartzite-slab gitti
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6 Mirzapur sandstone- slab, gitti, patia, chauka, ashalar, stonewares

7 Sonbhadra dolomite, granite, sandstone-slab, gitti

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8 Chandauli sandstone- Gneiss, schist, quartzite- slab, gitti, soling, patal.

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Minor minerals in Uttar Pradesh:

• Sand is available in all the rivers in the State.
• Morrum is found in the rivers flowing through Jhansi, Lalitpur, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Fatehpur, Banda
and Sonbhadra districts. Most of the morrum is derived from the weathering and disintegration of granitic
rocks. Another type of morrum called 'Red Morrum' is in fact laterite soils found on the elevated ground
comprising old weathering surfaces. These are used for spreading on kuchha roads.
• Kankar is found 1-3 meters below the ground in the central and eastern districts of the State. It has been
mined on a large scale in the past and was used in building canals, roads and making lime, but its mining
stopped some 10-15 years back. and their catchments in Schedule -II 2nd category for other rivers and
their catchments.
• Salt petre or Shora, locally known as 'Lona', occurs in a mixed state with soil around areas of older
habitation in the central districts Unnao, Kanpur Dehat, Etah, Mainpuri, Farrukhabad, Agra, Mathura,
Aligarh, Etawah etc and the persons of Lonia community make crude niter/ kalmi shora from Saltpeter, this
activity is no more economically viable.

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• Reh Generally occurs in the central districts. These occur in the drier portions, where there is no good
outward drainage, the soil becomes water logged and the accumulated salts are drawn upto the surface to
appear as efflorescence. It is used for making native glass (Kanch), saltpeter and for curing hides and skin,
in tanning leather, for preparing soap and for dying and washing clothes. It is also used by local tobacconist
for kneading with tobacco to give tone and consistency to the finished product.
• Sand and brick earth are used in building and construction purposes.
• Bajri & boulder- found in the river beds of Saharanpur, Bijnor, Lakhimpur, Bahraich, Sravasti and
Balrampur districts and occur mixed with sand.

Uttar Pradesh Mining Policy, 2017

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Based on the core mantra of good governance and corruption-free, the strong and transparent 'Uttar Pradesh
Mining Policy, 2017' was approved on May 30, 2017 under the chairmanship of Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath.

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The mining policy of the state government includes the following mantras-
1. Transparency
2. Rule of law

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3. Parity
4. Effective
5. Consensus
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6. Responsive
7. Participation

Target
(a) Awareness about minerals; (Awareness)
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(b) Access to mines and minerals to the general public; (Accessibility)

(c) Availability of minerals to the general public; (Availability)
(d) Affordability of minerals for the common man (Affordability)
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(e) Acceptance of minerals in public on the basis of above. (Acceptability)

Objectives of Mining Policy

• Social and economic sustainable development
• Mineral Conservation.
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• Maintaining the balance of environment and ecology.

• Increase the share in revenue receipt (State's Own Resources) from 1.85 percent to 3 percent in the next 5
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years.
• Control on Illegal mining / transportation
• Increasing employment opportunities.
• Promotion of fair competition.
• Providing information/data.
• Promotion of private capital investment and development of entrepreneurship.
• Speeding up exploration of new mineral deposits through technology.
• Implementation of e-tendering/e-auction/e-bidding system.
• To bring transparency and free from corruption.
• Operation of welfare schemes.

Strategy:
• To accelerate their further exploration for the commercial exploitation of minerals.
• Encouraging mineral development and mineral based industry by upgrading low grade minerals.
• To make the process of mining administration simplified, transparent and time bound.

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• Grant of mining leases/permits of minor minerals through e-tender/e-auction/e-bidding.

• Establishment of special service at directorate level for mineral based information.
• Development of infrastructure facilities.
• Basic facilities like establishment of a non-profit trust, District Mineral Foundation in each district.
• Formation of departmental mobile team and departmental security force at regional office level to control
illegal mining and transportation.
• Formation of special court for speedy trial of mining related offences.
• Welfare schemes for mineral areas etc.
• In the year 2016-17, the share of minerals in GVA at the national level has decreased from 3.1 percent to
2.25 percent in the last five years, while the share of income from minerals in the state's own resources has
increased from 1.24 percent to 1.8 percent.
• With the proposed policy reform, it will be possible to increase this share to 3 percent in the state in the
next five years.
• District Mineral Foundation (DMF) Trust: A non-profit District Mineral Foundation (DMF) Trust has been

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set up in each district under the notification of the State Government. According to the provisions of 'Uttar
Pradesh District Mineral Foundation Trust Rules, 2017' for regulation of the functions of this trust, action
related to development of areas/persons affected by mining operations will be taken.

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• In respect of major minerals, the percentage of royalty that will be deposited in the District Mineral
Foundation will be determined by the Government of India and in respect of minor minerals, it will be
determined by the State Government.

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• The funds deposited in the District Mineral Foundation (DMF) Trust will also be used in the 'Pradhan Mantri
Kshetra Kalyan Yojana' (PMKKY).
• To meet the expenses incurred in the use of technological intervention for the prevention of illegal
mining/transportation of minerals, an amount equal to one percent of the royalty payable on the extraction
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of minerals from the mining lease holders will be recovered as Cess.
• The right to declare any mineral as a sub-mineral is vested in the Central Government, under which
minerals found in the state, such as sand / morum, mountain blocks / boulders / ballast, brick soil, ordinary
soil for the use of filling, diaspore-pyrophyllite silica sand, come under the category of sub-minerals.
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Drainage system and Water Resources of U.P.

In terms of rivers and canals, Uttar Pradesh holds the top position in the country, accounting for 17% of the overall
length of rivers and canals nationwide. The state is estimated to possess around 161.70 BCM (billion cubic meters)
of surface water. When it comes to groundwater potential, Uttar Pradesh boasts the highest capacity among all
states, with approximately 70.18 BCM of exploitable groundwater resources.

Surface Water:

Rivers:
Uttar Pradesh is traversed by multiple rivers that originate from the Himalayas in the north and the Vindhya range in
the south. The Ganges and its accompanying tributaries, including the Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomati, Ghaghara,
and Gandak rivers, receive their water supply from the everlasting snows of the Himalayas. On the other hand, the

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Chambal, Betwa, Son, and Ken rivers, originating from the peninsular plateau region, flow through the
southwestern portion of the state.

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Rivers Originating Through the Himalayas
The rivers that originate from the Himalayas are the Yamuna, the Ganga, the Ramganga, the Sharda, the Rapti
and the Gandak.

Ganga

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• The river known as Bhagirathi originates from the Gangotri glacier at Gaumukh in Uttarkashi district of
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Uttarakhand. It joins with the Alaknanda at Devprayag, where it is then referred to as the Ganga.
• At Kannauj, the Ganga meets the Ramganga, and at Prayagraj, it merges with Yamuna.
• The left bank tributaries of the Ganga include the Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Rapti, Kosi, and
Gandak rivers.
• The right bank tributaries are Yamuna, Son, Punpun, and Damodar rivers.
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• The Ganga enters Uttar Pradesh at Bijnor and exits at Ballia, where it enters the state of Bihar.
• It flows through 28 districts within Uttar Pradesh.
• The Ganga has been designated as the national river of India by the Central Government.
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• It also serves as the longest waterway in India, known as National Waterway-1 or the Ganga-Bhagirathi-
Hooghly River System, spanning from Prayagraj to Haldia.

Yamuna
• The Yamuna river, the longest tributary on the right bank of the Ganga and the second longest river in Uttar
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Pradesh, originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Banderpunch peaks in Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand.
• It enters Uttar Pradesh at Faizabad in Saharanpur and forms a boundary between Uttar Pradesh and
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Haryana.
• The Yamuna river merges with the Ganga at Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj.
• Among its significant tributaries are the Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa, and Ken rivers. The left bank
tributaries include Hindon, Rind, Sengar, and Varuna.

Sharda or Kali
• Originating from the Milam glacier in Great Himalayas, this river meanders along the border between India
and Nepal before departing the Himalayan region at Baramdeo.
• It goes by different names along its course, being referred to as Goriganga in Kumaon and Kaliganga in
the plains.
• Upon entering Uttar Pradesh, it first reaches Pilibhit.
• Eventually, this river merges with the Ghaghara near Bahramghat in Sitapur.

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Ramganga
• Originating from the Dudhatoli ranges in Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, this river follows a
southwestern course from the Kumaon Himalayas.
• After traversing the mountains, it enters the plains of Uttar Pradesh near Kalagarh Fort in Bijnor.
• This river holds the distinction of being the first significant tributary to join the Ganga at Kannauj.
• Notably, it flows through the central part of Jim Corbett National Park.
• Along its journey, the river passes through Kalagarh, Bijnore, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, and
Shahjahanpur in Uttar Pradesh.
• Khoh, Gagan, Aril, Kosi, and Deoha (Garra) are among its major tributaries.

Rapti
• The Rapti river originates in the vicinity of Rukumkot in Nepal and later joins the Ghaghara river
downstream in Gorakhpur.

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• It is locally recognized as the "sorrow of Gorakhpur".
• Within Uttar Pradesh, it passes through the districts of Shravasti, Basti, Gorakhpur, and Bahraich.
Ultimately, it merges with the Ghaghara river near Barhaj in the Deoria district.

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Saryu
• This river courses through the Kumaon area of Uttarakhand.
• It creates the western border between India and Nepal.
• Ayodhya is situated at the right bank of Saryu.

Gandak
• The river has its source near the Dhaulagiri region in Tibet, close to the border with Nepal.

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• It serves as a natural boundary between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and it flows through the
districts of Gorakhpur and Deoria in Uttar Pradesh.
• Eventually, it merges with the Ganga river at Hajipur.

Ghaghara
• Originating in the vicinity of Mansarovar lake, this river converges with the Sharda river at Brahmaghat
in Uttar Pradesh.
• Ghaghara flows through the districts of Lakhimpur and Bahraich in Uttar Pradesh.
• Further downstream, the Ghaghara river joins the Ganga at Chhapra in Bihar.
• In terms of volume, it holds the distinction of being the largest tributary of the Ganges.
• The upper course of this river is renowned for being home to the Gangetic dolphins.

Hindon
• Emerging from the upper Shiwalik range in the Saharanpur district, this river is entirely dependent on

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rainfall and covers an area of 7,083 square kilometers.
• It is a tributary of the Yamuna river.
• The Hindon river joins the Yamuna near Gautam Buddha Nagar, and before reaching the Yamuna, it

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merges with the river Kali.
• It flows between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, passing through the districts of Muzaffarnagar,
Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, and Gautam Budh Nagar.

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Rivers Originating from the Plain Region

Gomti
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• Gomti river originates from Gomat Taal (Fulhar Jheel) near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit.
• It receives its water from both monsoon rainfall and groundwater sources.
• Flowing in a southward direction, it passes through various districts including Lucknow, Shahjahanpur,
Pilibhit, Sitapur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Barabanki, Sultanpur, and Jaunpur.
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• It merges with the Ganga river at Kaithi near Ghazipur.

Sai
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• It is also known as Aadi Ganga and is a tributary of the Gomti river.

• It has its origin at a sprawling pond named Bhijwan Jheel on the hilltop at Parsoi in the Hardoi.
• The river flows through Raebareli, Pratapgarh and Jaunpur.

Varuna
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• This river is the minor tributary of the Ganga.

• It originates at Phulpur in Prayagraj and merges into the Ganga near Sarai Mohana in the Varanasi district.
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Rivers Originating from the Vindhya Ranges or the Southern Plateau Region

Ken
• It is also known as Karnavati and originates from the Kaimur hills in Madhya Pradesh.
• It flows through Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• It joins the Yamuna at Bhojha in Banda.
• Ken-Betwa River linking project is signed between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
• Bearma, Bewas, Sonar are some of its important tributaries.

Chambal
• It originates from Janapav hills near Mhow in Madhya Pradesh.
• It merges with Yamuna in Etawah district.
• The Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Jawahar Sagar Dam and Kota Barrage are some of
the important projects on Chambal.

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• Parvati, Kalisindh, Banas and Kunu are its important tributaries.

Son
• It originates from Amarkantak plateau in Madhya Pradesh and meets Ganga near Patna.
• Also known as the gold river.
• It flows through Sonbhadra and Mirzapur districts in Uttar Pradesh.
• Rihand, Kanhar, North Koel are some of its main tributaries.

Sindh
• It flows through Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
• It originates in the Malwa Plateau in the Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It joins the Yamuna River in Jalaun district of UP.

Tons/Tamsa

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• It originates from the Tamsakund in the Kaimur range. At Sirsa near Prayagraj, the river meets with the
Ganga river.
• Belan river is a tributary of Tons.

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• Tamsa and its tributaries forms many waterfalls like Cachai falls, Vihaar falls, Keoti falls, Purwa falls, Odda
falls, etc.

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Rihand
• It rises from the Matiranga hills in the south-west region of the Mainpat plateau of Chhattisgarh.
• It is a tributary of the Son River and flows through Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh.
• Flows through Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh and finally join Son.
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Betwa
• Also known as Vetravati, the Betwa River rises in Vindhya Range, north of Hoshangabad in Madhya
Pradesh.
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• It enters at Lakhimpur district and meets Yamuna near Hamirpur.

• It flows through Jalaun, Auraiya, Jhansi and Lalitpur and meets with Yamuna river in Hamirpur district.
Matatila Dam is built on this river in Lalitpur district. Halali and Dhasan are its main tributaries.
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Other Important Rivers

Gambhir
• It originates near Karoli in Rajasthan and forms the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
• It enters the Mainpuri district.
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• It is a tributary of river Yamuna.

• Banganga, Kher and Parbati are its chief tributaries.
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• Keoladev Ghana Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan receives water from this river.

Terhi
• This river flows in Bahraich district. It is fed by the water of the great Baghel Tal near Pura Gosain.
• It enters Gonda district and joins the Ghaghara River.

Kuwana
• Kuwana River originates as Tenus Nala in the eastern part of Bahraich district and flows through Gonda
and Basti.
• It finally merges with the Ghaghara river at Gorakhpur.

Manwar
• Manwar river rises in Gonda district and form boundaries of Basti and Gonda districts.
• After passing through Basti, it joins the Kuwana in Lalganj in Mahuli West.

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Groundwater Resources:
Groundwater, on account of its universal availability, dependability and low capital cost, is the major source of
water to meet the requirement of various sectors in India. However, with a rapid growth of population and all-round
development, there is incessant pressure on the groundwater in terms of both the quality and quantity.

The state is characterised by a highly diversified hydrogeological set up having dominated by thick pile of
alluvial deposits and is said to be having the richest repository of groundwater. But, there are some hydrogeological
contraints also, the state is mostly sitting on Older Allumium with prevalence of silty sand having relatively low
to moderate yield and prominent saline belt at variable depths, whereas, Bundelkhand-Vindhyan is dominated
by discontinuous aquifers.

Presently, groundwater caters about 70% irrigated agriculture in the state, besides fulfilling about 90% of rural
domestic needs and more than 75% of urban water consumption as well as meeting 95% industrial, infrastructural
demands and commercial uses.

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The most crucial change in the use of irrigation facilities has been witnessed in early eighties, when with the advent
of Green Revolution, low cost pump set technology has revolutionised the tubewell construction activity in the entire

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country and Uttar Pradesh has emerged as the centre of irrigation tubewell revolution.

In last 30-40 years, ground water contribution in increasing net irrigated area in the state is about 70-80 %. At
present, the state is known to have about 87% irrigated area while the National average is only 49%. As a result,

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the state is now one of highly irrigated states of the country.

Challenges related to Ground water resource:

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• In past decades, Land use changed from agriculture to urban/industrial/infra activities, increasing
groundwater dependency and pattern of water usage.
• Urban areas like Lucknow, Ghaziabad, G.B. Nagar, Meerut, Agra, Kanpur, Bareilly, Prayagraj, Varanasi
face extensive groundwater mining, leading to severe environmental implications. Major cities witness
significant groundwater level decline, surpassing the threshold of 20 cm per year with depths beyond 20 m,
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posing restoration challenges.

• Groundwater depletion occurs rapidly, particularly in about 95% of the state's municipal bodies relying
on groundwater for drinking water supplies.
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• Excessive pumping of groundwater disrupts the ecosystem by depleting rivers, lakes, and wetlands.
Reduced base flows impact groundwater-dependent rivers and their ecological flows. Gomti River and
other rivers in the state suffer from groundwater level decline, reducing natural discharges into the stream,
requiring different management interventions.
• Deficient rainfall aggravates the groundwater crisis. Rainfall decline from 1991-2000 was 8%, but the
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past two decades witnessed a faster decline of over 20%. The state consistently receives insufficient
rainfall, affecting surface storage, soil moisture, and groundwater recharge. Erratic rainfall patterns,
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extreme events, and fewer rainy days are observed. Rain-deficient districts include Ghaziabad, G.B.
Nagar, Baghpat, Bulandshar, Agra, and Kanpur Dehat, impacting recharge.
• Groundwater quality mapping remains a challenge, exposing a large population to diseases like
fluorosis, arsenicosis, heavy metal toxicity, and gastrointestinal problems.

Situation of Overdraft by 2030:

• With rising trend of groundwater extraction in almost all the user sectors, the future scenario of the state
appears very grim.
• With current rate of abstraction, the projected gross extraction in the state may reach upto 70 bcm or more
around 2030 and is expected to cross over the recharge/extractable resource that might put entire state in
a stage of overdraft.
• The declining rainfall, impacting the natural recharging of aquifers, is making the situation worse.

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• Occurrence of salinity in groundwater of Central Ganga plains at varying depth intervals is a difficult
situation for sustainable development of groundwater, which extends NW-SE all across the state all along
700 kms stretch from Ghaziabad-Agra to Pratapgarh-Jaunpur.
• Western Uttar Pradesh is a highly depleted aquifer system, affecting both rural and urban areas. Around
70% of blocks and most urban centers experience declining groundwater levels. Recent assessment
(2021) classifies 82 blocks as over-exploited, 47 as critical, and 151 as semi-critical.

Issues:
• Inadequate management of vast groundwater data.
• Insufficient knowledge and understanding of aquifers amongst stakeholders.
• No comprehensive & integrated regulatory mechanism to overall control and reduce indiscriminate
groundwater withdrawal.
• Restoring equilibrium to stressed aquifers.
• Alarming trends of groundwater contamination and lack of itegration in quality assessment.

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• Lack of comprehensiveness in existing regulatory regimes.
• Guidelines for implementation and enforcement of rain water harvesting and groundwater recharge
techniques are not followed.

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• Water efficient practices, water saving devices, change in cropping pattern, adoption of low water
consuming species in agriculture sector are not getting momentum.
• Watershed geomorphology based mapping and management in Bundelkhand not yet initiated.

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• Conjunctive water use management method not practised in the field.
• Integrated water resource management concept yet to be implemented.
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Solution:
Treated water to replace groundwater based supplies - Ganga, Yamuna rivers' sewage pollution offers treated
wastewater for irrigation, industry, construction; state has Ground Water Policy-2013 for implementation.
• The state is first to have Ground Water Policy-2013, which requires focused implementation.
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• Data consolidaion, analysis and management.

• Single centralised groundwater law with national regulatory framework and constituting state groundwater
authorities.
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• Extractive policy and setting of sustainable abstraction limits.

• Preparation and implementation of groundwater security plans, as per regulatory provisions.
• Demarcation of groundwater quality protection zones and integrated quality assessment and mapping.
• Integrated efforts to increase ecological flows.
• Balanced use of surface water and groundwater through conjunctive water use management.
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• Different solutions for urban areas and Bundelkhand-Vindhyans, having different hydrogeological
characteristics and diverse ground water problems.
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• Specific interventions for agriculture sector.

• Groundwater protection charges for resource abstraction.
• Mechanism for ensuring stakeholders and community participation.

UP Ground water act 2019:

• The Act says that uncontrolled and rapid extraction of ground water has resulted in alarming situation of
declining ground water levels and depletion of ground water reservoirs in many parts of the state, both in
rural and urban areas.
• The Act also goes on to state that ground water in its natural state is a common pool resource and the
Supreme Court of India has applied the public trust doctrine to ground water, in recognition that private
property rights in ground water are inappropriate.

Important Provisions of the act:

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• Constitution of Gram Panchayat Ground Water Sub-Committee, Block Panchayat Ground Water
Management, Municipal Water Management Committee, District Ground Water Management
Council and Uttar Pradesh State Ground Water Management committee to protect and manage
ground water resources.
• The Ground Water Department shall develop a mechanism:
o To co-ordinate with the appropriate body
o To work as Technical Secretariat for the State Ground Water Management and Regulatory
Authority.
o To identify and delineate the areas, such as over-exploited and critical blocks, for the purpose of
regulating ground water.
o To collect all ground water information/data
• State Ground Water Management and Regulatory Authority (SGWMRA) has the powers to notify
areas for management and regulation of ground water resources and advise the government on
appropriate water conservation methods.

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• Mandatory registration of existing commercial, industrial, infrastructural and bulk users of ground water in
notified and non-notified areas.
• Ban on new well construction in notified areas, and extraction, sale and supply of ground water in

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notified areas is punishable.
• To ensure protection of notified areas and sustainability of ground water resources, Ground Water
Security Plans shall be prepared for systematic implementation.

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• Right to SGWMRA to fix the limit of abstraction of groundwater for any use.
• Act states that SGWMRA should ensure that no ground water resources are polluted. It prohibits use
of well for dumping polluting matters etc.
• Appropriate authorities shall sensitize farmers and people in notified areas to adopt suitable designs
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and technology for rain water harvesting, ground water recharge and catchment conservation etc.
authorities encourage recycling and reuse of water and encourage the prevention and mitigation of
waterlogging.
• Act mandate formation of the ground water grievance authority, their duties, jurisdiction and powers.
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• In case of any violation, users will be penalized with fines ranging from ₹2 lakh to ₹5 lakh and/or
imprisonment ranging from six months to a year, for a first offence.
• Agricultural and general residential users do not come under the ambit of penalty clauses.
•
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Act mandates that the government create a Ground Water Fund which shall be utilized for Ground Water
Management activities.
• State government can exempt any user from complying with the provisions of the Act.

Policy for Groundwater Management, Rainwater Harvesting and Groundwater Recharge 2013:
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The State Government has issued a "Comprehensive Policy for Groundwater Management, Rainwater Harvesting
and Groundwater Recharge" in the state in February 2013.
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The objectives of the policy are:

• To ensure regulated exploitation and optimum and judicious use of ground water resources.
• To initiate the national programme of aquifer mapping and aquifer-based management in the state in a
planned way for overall groundwater management.
• To implement groundwater recharge programmes on a large scale in an integrated manner and to bring
overexploited/critical blocks into the safe category in a time-bound manner.
• To effectively implement the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater.
• To promote efficient methods of water use in the stressed areas.
• To give priority to the river basin/watershed approach in groundwater management planning and
conservation.
• To identify groundwater polluted areas in order to ensure safe drinking water supplies.
• To implement groundwater conservation and recharging programmes by the concerned departments
through participatory management approach in a coordinated and integrated manner.
• To make provisions of effective legal structures for groundwater management.

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Lakes in Uttar Pradesh:

The drinking water and irrigation requirements of the state's cities, Industries and rural communities are met by the
state's lakes. Every year, a vast number of migratory bird species gather at these lakes. Some examples of these
species are Siberian cranes, greater flamingos, and surkhabs.

Keetham Lake
• Located in Agra, Keetham Lake, also known as Sur Sarovar, is a man-made lake and bird sanctuary,
attracting a wide variety of migratory birds.

Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake

• It is the largest man-made lake of Uttar Pradesh.
• Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake, or the Rihand Reservoir, is located in the Sonbhadra district of Uttar
Pradesh in northern India.

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Ramgarh Lake
• It is near Gorakhpur, and is famous for the annual Ramgarh Tal Lake Festival featuring cultural programs,

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boat races, and a variety of other water sports.

Jai Samand Lake

• Also known as Shahi Samand Lake, was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.

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• It is situated near Agra.

Barua Sagar Lake

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• It is in Jhansi, is known for its scenic beauty and is a popular picnic spot for locals and tourists.

Sarsai Nawar Lake

• It is located in Etawah, is famous for its pink lotus flowers that are seen blooming during the monsoon
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season.

Rani Jheel Lake

• It is in Jhansi is a historic lake built by Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi during the time of the Indian Rebellion of
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1857.

Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Lake

• It is located in Rae Bareli.
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• It is a popular destination for birdwatching and is home to numerous species of migratory birds.

Siddhauliya Lake
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• It is in Sitapur is famous for its floating islands, that are created by a unique combination of aquatic plants
and soil.

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Vegetation

Uttar Pradesh, located in northern India, is a state known for its diverse and abundant vegetation. The state's
vegetation is shaped by its geographical features, climate, and varying altitudes. Uttar Pradesh boasts a rich and
varied flora, ranging from dense forests to open grasslands, wetlands, and agricultural landscapes. The state's
vegetation not only contributes to its natural beauty but also plays a vital role in supporting the ecological balance
and providing numerous ecosystem services.

Classification of vegetation on the Basis of Specific Characteristics:

Based on the relief, rainfall and vegetation types, the forests of Uttar Pradesh are divided into three types:

Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests

• These forests are found in the areas receiving an annual average rainfall of 100 to 150 cm.

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• Found in Bhabar and Terai regions which include Bahraich, Shravati, Maharajganj, Pilibhit, etc. districts
of the state. They provide habitats for a diverse range of wildlife, including tigers, leopards, elephants, and
various bird species.

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• Teak is the dominant species of these forests.
• Major trees in these forests are Sal, Fig, Palash, Ber, Mahua, Dhak, Amla, Jamun, Semal, etc.

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests

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• These forests grow in the areas receiving the rainfall 50 to 100 cm.
• They consist of trees that shed their leaves during the dry season to conserve moisture.
• These forests are found in all parts of the plains and usually in Eastern, Central and Western regions of
uttar pradesh.
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• Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Sal, Palash, Amaltas, Bel, Anjeer, etc are
important trees of these forests.

Tropical Thorny Forests

• These forests grow in the areas receiving low annual rainfall from 50 to 75 cm. Southern Uttar Pradesh
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including Mirzapur, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Banda, Jalaun are covered with these forests.
• These forests have widely scattered thorny trees, mainly babool, thorny legumes and spurge.
• During rains, short grasses also grow here.
• The trees are generally small here forming open dry forests.
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• Phulai, khair, dhaman, neem, etc. are important tree species of these forests.

Administrative Classification of Forests:

Forests are classified into six groups:
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1. Reserved Forest:
o These forests are under the direct control of State Government.
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o No public entry is allowed in these forests.

o According to India state of forest report 2019, Uttar Pradesh has 72.79% of forest area under
reserved forest.
2. Protected Forests: The government is responsible for the management and conservation of these forests,
while allowing the local communities to sustainably access resources such as fuelwood, timber, and
grazing for their cattle
3. Unclassed Forests: those forests where there are no restrictions on tree cutting and cattle grazing. Uttar
Pradesh has 20.23% of its forest area classified as unclassed forests.
4. State Forests: These forests are those which are completely conserved and controlled by the State
Government.
5. Community Forests: These are those forests which are managed and controlled by local bodies District
Councils, Municipal Corporation, Municipalities or Panchayats.
6. Private Forests: These are those forests which are controlled by individual or some individuals.

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Fire prone forest areas:
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Indian State of Forest report 2021:

Major Findings:
• The total forest and tree cover of the country is 80.9 million hectare which is 24.62 percent of the
geographical area of the country. As compared to the assessment of 2019, there is an increase of 2,261 sq
km in the total forest and tree cover of the country. Out of this, the increase in the forest cover has been
observed as 1,540 sq km and that in tree cover is 721 sq km.
• Increase in forest cover has been observed in open forest followed by very dense forest. Top three
states showing increase in forest cover are Andhra Pradesh (647 sq km) followed by Telangana (632 sq
km) and Odisha (537 sq km).
• Area-wise Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country followed by Arunachal Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra. In terms of forest cover as percentage of total geographical area,
the top five States are Mizoram (84.53%), Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%), Meghalaya (76.00%), Manipur
(74.34%) and Nagaland (73.90%).
• 17 states/UT’s have above 33 percent of the geographical area under forest cover. Out of these states and
UT’s, five states/UTs namely Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh

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and Meghalaya have more than 75 percent forest cover while 12 states/UTs namely Manipur, Nagaland,
Tripura, Goa, Kerala, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Assam,
Odisha, have forest cover between 33 percent to 75 percent.

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• Total mangrove cover in the country is 4,992 sq km. An increase of 17 sq Km in mangrove cover has been
observed as compared to the previous assessment of 2019. Top three states showing mangrove cover
increase are Odisha (8 sq km) followed by Maharashtra (4 sq km) and Karnataka (3 sq km).
• Total carbon stock in country’s forest is estimated to be 7,204 million tonnes and there an increase of 79.4

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million tonnes in the carbon stock of country as compared to the last assessment of 2019. The annual
increase in the carbon stock is 39.7 million tonnes.

Forest cover in Uttar Pradesh:

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state of forest report (SoFR) 2021 has shown an increase of 91sq km in the green cover of Uttar Pradesh but, at
the same time, the state has lost over 41sq km of forest cover of moderate density.
The districts that show loss of forest cover are Pilibhit, Chandauli, Bijnor, Mirzapur, Kheri, Maharajganj, Azamgarh,
Sonbhadra, Sultanpur and Muzzafarnagar.
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• 5 districts with maximum percentage of forest area (decreasing order) are -

1. Sonbhadra (36.79%),
2. Chandauli (22.25%),
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3. Pilibhit (18.64%),
4. Mirzapur (18.25%),
5. Chitrakoot (18.23%).
• 5 districts with minimum percentage of forest area (in increasing order) are -
1. Bhadohi (0.31%),
2. Mainpuri (0.49%),
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3. Deoria (0.60%),
4. Budaun (0.62%),
5. Mau (0.64%).
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• 5 districts with maximum forest area (in decreasing or order) are:

1. Sonbhadra (2540.29 sq. km),
2. Kheri (1273.06 sq. km),
3. Mirzapur (803.73 sq. km),
4. Pilibhit (687.11 sq. km),
5. Chitrakoot (586.40 sq. km).
• 5 districts with minimum forest area (in increasing order) are:
1. Bhadohi (3.12 sq. km),
2. Mau (11 sq. km),
3. Mainpuri (13.64 sq. km),
4. Sant Kabir Nagar (14 sq. km),
5. Deoria (15.21 sq. km).

Important Programmes/Schemes related to Forests

• Social Forestry Scheme was started in the year 1979 in the state.

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• Participatary forest management has been run in the Terai, Vindhya and Bundelkhand regions since July
2010 with the help of the Government of Japan.
• Sonbhadra's Belhatthi Village has been declared the first village forest in the state.
• Welfare of forest workers i.e. Group Insurance Scheme has been started from the year 1989-90.
• The intensive plantation programme has been in operation in 22 selected districts since 2005-06. The tree
plantation expansion scheme is being run in selected 48 districts of the state since 2007-08.
• Bamboo Plantation and Forest Improvement Scheme is being run in Lalitpur, Chitrakoot, Mahoba,
Mirzapur, and Sonbhadra districts of Uttar Pradesh since 2007-08.
• Vriksha Bandhu Award Scheme is being run for the year 2007-08 to promote plantation and wildlife
conservation.
• The State Biodiversity Board Fund 2007-08 aims to optimize the use of biodiversity conservation resources
and cooperate with the Central Government in this area.
• In view of the improvement of forests in Uttar Pradesh and the alleviation of poverty of the forest-
dependent community, are financed by the Japan International Cooperation Agency is being implemented
by the Uttar Pradesh Properties Participatary Forest Management and Poverty Alleviation Project from the
financial year 2008-09 onwards.

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• The project is being implemented in 20 forest departments of Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri, Bahraich,
Shravasti, Balrampur, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Chitrakoot, Prayagraj, Mirzapur, Sonbhadra and
Chandauli districts of Uttar Pradesh.

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• Fuel and fodder projects are being run since 1990-91 with the centre - state participation (Objective to
encourage rural people to plant trees with fuel and fodder).
• Integrated Forest Project Scheme: (Central State Partnership) Protection of Forests from Fire and Thieves.
• Forest Protection Scheme: In 27 districts to prevent encroachment in illegal areas of forests. Lucknow

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Plantation Project 2004-05 for beautification of Lucknow city.
• Vriksha Pratipalak and Vriksha Mitra Yojana - To promote plantation in rural and urban.
• Overall Forest Development Yojana under which industrial and plywood plantation, fuel plantation,
roadside plantation, ravines afforestation, Ram Ganga Valley area plantation, etc. have been included.
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• Forest Training Institute (FTI) in Uttar Pradesh was
• established in the year 1988 in Kanpur. In order to increase the productivity of forests, the State Forest
Research Laboratory was established in Kanpur in the year 1970. It was upgraded in the year 1993 as
State Forest Research Institute.
• Joint Forest Management in Uttar Pradesh was started in 1992.
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• Currently, 3426 JFM (Joint Forest Management) committees are managing approximately 1,83,393
hectares of forest area.
• The forests of Uttar Pradesh were declared state property in 1935.
• The Van Mahotsav was started in Uttar Pradesh in July, 1952.
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• The basic foundation of the Van Mahotsav Movement is "Tree means water, water means bread and bread
is life'.
• The Forest Research School is located in Dehradun (Uttarakhand).
• The officers and employees of the Forest Service of Uttar Pradesh are imparted training at the Indian
Forest College, Dehradun.
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• Eucalyptus tree is called Ecological Terrorist.

• The Savanna type of tall grases are found in the Terai region Barof Uttar Pradesh.
• Operation Green Scheme was started from July 1, 2001. for the growth of tree cover in Uttar Pradesh.
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• 'Operation Green' is being operated by the Government of Uttar Pradesh since 2007-08.
• 'Operation Green' deals with the expansion of forest areas. To increase the forest areas in Uttar Pradesh,
the work of developing Hi-Tech Nursery has been started in Bareilly, Pilibhit, Bijnor, Meerut, Budaun and
Saharanpur.
• On 11th July, 2016, the record of plantation more than 5 crore trees was set by the Uttar Pradesh
Government under the "Green UP, Clean UP" Campaign. To en It is noteworthy that the "Green UP, Green
UP" campaign was launched by the Uttar Pradesh Government on 7 November, 2015.
• Under this campaign, 22,42,125 saplings were planted. under Unnao Forest Region. A target of plantation
of 22.5 crore plants has been set in the state in the financial year 2019-20. Some of the major industrial
centres of Uttar Pradesh based on forests are as follows.
• Cane, Furniture, Catechu, Match & Plywood:- Bareilly, Najibabad & Jwalapur.
• Major centre of paper: Saharanpur. Beedi, Ceramic Toys: Mirzapur, Jhansi, Saharanpur, Bareilly.
• Wooden toys, Sonbhadra, Varanasi.
• Sporting goods: Meerut.

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Soil
Soil is the upper layer of the Earth which is formed by organic matter, clay, rock particles, etc. Soil contains
minerals, air, water, organic remains and micro organisms within it.

Classification of Soil
The soil found in Uttar Pradesh is mostly old in nature except the traces found in the river valleys. The soil of the
state can be classified into three sub-heads. These are:
1. Soils of Bhabar and Terai Region
2. Soils of Gangetic Plains
3. Soils of Southern Plateau

Soils of Bhabar and Terai Region

Soil of Bhabar Region:

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• It is a narrow belt of 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of shiwaliks.
• This region isn't suitable for agriculture as the soil of this region is porous. Soil is shallow so only big trees
with large roots thrive in this region.
• This area covers Saharanpur, Bijnor, Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur Kheri and Pilibhit districts.

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Soil of Terai Region:
• Terai belt is the zone of sand and clay soils. Region is composed of newer alluvium.
• The underground streams of the Bhabar region re-emerge in this belt and make it swampy lowland with

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silty soils.
• The soil of Terai region is rich in nitrogen and organic matter but is deficient in phosphate.
• The soil is generally covered by tall grasses and forest but it is suitable for a number of crops such as
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wheat, rice, sugarcane, jute, etc.

Soil of Gangetic Plains

• Alluvial soil is made of fine particles of silt, clay and larger particles of sand and gravel (Kankar)
brought by rivers.
• In the alluvial soil, nitrogen and organic matter are generally low but potash, phosphoric acid and
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alkalis are adequate, while iron oxide and lime vary within a wide range.
• It is a very fertile plain where Rabi and Kharif crops are grown,, e.g. rice, wheat, millet, gram etc.
Sugarcane is the chief cash crop of this region.
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The alluvial soil is divided into two parts:

Bangar Soil:
• It is older and matured alluvial soil. It covers the largest part of the plain, found in high plain regions and
is free from flooding.
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• Not very fertile in nature due to calcareous deposits locally known as Kankar and it has a low upland
covered by laterite deposits. Fertility is also lost due to continuous use of the soil for agriculture which
results in lack of nitrogen and phosphorus.
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• It is known by various names loam, clay, sandy loam, bhut, clayey loam, etc.

Khadar Soil:
• Found in flood plains region of Uttar Pradesh.
• It is fine, light brown colour, porous and having water retention capacity.
• It is very suitable for extensive cultivation as the soil is frequently renewed and it does not contain
calcareous deposits of calcium. It is made of new alluvium and fine granules (particles).
• It is also known by the names of Balua, Silt Balua, Domat, Matiyar or Matiyar Domat etc.
• The soil is also known by different names like sandy, sandy silt, loam, clay or clayey loam. Lime, potash,
magnesium and organic matter are found in this soil.

Soils of Western, Eastern and Central Ranges of Gangetic Region:

• The Gangetic region is also divided into Western, Central and Eastern ranges. In the Western region the
soil is mostly dark grey in colour and loam to sandy loam in nature. Deep and fertile soils are found in the
plain areas of this region i.e. Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar and Meerut districts.

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• Heavy loam soils are found in Eastern parts i.e. Bareilly, Bijnor, Pilibhit and Moradabad. Sandy loam soils
are found in the entire central region.
• Whereas the North-Eastern part (Kheri and Sitapur) has loam or sandy loam soil which are slightly acidic in
nature.
• The Eastern part of the Gangetic plain has three types of soils, Bhat, Bangar and Dhuh. Bhat is rich in lime.
Dhuh soil is an inundated soil which is found along the rivers bank. The North-Western part of this region is
considered as phosphatic deficient belt. Soils which are found in Jaunpur, Azamgarh and Mau districts are
deficient in potash. The dry part of this region have soil which is known as 'usar' and 'reh'. This soil is found
in Aligarh, Etah, Etawah, Sitapur, Unnao, Kanpur, Mainipuri, Raibareli and Lucknow districts of Uttar
Pradesh.

Soil of Southern Plateau:

Soils found in the Southern Plateau region are as follows:

Red soil:
• It is formed by weathering of red sandstones rocks.

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• Due to the presence of iron oxide, the colour of soil is red.
• The parent materials of the red soil are crystalline and metamorphic rocks like acid granites, gneisses and
quartzite.

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• The soil is mainly found in Mirzapur, Southern part of Prayagraj, Sonbhadra, Jhansi, Banda, Hamirpur and
Chandauli.
• The soil is found in the water logging area of river Betwa and Dhasan in the form of granite.
• This soil is of two types: Parwa and Rakar soil.

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Parwa Soil:
• It is light red-brownish colour of sandy loam soil, which is low in organic matter. This soil is also known as
Padwa or Paduwa.
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• It is found in Hamirpur, Jalaun and coastal part of river Yamuna especially in ravines.
• The soil responds well to the proper use of fertilisers and irrigation and gives excellent yields of millet
(Kharif) and gram (rabi).
• It is light reddish brown colored sandy loam soil which is deficient in organic matter.
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Rakar Soil:
• The slopy areas of hilly and plateau regions are covered with this soil.
• The soil is divided into deep Rakar and thin Rakar.
• The fertility of this soil can be increased with the use of fertilisers. Generally, crops like sesame or til
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(Kharif) and grams (Rabi) are grown in this soil.

Black soil or Regur soil:

• It is found in the Western district and Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. It is clayey in nature.
• It is generally known as Mar and Kabar.
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• Mar and Kabar soils are calcareous and fertile. As compared to Mar soil, Kabar soil is less water retentive
soil.
• It is found in Mirzapur, Jhansi, and Sonbhadra districts. At some places it is mixed with red soil.
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Maar/Maad Soil:
• It is black in colour and largely clayey in nature like black or regur soil but not as fertile. The soil is highly
retentive of moisture.

Monta Soil:
• This soil is found in the form of broken pebbles at the Vindhyan hilly areas.
• Due to slow process of weathering, these pebbles are converted into fine sand.
• The colour of this soil is reddish. Generally, cereals are grown in this soil such as millets.

Soil Erosion in Uttar Pradesh:

Soil erosion refers to the wearing away of soils by the forces of water and wind. The problem of erosion and mass
soil wasting such as landslides, rockfalls and soil creeps confront the hill tracks of Himalayan region. Ravine control
and reclamation is a major problem along the banks of Yamuna, Chambal, Kuwari and Betwa rivers.

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Water Erosion: This is one of the dominant degradation type in the state covering about 11.39 million hectare
which is 38.69% of the TGA of the state. The loss of top soil and terrain deformation are the offsprings of erosional
process. The severity of water erosion is found at the peak along the banks of Yamuna, Chambal, Sengar, Kuwari
rivers occurring in the parts of districts Agra, Etawah, Kanpur and Fatehpur etc. where terrain has completely
deformed into ravines occupying 0.69 m ha which is 2.35% of the Total geographical area (TGA). This type of
degradation is due to deforestation coupled with sloppy landscape and over grazing. Water erosion is also due to
unscientific management and non-adoption of conservation practices.

Wind Erosion: Wind erosion is most common in the hot dry region of the state occupying 0.21 m ha which is
0.72% of the TGA of the state. Wind erosion poses problems in the south-western parts of Agra and Mathura
districts bordering Rajasthan. In these areas, sand blowing is common in the summer seasons due to which fertile
lands are covered with sand decreasing their soil productivity.

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Soil salinization and sodification: The problem of soil salinity and or sodicity is more prominent in the semi-arid
tract of the Gangetic plain covering 1.37 m ha, reducing the productive capabilities of about 4.65% of the land
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surface in the state. The worst affected districts are Mainpuri, Etah, Etawah, Fatehpur, Aligarh, Farrukhabad,
Kanpur, Unnao, Allahabad, Raebareli, Partapgarh, Sultanpur, Lucknow, Azamgarh, western parts of Ballia and
Varanasi. Some saline patches in the districts of Mathura and Agra are also identified which are due to the high
water table which is of mostly brackish in nature. This degradation is mainly the manifestation of the human
intervention with the nature. Many fertile productive lands mostly in command areas suffer from this problem chiefly
because of sharp rise in water table resulting from marked disturbances in the hydrologic equilibrium under canal
irrigation. As a result the crop yields have decreased significantly and the cropping pattern has shown a shift
towards the relatively more tolerant crops. Such negative trends question the sustainability of irrigated agriculture
into long term perspective and this is a matter of concern.

Flooding: It covers an area of about 2.35 m ha which is about 7.98% of the TGA of the state. This menace is much
evidenced in the eastern parts of the state. The worst affected districts are Allahabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi,
Farrukhabad, Etah, Ghazipur and Ballia. It is mostly concentrated along the Ganga, Yamuna and Ghaghra rivers.
The high water table and very slow surface drainage give rise to the hydromorphic condition in these areas
resulting in uncertainity of kharif crops. The information is quite indicative of the grave danger to the soil health and
sustainable agriculture posed by such vast dimensions and severity of land degradation. It is therefore, imperative

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to restore the productivity of the affected areas adopting soilsite suitable strategies and preventing further
deterioration/degradation of new lands through adopting eco-friendly resource planning.

Waterlogging: Waterlogging becomes a widespread problem especially in Eastern and Central region of the state
not only due to recurrent floods but also rise of the water table above and very close to surface areas due to
absence of well drainage system in the irrigated canal areas. It is estimated that just a little under one third of land
area in the state is affected by surface and sub-surface waterlogging.

Calcareousness or presence of hard pan: Calcareousness affects both the physical condition as also the
nutrient availability of soils. A hard pan or layer of lime not only restrict water movement but also prevent root
penetration. The high amount of lime when present in fine fraction may cause lime induced chlorosis in plants.
Phosphorous and molybdenum availability restricted as a result of high level of magnesium associated with
carbonates. In addition, micronutrient cation deficiencies are common in the soils having high calcium carbonates
equivalent. The accumulation of calcium carbonate in the sub-surface layers is noted in the soils of Gangetic plain.
Soils high in lime are productive for some crops like forage, maize, cotton and vegetables, while some of the other
crops like sorghum, citrus suffers from lime induced chlorosis.

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Ravine lands: in Uttar Pradesh In the state of U.P., 1.23 million ha area comprising over 25 districts is affected by
ravines. Of the total ravine area, five districts viz. Agra, Banda, Etawah, Hamirpur and Jalaun contributes about
62%. The ravine lands are distributed in the catchment of 14 rivers of which Yamuna and Betwa contributes about

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60% of the total land.

Degradation of soil becomes the important element of environmental degradation causes a serious threat for the

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economic development in the state. However, deforestation, salinity, waterlogging, decline of water table, improper
use of fertilizer in both irrigated and non-irrigated area, are serious causes of land degradation in the state.
Evaluating the precise magnitude of soil degradation and its impact on the environment and agriculture are major
challenge. Urgent measures are taken to arrest the degradation process and to restore productivity of degraded
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soils. It is not possible to produce more food to fulfill the obligations to leave a better heritage for prosperity. A well-
defined integrated land use policy at the implementable level should be developed.
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Q13. Bundelkhand region is a drought affected area. While mentioning the main causes of the problem of
drought in this region, mention the efforts made by the government for its solution?
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Approach:
· Give a brief background on situation of droughts in Bundelkhand region
· Mention the main causes of the problem of drought in this region
· Highlight efforts made by the government to provide a solution for drought situation.
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· Conclude accordingly

Answer
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Bundelkhand is made up of the border areas of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, in which seven districts of
Uttar Pradesh are included. Bundelkhand region always remains in discussion due to the problem of water scarcity
and drought. A total of 12 drought years have been observed during the 19th and 20th centuries, that is, we can
say that there has been a drought once in 16-17 years. The frequency of drought years increased for the first time
between 1968 and 1992, when there were three droughts in these years and at present, there has been almost
continuous drought in the last 6 years (after 2004-05).

Geographical Formation:
· Geographically, the erosion of rivers, barren, plateau areas, and infertile rocky land make agriculture
here very difficult.
· Due to lack of water for irrigation and severe heat, the entire area is very backward in agriculture. Mainly
two rivers Ken, Betwa pass through this area, which later joins Yamuna.

Land degradation:
· Land degradation is a serious problem of the region, due to which lakhs of hectares of land are not suitable
for agriculture.

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· The main causes of land degradation are strong wind, rain and sloping land. More than 60 percent of
the people in this area live below the poverty line.
· A major part of the farmers are marginal farmers. About 25 percent of the farmers are those who have
between 1 to 2 hectares of land.
· The identity of the farmer is from the land itself and from that his livelihood and his existence, but this land
is continuously getting smaller or it is getting eroded or else it is unproductive in the form of fallow. Many
land reforms have been done in this area, but none proved effective.

Climate Change:
· The unusual changes in the weather caused by climate change in the last 15 years have greatly
increased the vulnerability and risk of the people.
· Here in the last years, the late arrival of monsoon, early withdrawal, long drought interval between
the two, drying up of wells in the water storage areas, etc. has completely destroyed agriculture here.
· Even in some years the farmers could not even sow the crop. In the last 3 decades, the situation here has
become very bad.
· Natural calamities have changed the course of this entire region, due to which the social and economic

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condition here has deteriorated to a great extent.
· Most of the districts of this region are affected by drought, which has a direct impact on agriculture here.
· Although this region has been facing drought and drought-like situation for the last many years, but this

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year it is in its dreadful condition.

Average Rainfall Decrease:

· Generally the average rainfall in Bundelkhand is 800-1000 mm. But if we look at the average of the last

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five years, there has been a decrease of 40-50 percent i.e. 450-550 mm. rain was received.
· Late arrival of monsoon, high rainfall in a short span of time and long interval of rainfall between
two years are helpful in creating drought conditions in this region.
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Government efforts to deal with drought in Bundelkhand
· The Uttar Pradesh government announced the implementation of Maharashtra's 'Sujalam-Sufalam'
scheme to solve the drinking water problem in other districts of state including Bundelkhand. Chief Minister
Yogi Adityanath has directed to start Sujalam-Suflam scheme as a pilot project in Mahoba and Hamirpur.
· By maintaining the continuity of Ganga and Yamuna, huge ponds will be constructed on their banks for
the availability of water in sufficient quantity.
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· Here special attention will be given to recharging of ground water. The government is taking necessary
steps to reduce the dependence of water supply on Ganga and Yamuna.
· The Central Government has implemented the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana to reduce the
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dependence of agriculture on monsoon and to reach water to every field. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai
Yojana is a scheme coordinated by the Central and State Governments. It was started by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi on July 1, 2015. Under this scheme, a budget of Rs 50,000 crore has been allocated for
the next five years. Under this scheme, the Government of India in collaboration with the State Government
has also arranged for some agricultural grants and assistance.
· The government is providing a grant of Rs 25 lakh to the farmers for the construction of community ponds.
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· For sprinkler irrigation, the government is providing 50 percent of the total expenditure as assistance.
The government is providing financial and training assistance to small, small, and marginal farmers,
women farmers, and scheduled tribe farmers.
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Arrangements have been made to promote the use of drip method for horticulture and vegetable cultivation. In this
way both production and productivity are increasing.
All these efforts are expected to reduce the intensity and frequency of drought in Bundelkhand. If all these
government efforts are implemented in a coordinated and participatory manner, the problem is likely to improve
rapidly.

Q14. Eastern Uttar Pradesh is a flood affected area. Discuss the strategies of the state government to deal
with this problem?

Approach
· Introduce with statistics related to the flood in UP
· Enumerate the strategies of the state government to deal with this problem
· Write about the challenges and conclude accordingly

Answer

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Floods are such frequent disasters that cause heavy loss of lives and damage to livelihood systems, property,
infrastructure, and public facilities.

According to the State Disaster Management Authority, Uttar Pradesh, a total of 73.06 lakh hectare area of the
state is flooded. On an average 26.89 lakh hectare area of the state is affected by floods every year. Due to this,
in addition to human life, the estimated loss of crops, houses and animals is about 432 crores. Due to which the
flood in Uttar Pradesh was classified as a serious natural calamity.
The important rivers causing floods in the state are Ganga, Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Sharda, Ghaghra,
Rapti and Gandak. The problem of floods increases from west to east and from south to north. The eastern
districts as well as the Terai region near the Nepal border are the most affected by floods.
To deal with the problem of floods, the state government has constituted the State Disaster Management Authority
and the District Disaster Management Authority to adopt a three-stage strategy.

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According to the National Disaster Management Authority –

What to do before a flood:

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· Avoid construction in flood-prone areas unless one need to raise or strengthen the floor/floor of house.
· If there is a possibility of flooding, then the furnace (furniture), water heater (water heater) and electric
panel (electric board) should be kept at a high place.
· Installing "check valves" in sewer traps to prevent floodwater from entering house's drains.
· Contacting community officials to find out if they plan to build barriers {dams, beams and flood protection
walls-flood walls} to prevent flood water from entering houses in the area.
· Sealing the walls in basement with waterproofing compound to prevent seepage.

If floods are going to come in the area then one should keep the following things in mind:
· Listening to the radio or watching television for information.
· Be aware that flash floods can also occur. If there is a chance of a flash flood, move to a higher place
immediately. Do not wait for instructions to go to a higher place.

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· Be familiar with rivers, canals, rivulets, valleys and other areas prone to flash floods. Flash floods can
occur in these areas with or without any specific warnings such as rain clouds or heavy rain.

During a disaster: Under the leadership of the District Disaster Management Authority, the work of mitigation of
disaster and providing relief to the people is done.
· An emergency center is established in the office of the District Magistrate.
· Efforts are made to control the disaster by coordinating between various agencies related to the disaster.
· People are evacuated from the affected areas by conducting relief and rescue operations.
· Temporary ashram camps are built and food, clothing and medicines are arranged
· Do not drive in flooded areas. If flood water collects near your car, leave the car there and if you can
safely do so, immediately move to a higher place as you and your vehicle may be swept away by the
water.

Post Disaster: This phase consists of response and restoration activities.

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· To provide fair compensation to the people by estimating the damage caused by the floods.
· Shelter sites are built for the victims of displacement.
· Public buildings, roads, railway tracks etc. damaged by floods are repaired.

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Challenges
· Disaster is a state subject, whereas the state's dependence on the center for dealing with disaster is high.
· There is a shortage of finance and trained human resources.
· Release of river water by Nepal to India without any notice. Therefore, the lack of coordination and

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information exchange between the two countries on this subject is a big problem.
Along with the above-mentioned strategies, the State Government is also implementing the preparation of detailed
digitized maps of flood prone districts with the help of RSAC as an important tool of disaster preparedness so
that the damage can be minimized by making plans and intensifying relief and rescue operations during floods.
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Topic : UP CENSUS

TOPICS COVERED :

• Demography, Population and Censuses of UP.

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Demography, Population and Censuses of UP

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with 19,98,12,341 people as on 1st March 2011, which
is 3,36,14,420 more than the census report of 2001 and 16.49% of the total population of India.
If UP is kept separate from India, then it will be the fifth most populous state of the world after China,
India, USA, and Indonesia.

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The male population of the state is 10,44,80,510, which is 52.29% of the total population, and female
population niis 9,53,31,831, which is 47.71% of the total population.
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Most populated districts in
decreasing order are:
1. Prayagraj (59,54,391)
2. Moradabad (47,72,006)
3. Ghaziabad (46,81,645)
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4. Azamgarh (46,13,913)
5. Lucknow (45,89,838)
SI

Least populated districts in

increasing order are:
1. Mahoba (8,75,958),
2. Chitrakoot (9,91,730),
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3. Hamirpur (11,04,285),
4. Sravasti (11,17,361)
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5. Lalitpur (12,21,592)

The state contributes 16.50% of India's population.

Terms Explained

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Total fertility rate is defined as the average number of children expected to
be born per woman during her entire span of reproductive period assuming that the age specific
fertility rates, to which she is exposed to, continue to be the same and that there is no mortality.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Infant mortality rate refers to the measurement of mortality in the first
year of life and is computed by (relating) the number of deaths under one year of age divided by 1000
live births in a given year.

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Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Maternal Mortality Ratio Refers to the number of women who die as
a result of complications of pregnancy or childbearing in a given year per 100,000 live births in that
year.

Sex Ratio: This has been defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population; it is
expressed as ‘number of females per 1000 males’.

Child Sex Ratio(CSR): is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the age group 0–6
years.

Crude Death Rate (CDR): is the Number of deaths during the year divided by Mid-year population
multiplied by 1000.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR): is the Number of live births during the year divided by Mid-year population

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multiplied by 1000.

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Growth Rate:
• The decennial growth rate of the state during 2001- 2011 was 20.23% which was greater than
that of the average growth rate (17.70%) of the country.

IF
• During the same period, the decennial growth rate of male and females of the state were 19.31%
and 21.23% respectively.
• After independence, the growth rate during the period 1991-2001 was highest and was lowest
PL
during 1951-61. The growth rate remained almost steady during 1981-2001.
• The decline in decadal growth rate in Uttar pradesh during 2001-2011 has been higher than the
national level.
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SI
S

According to the 2011 Census, districts with the highest decennial growth rate (in decreasing
PC

order) are:
1. Gautam Buddha Nagar (49.10% ),
2. Ghaziabad (41.30%),
3. Shravasti (30.50% ),
4. Bahraich (29.30% )
5. Balrampur (27.70%).

Districts with the least decennial growth rate (in increasing order) are:
1. Kanpur City (9.90% ),
2. Hamirpur (11.10% ),
3. Baghpat (11.90% ),
4. Fatehpur (14.10% ) and
5. Deoria (14.20%).

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Population Density:
• The population density of Uttar Pradesh is 829 persons per square km, which is 447 more than
the national average (382).
• The increase in population density during 2001-2011 was 139 persons per square km.
• After independence, the highest increase in population density of U.P. was during 1981-91 (171)
and the lowest was during 1951-61 (36).

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IF
PL
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SI
S
PC

Districts having the highest population density (in decreasing order) are:
1. Ghaziabad (3971)
2. Varanasi (2395)
3. Lucknow (1816)
4. Bhadohi (1555)
5. Kanpur (1452)

Districts having the least population density (in increasing order) are:
1. Lalitpur (242)
2. Sonbhadra (270)
3. Hamirpur (275)
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4. Mahoba (279)
5. Chitrakoot (308)

Urban and Rural Population

• As per 2011 census, the rural and urban population are 15,53,17,278 (77.73%) and 4,44,95,063
(22.27%) respectively. The respective populations in 2001 were 79.22% and 20.78%.
• The number of districts with an urban population of 10 lakh or above is 12.
• In terms of the rural population, Uttar Pradesh stands at the 1st position with 18.63% of the total
rural population of the country.
• In terms of urban population, it stands at 2nd after Maharashtra in the country.
• According to the 2011 census, the districts with highest and lowest rural population are Prayagraj
and Gautam Buddha Nagar respectively.
• The districts with highest and lowest urban population in number and percentage wise are
Ghaziabad and Shravasti respectively.

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Urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh (in decreasing order of population):

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1. Kanpur Nagar
2. Lucknow
3. Ghaziabad
4. Agra

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5. Varanasi
6. Meerut district
7. Prayagraj
PL
Districts with highest urban population (in decreasing border) are:
• Ghaziabad (31,62,547)
• Lucknow (30,38,996)
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• Kanpur Nagar (30,15,645)

• Agra (20,24,195)
• Meerut (17,59,182)
SI

Districts with lowest urban population (increasing order) are:

• Shravasti (38,649)
• Chitrakoot (96,332)
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• Kaushambi (1,24,456)
• Sant Kabir Nagar (1,28,531)
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• Maharajganj (1,34,730)

Uttar Pradesh and India's Sex Ratio

• As per census 2011, sex ratio of Uttar Pradesh is 912, and of India was 943.
• Sex ratio of U.P. has improved by 14 points during 2001-11.
• After independence, the increase in sex ratio was maximum during 1991-2001 decade.

Districts having highest sex ratio (decreasing order) are:

1. Jaunpur (1024)
2. Azamgarh (1019)
3. Deoria (1017)
4. Pratapgarh (998)
5. Sultanpur (983)

Districts having lowest sex ratio (increasing order) are:

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1. Gautam Buddha Nagar (851)

2. Hamirpur and Baghpat (861)
3. Kanpur Nagar (862)
4. Banda and Mathura (863)
5. Auraiya (864)
6. Jalaun (865)

Child Sex Ratio

• The child sex ratio of UP (0-6 years age group) has declined by 14 points from 916 in 2001 to
902 in 2021, which is 17 less than of India (919).

Districts with highest child sex ratio (decreasing order) are:

1. Balrampur (950)
2. Sant Kabir Nagar (942)

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3. Siddharth Nagar/Bahraich (935)
4. Ambedkar Nagar/Barabanki (932)

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5. Maharajganj/Ayodhya (931)

Districts with lowest child sex ratio (increasing order) are:

1. Baghpat (841)

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2. Gautam Buddha Nagar (843)
3. Ghaziabad (850)
4. Meerut (852)
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5. Bulandshahr (854)
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SI
S
PC

Religion:
• As per 2011 census, Uttar Pradesh is home to the highest number of both Hindus and Muslims.
By religion, the population of Hindus in 2011 was 79.73%, Muslims as 19.26%, Sikhs as 0.32%,
Christians as 0.18%, Jains as 0.11%, Buddhists as 0.10%, and Others as 0.30%.
• The highest literacy is in Jainism (94.05%) and the lowest is in the Muslims (58.76%). The
highest sex ratio is in Christianity (950) and the lowest in Sikh religion population (885).

Literacy:
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• Literacy rate of UP according to Census 2011 is 67.68%, which was below the national average
of 74%. The literacy rate for men is 77.28% as compared to 82.14% in India and for women in
UP is 57.18% as compared to 65.46 % in India.
• In terms of literate population growth, U.P (57.20%) is ranked third in the country.
• As per census 2011, the difference between male and female literacy in the state is 20.1%. The
highest difference is in Maharajganj and the lowest is in Kanpur Nagar district.
• During 2001-2011, female and male literacy increased by 15% and 8.48% respectively.
• As per the census, the rural literacy rate is 65.46% and the urban literacy rate is 75.14%.

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IF
PL
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The 5 districts with highest literacy (in decreasing order) are:

1. Gautam Buddha Nagar (80.12%)
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2. Kanpur Nagar (79.65%)

3. Auraiya (78.95%)
4. Etawah (78.41%)
5. Ghaziabad (78.07%)
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The 5 districts with lowest literacy (in increasing order) are:

1. Shravasti (46.74%)
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2. Bahraich (49.36%)
3. Balrampur (49.51%)
4. Budaun (51.29%)
5. Rampur (53.34%)

The 5 districts with highest male literacy (in decreasing order) are:
1. Gautam Buddha Nagar (88.06%)
2. Auraiya (86.11%)
3. Etawah (86.06%)
4. Ghaziabad (85.42%)
5. Jhansi (85.38%)

The 5 districts with lowest male literacy (in increasing order) are:
1. Shravasti (57.16%)
2. Bahraich (58.34%)

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3. Balrampur (59.73%)
4. Badaun (60.98%)
5. Rampur (61.40%)

The 5 districts with highest female literacy (in decreasing order) are:
1. Kanpur Nagar (75.05%)
2. Lucknow (71.54%)
3. Gautam Buddha Nagar (70.82%)
4. Auraiya (70.61%)
5. Ghaziabad (69.79%)

The 5 districts with lowest female literacy (in increasing order) are:
1. Shravasti (34.78%)
2. Balrampur (38.43%)

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3. Bahraich (39.18%)
4. Budaun (40.09%)
5. Rampur (44.44%)

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0-6 Age group Population:
Population of the of 0-6 years is 3,07,91,331 which is 15.4% of total population in which Male population

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is 16,185,581, Female population is 14,605,750. At the national level 0-6 year population was 13.6%.
PL
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SI
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PC

According to the 2011 census, the percentage of population in the age group of 0-6 years is 15.41% of
the total population, whereas it was 19% in 2001. Therefore, there is a decline of 3.59%.
The highest percentage of population of 0-6 years age group is in Bahraich (18.77%) and the lowest is in
Kanpur city (11.13% ).

0-6 age group, the most populated districts (in decreasing order) are:
1. Prayagraj
2. Moradabad
3. Sitapur
4. Azamgarh
5. Bareilly

The least populated districts (in increasing order) in 0-6 age group are:
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1. Mahoba
2. Hamirpur
3. Chitrakoot
4. Baghpat
5. Auraiya

Scheduled castes in Uttar Pradesh

As per the 2011 census, population of Scheduled Castes in UP is 41,357,608, which is 20.7% of the total
population of the state. Percentage of SC in entire country is 16.6%.
Uttar Pradesh has most Scheduled Castes population in the country, whereas the state with the
maximum percentage of the Scheduled Caste population is Punjab (31.90%) and UP is at 4th place.
As per 2011, the sex ratio among the scheduled castes population of the state is 907, which was 900 in
2001. The highest is in Azamgarh (1021).

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The districts with maximum population of schedule castes (descending order):
1. Sitapur (14,46,427)

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2. Prayagraj (13,09, 851)
3. Hardoi (12,74,505)
4. Azamgarh (11,71,378)
5. Lakhimpur Kheri (10,61,782)

IF
The districts with lowest scheduled castes population (ascending order):
1. Baghpat (1,49,060)
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2. Shravasti (1,89,334)
3. Gautam Buddha Nagar (2,16,105)
4. Mahoba (2,20,898)
5. Lalitpur (2,40,519)
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Districts with maximum percentage of scheduled castes population (descending order):

1. Kaushambi (34.72%)
SI

2. Sitapur (32.26%)
3. Hardoi (31.14%)
4. Unnao (30.52%)
5. Rae Bareli (30.26%)
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Districts with lowest percentage of scheduled castes population (ascending order):

PC

1. Baghpat (11.44%)
2. Bareilly (12.53%)
3. Balrampur (12.90%)
4. Gautam Buddha Nagar (13.11%)
5. Rampur (13.18%)

Schedule Tribes in Uttar Pradesh

• As per the census report of 2011, the population of scheduled tribes in Uttar Pradesh is
11,34,273 which is 0.57% of the total population of the state, while the total population of tribes is
8.6% to the total population of India.
• Tharu is the largest tribe of the state in terms of population.
• As per 2011 census, the sex ratio among the STs of the state is 951, which was 934 in 2001.

Distribution of Scheduled Tribes

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The districts with highest scheduled tribe population (in decreasing order):
1. Sonbhadra (3,85,018)
2. Ballia (1,10,114)
3. Deoria (1,09,894)
4. Kushinagar (80,269)
5. Lalitpur(71,610)

The districts with lowest scheduled tribe population (in ascending order):
1. Baghpat (14)
2. Kannauj (15)
3. Budaun (58)
4. Etah (140)
5. Auraiya and Kasganj (150)

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The districts with maximum percentage of scheduled tribe population (in descending order):
1. Sonbhadra (20.67%)
2. Lalitpur (5.86%)

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3. Deoria (3.54%)
4. Ballia (3.40%)
5. Kushinagar (2.25%)

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The districts with lowest percentage of schedule tribe population (in ascending order):
1. Baghpat (0.001%)
PL
2. Kannauj (0.001%)
3. Badaun (0.002%)
4. Bulandshahar (0.006%)
5. Muzaffarnagar (0.008%)
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Slum Population:
• As per 2011 report, the percentage of slum population out of the total population is 9.50%,
SI

whereas it was 11% in 2001. Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal are ahead of Uttar
Pradesh.
• As per 2011 census, the total slum population in the state is 6,239,965, out of which 562,548 are
in notified slum, 4,678,326 are in recognised slum and 999,091 are in identified slums.
• Out of the total slum population of the state, 3,298,339 are male and 2,941,626 are female.
S

• The slum literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh is 69%.

• The districts with maximum slum population are Meerut, Agra, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow and
PC

Ghaziabad, The literacy rate in the slum population of Uttar Pradesh is 69%.

Urbanization:
• As per census 2011 total urban population in UP is 44,495,063 which is 22.3% of the total
population of the state. Rural population is 155,317,278 which is 77.7% of the total population of
the state.
• Urban literacy rate in UP is 75.14%, with urban male literacy rate 80.45% and urban female
literacy rate is 69.2%.
• As per 2011 census data number of districts with the urban population of more than 10 Lakh is
12in the state. UP is second in the country in terms of total urban population after Maharashtra.
• UP accounts for 11.79% of the total urban population in country.

Districts with the highest percentage of urban population (decreasing order) are:
1. Ghaziabad (67.55%)
2. Lucknow (66.21%)
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3. Kanpur Nagar (65.83%)

4. Gautam Buddha Nagar (59.12%)
5. Meerut (51.08%)

Districts with the lowest percentage of urban population (increasing order) are:
1. Shravasti (3.46%)
2. Kushinagar (4.72%)
3. Maharajganj (5.02%)
4. Sultanpur (5.26%)
5. Pratapgarh (5.46%)

Districts with highest rural population (decreasing order) are:

1. Prayagraj
2. Azamgarh

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3. Jaunpur
4. Sitapur
5. Gorakhpur

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Districts with lowest rural population (increasing order) are:
1. Gautam Buddha Nagar

IF
2. Mahoba
3. Hamirpur
4. Chitrakoot
PL
5. Baghpat

Districts with the highest percentage of rural population (decreasing order) are:
1. Shravasti
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2. Kushinagar
3. Maharajganj
4. Sultanpur
SI

5. Pratapgarh

Districts with the lowest percentage of rural population (increasing order) are:
1. Ghaziabad
2. Lucknow
S

3. Kanpur Nagar
4. Gautam Buddha Nagar
PC

5. Meerut

Demographic Dividend:
According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), demographic dividend means, the economic
growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the
working-age population is larger than the non-working-age share of the population.
In U.P the proportion in working age group is 62.4 % which is more in urban areas at 66.6% as
compared to rural areas (61.0%). This ratio is high when compared to non-working age groups.
U.P has an advantage of this youth bulge which can be converted as an advantage with investment in
health, education, skill development and gainful employment opportunities.

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IF
PL
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SI

Q: Discuss the causes of population explosion in Uttar Pradesh and suggest measures for population
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control.
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Q: “Demographic dividend can become Demographic disaster”. Comment on the statement with special
reference to Uttar Pradesh.

Q: Describe the demographic features of Uttar Pradesh in context of Census 2011.

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Topic : UP Agriculture

TOPICS COVERED :

• Argo and Social Forestry in U.P

• Agricultural Diversity, Problems of agriculture and their
solutions in UP.
• Aquaculture, Viticulture, Sericulture, Floriculture,
Horticulture,
• Arboric culture in up and its impact on development of
UP.
• Commercialization of agriculture and production of
agricultural crops in UP.

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Agriculture
Uttar Pradesh is an important state from the point of view of agriculture and animal husbandry, because the
geographical structure here is favorable for agriculture and animal husbandry. The mainstay of the economy of
Uttar Pradesh is agriculture and almost 65% of the population is based on agriculture. According to the
agriculture census year 2010-11, there are about 233.25 lakh farmers in Uttar Pradesh.

Despite having a vast area (area 241.70 lakh hectare) in Uttar Pradesh, cultivation is done only in about 165.62
lakh hectare area. Here the gross irrigated area is 196.12 lakh hectare and the net irrigated area is 134-35 lakh
hectare. Which is 77.36 percent of the total net sown area. The cropping intensity of Uttar Pradesh is higher than
the national level of 131.5% (the cropping intensity of the state is 148.25%).

For the multifaceted development of agriculture, an Agriculture Development Fund has been set up in the state with
an amount of ₹ 30 crore, in which ₹ 30 crore will be made available as contribution by the State Agricultural
Produce Market Council.

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Introduction to Agriculture of Uttar Pradesh:

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Net Sown Area:
• Small in the state and The number of marginal farming families is 92.5%, in which 79.5% are marginal
farmer families and 13.0% are small farmer families. Out of 79.5% of marginal households, 73.2% have
less than 0.5 hectares of land holding and their average land holding is 0.27 hectares.

IF
• The state government Objectives of achieving 5.1 percent growth rate in agriculture sector and
improving the condition of agriculture in the state From "Uttar Pradesh Agriculture Policy 2013" has
been prepared.
PL
Types of farming

1. Integrated Farming System:- Integrated farming system refers to that system of agriculture in which the
method of taking benefits by integrating various components of agriculture such as crop production, cattle
M

rearing, fruit and vegetable production, bee keeping, forestry etc. is called integrated farming system.
2. Intercropping: Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field simultaneously in different rows at the
same time is called intercropping.
SI

3. Mixed farming : Promoting animal husbandry industry with the production of crops is called mixed farming,
this increases the income of the farmers and reduces the risk.
4. Organic farming : Organic agriculture is based on minimal use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This
is a method in which manure, cow dung, compost, green manure, etc. are used in place of chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
5. horticulture crops - Fruits, vegetables, flowers, coconut, bamboo etc. are included in horticulture crops.
S

Agroclimatic zones
PC

Uttar Pradesh on the basis of rainfall and soil is divided into nine agroclimatic zones. In which Bhabar and Terai
region, western plains region, central-western plains region, south-western semi-arid plains region, central-western
plains region, Bundelkhand region, north-eastern plains region, eastern plains region and Vindhyas area covered.

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Agro climatic
zone
Average
annual
Type of
climate
Soil

IF District
PL
(Agro climatic rainfall (mm)
zone)
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Bhabar and Terai 1015.4 subtropical loam, clay loam Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor,
region climate Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly,
Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri
SI

western plains 751.7 subtropical loam, sand, and Meerut Division and its surrounding
climate clay loam areas

central western 1022.2 subtropical loam, sand, and Bareilly, Moradabad

plains climate clay loam
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south-western 663.3 semi-arid alluvial, loam, Agra and its surrounding areas
PC

semi-arid plains climate sandy loam

central plains 848.2 temperate loam, loam, loam Kanpur,Lucknow

climate

Bundelkhand 876.1 semi-arid Kawar, Rakar, Jhansi, Chitrakoot

region climate Padwa

north eastern 1218.3 temperate Loam, Matiyar Gonda and Bahraich including
plains climate Loam and Balui, Gorakhpur circle
Loam, Diyar Bhata

eastern plains 1016.0 temperate Sandy, Matiyar Varanasi, Ayodhya, Azamgarh,

climate loam and Silk loam Prayagraj

Vindhya region 1134.1 temperate sandy loam Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, and Southern
climate Prayagraj

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CROP CYCLE

For the purpose of maintaining the fertility of the land on a certain area for a certain period of time, the process of
growing crops by alternation is called crop rotation.Crops are grown in a certain area in a fixed period in such a
way that the fertility of the land is reduced to the least. is called crop circle.

Benefits of crop rotation:

• Through crop rotationThe amount of soil fertility increases continuouslyThis increases the
proportion of carbon and nitrogen in the soil.
• Improves pH and alkalinity of the land.
• Prevention of soil erosion occurs.
• Crops are protected from diseases.
• It helps in Pest control.
• Limited irrigation facilities are properly utilised through crop rotation.
• Weed control through crop rotation.

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• Full utilisation of fertilizer-residues.
• Toxic substances do not accumulate in the soil due to crop rotation.

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Major crop rotation in Uttar Pradesh:
• Crop rotation based on fallow : Fallow-wheat, Fallow-potato, Fallow-mustard, Fallow-dhan etc.
• Crop rotation based on green manure : In this, green manure is used to grow crops. Like- green
manure-wheat, green manure-paddy, green manure-banana, green manure potato, green manure-

IF
sugarcane etc.
• Crop rotation based on pulses : Moong-wheat, paddy-gram, cotton-pea-wheat, jowar-gram,
market-gram etc.
PL
• Crop rotation based on food crops : Maize-wheat, paddy-wheat, jowar-wheat, millet-wheat,
sugarcane-wheat etc.
• Vegetable based crop rotation : Okra-peas, spinach-tomato, cauliflower-radish, brinjal-gourd etc.

Major crops
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Three types of crops are found in Uttar Pradesh according to the general seasons.
SI

Rabi crops Kharif crops Zaid Crops

Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rapeseed, Paddy, Maize/Millet, Sorghum, Sawan, Moong, Sunflower, Mentha,
Mustard, Gram, Peas, Masoor, Millet, Peanut, Soybean Millet, Sesame Cucumber, Cucumber, Melon,
Rajma, Berseem, Potato, Egg, Arhar, Groundnut, Beans, Cotton Watermelon, Parwal, Kashifal,
S

Tobacco etc. etc Onion etc.

PC

Crop Properties

Rice • It is mainly a Kharif crop.

• It requires 100-150 cm of rainfall for its cultivation.
• It is sown/planted in May-June and harvested in September-October.
• The temperature at the time of its sowing should be about 20 centigrade and at the time of
ripening it should be 27 centigrade.
• Rice is cultivated in the Terai regions of Uttar Pradesh.
• Uttar Pradesh ranks second in rice production.
• Major Rice Producing Districts- Shahjahanpur, Lakhimpur Kheri, Barabanki, Pilibhit,
Saharanpur, Maharajganj, Deoria, Gorakhpur, Balia etc

Wheat • It requires 50 to 75 cm of rainfall.

• It is sown in October-November and harvested in March-April.
• The temperature at the time of sowing should be between 10 to 15 centigrade

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• Uttar Pradesh ranks first in the total production of wheat.

• The region with the highest productivity of wheat is the Ganga and Ghaghra Doab region.
• And the least productive area is the hilly and plateau part of Uttar Pradesh.
• Major wheat producing districts of Uttar Pradesh -Hardoi , Bulandshahr, Agra, Aligarh,
Muzaffarnagar, Moradabad, Etawah, Kanpur etc.

Maize • Maize is a crop of warm and temperate climate.

• It is grown in all three seasons Kharif, Rabi, Zaid
• It is used as a raw material for industries
• Major producing districts- Bahraich, Mainpuri, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr,
Farrukhabad, Gonda Jaunpur and Firozabad Etcetera

Barley • In Uttar Pradesh, barley is cultivated in areas with dry and alluvial soil.
• The ideal conditions for its cultivation are similar to those of wheat.

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• Major producing districts -Varanasi, Azamgarh, Jaunpur, Ballia, Mau, Ghazipur,
Gorakhpur, Prayagraj etc.

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Millet • Generally it is cultivated in dry areas.
• Answer 50 cm of territory Agriculture is done in rainfed areas.
• It is sown in July-August and harvested in November-December.
• Major producing districts -Agra, Bareilly, Mathura, Aligarh, Pratap Garh, Ghazipur etc.

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Gram Its cultivation is done in less fertile soil.
• 60-90 cm rainfall is essential for its cultivation.
• The temperature at the time of sowing should be between 15-25 centigrade.
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• The highest quantity of gram is produced in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh.
• Major producing districts-Lalitpur, Banda, Hamirpur, Jhansi, Jalaun, Mirzapur,
Sonbhadra, Kanpur etc.

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Mustard Mustard is mainly a rabi season crop.

• It is cultivated along with crops like barley, peas, wheat etc.
• The conditions of mustard cultivation are similar to those of wheat cultivation.
• Major Producing Districts:Mathura, Badaun, Sonbhadra, Kanpur, Sitapur, Saharanpur,
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Meerut etc.

Sugarcane • Loamy loam soil is very suitable for sugarcane cultivation.

• And 100 to 200 cm for its cultivation.
• Years are needed for its cultivation.
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• The temperature should be 20-27 centigrade.

• It is sown in entire Uttar Pradesh from December to January to February.
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• Sugarcane is cultivated on about 13% of Uttar Pradesh, and it is a major cash crop of Uttar
Pradesh.
• There are two major sugarcane producing areas in the whole of Uttar Pradesh.
o Terai region
o Ganga-Yamuna Doab region
• Uttar Pradesh ranks first in the production of sugarcane.
• The best quality sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh is produced in Meerut district.
• It is the main commercial crop of Uttar Pradesh.

Cotton • It is sown in June-July and is harvested in October-November.

• Major producing districts-Mathura, Hathras, Agra, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Etawah,
Bulandshahr etc.

Tobacco • In Uttar Pradesh, tobacco is generally cultivated for eating and drinking hookah.
• Major producing districts- Meerut, Etah, Kasganj etc.

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Jute • It is sown in June-July and harvested in September-October.

• Jute is produced in the Terai regions of the state and in the Saryu and Ghaghra Doab
regions.
• Major Producing District-BHaraich, Maharajganj, Deoria Gonda, Sitapur etc.

Potato • Major producing districts-Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Hathras, Agra, Meerut Badaun,

Baghpat, Firozabad

The major fruits produced in Uttar Pradesh are as follows-

• Guava : Uttar Pradesh has the highest production of guava in the country. According to the National
Horticulture Board data, Uttar Pradesh has the highest production of guava at 21.78 per cent.
• Banana - Banana farming land requires high rainfall and high temperature. Banana is produced on a large

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scale in Varanasi, Gorakhpur, Allahabad etc. in the state. Mass-Bhog, Adheshwar, Chini-Champa, Alfan,
Dudhsagar etc. are the main varieties of bananas.
• Mango - In terms of mango production, UP is ahead among all other states of the country. The climate and

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soil here are quite favorable for mango cultivation. Because of this, the maximum mango production is in
UP. According to the Agriculture State Board and Central Government statistics, UP alone produces 20.85
percent of the total mango produced in the country.

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Development of fruit belts The state government has developed fruit belts for the development of three crops,
mango, guava and amla in the state.
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• Mango Fruit Belt : Under this, 31 development blocks of Saharanpur, Meerut, Baghpat, Bulandshahar,
Amroha, Pratapgarh, Varanasi, Lucknow, Unnao, Sitapur, Hardoi, Faizabad and Barabanki districts are
covered.
• Guava Fruit Belt : In this, 6 development blocks of district Kaushambi and Badaun have been included.
• Amla Belt : Under this, two development blocks of district Pratapgarh are included.
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Green Revolution and Uttar Pradesh

• Agriculture Rapid increase in productivity, hence green revolution started in 1966-67 with the aim of
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increasing production as per requirement. Credit for starting the green revolution in the country is given to
Norman E. Borlaug And MS Swaminathan.
• Harikranti was a campaign to increase agricultural production with the help of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, and agricultural machinery, and it was successful to a large extent, but only a few crops like
wheat, rice, maize, potato were more beneficial.
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Green Revolution in Western Uttar Pradesh:

• While Western Uttar Pradesh got special benefits from the Green Revolution, most of the Purvanchal
remained deprived of its benefits.
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• The big farmers of western Uttar Pradesh were able to use modern agricultural plants, chemical fertilizers
and pesticides as per the requirement. Whereas in Purvanchal, the number of small-holding farmers is
more. Due to which the small-holding farmers were deprived of the benefits of the Green Revolution, This
resulted in increased regional disparity in Uttar Pradesh. While Western Uttar Pradesh experienced rapid
economic development, states like Purvanchal and Bundelkhand Regions lagged behind in this.

Green Revolution in Eastern Uttar Pradesh:

• The sub-scheme for expansion of Green Revolution (funded by National Agriculture Development Scheme)
is being implemented in Eastern Uttar Pradesh from the year 2010-11.
• The main objective of this scheme is to increase the productivity of rice and wheat, improve soil health,
increase irrigation potential, agricultural mechanization and promote advanced agricultural practices to
work the cost of farming.
Positive Effects of Green Revolution:
• Increase in crop production: As a result, 131 million tonnes of food grains were produced in the year
1978-79 and India was established as the largest agricultural producing country in the world.
o During the green revolution There has been a substantial increase in the cropped area under high
yielding varieties of wheat and rice.

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• Decrease in food grains import : India became self-sufficient in food grains and had adequate reserves
in the central pool, even as India was in a position to export food grains.
o The per capita net availability of food grains has also increased.
• Benefits to farmers: With the onset of the Green Revolution, the income level of the farmers increased.
o Farmers re-invested their surplus income to improve agricultural productivity.
o Big farmers with more than 10 hectares of land benefited from this revolution especially by
investing huge amounts in various inputs like HYV seeds, fertilisers, machines etc. It also
promoted capitalist agriculture.
• Industrial development: The Green Revolution promoted agricultural mechanization on a large scale,
which created a demand for various types of machines such as tractors, harvesters, threshers, combines,
diesel engines, electric motors, pumping sets, etc.
o Apart from this, the demand for chemical fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides etc. has also increased
significantly.
• Many agricultural products were also used as raw materials in various industries identified as agro-based
industries.
• Rural Employment: The demand for labor force increased significantly due to multiple cropping and use of

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fertilizers.
• Due to the Green Revolution, various employment opportunities were created not only for agricultural

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workers but also for industrial workers due to the construction of facilities related to factories and
hydroelectric stations.
Negative Effects of Green Revolution:
• Non-food grains not included: Although production of all food grains, including wheat, rice, jowar, millet

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and maize, took place at the revolution level, other crops such as coarse cereals, pulses and oilseeds were
kept out of the purview of the Green Revolution.
• Major commercial crops like cotton, jute, tea and sugarcane also remained almost untouched by the Green
Revolution.
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• Limited coverage of High Yielding Varieties (HYVP):High-yielding varieties were limited to only five
crops: wheat, rice, sorghum, millet and maize.
• Its maximum impact was seen in western Uttar Pradesh while the eastern region remained untouched by it.
• Excessive use of chemicals:The Green Revolution resulted in the widespread use of pesticides and
synthetic nitrogen fertilizers for improved irrigation projects and crop varieties.
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• Excess consumption of water:The crops included in the Green Revolution were water-intensive crops.
• Effects on Soil and Crop Production: Repeated adoption of the same crop rotation to ensure an
increase in crop production leads to depletion of nutrients in the soil.
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Challenges related to agriculture sector in Uttar Pradesh

Fragmented land holdings:

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• One of the important challenges in UP agriculture is fragmentation of land holdings.

• Most of the farmers have small and fragmented land, making it difficult to adopt modern farming
practices, mechanization and economies of scale.
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• This leads to low productivity and inefficiency in farming operations.

• Average agricultural holding size in Uttar Pradesh is 0.9 hectares.

Water management problems:

• UP is facing challenges related to irrigation infrastructure, which includes Uneven distribution of water,
inadequate water storage facilities and depletion of groundwater due to excessive extraction.
• Irrigation in the state is highly dependent on groundwater, over 3.7 million shallow tube wells extract
about 41 billion cubic metres (BCM) of groundwater annually for this purpose. This accounts for about 90
per cent of the total groundwater withdrawal in the state.

lack of irrigation facilities:

• Despite being an agricultural state, in UP a significant portion of agricultural land such as
Bundelkhand lacks irrigation facilities.
• Reliance on rainfall alone makes agriculture highly vulnerable to erratic weather patterns, leading to crop
failure and reduced productivity.

Low productivity and technology related challenges

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• Uttar Pradesh agricultural productivity is comparatively low as compared to other states of India.
• Limited adoption of modern agricultural techniques, such as improved seeds, mechanization and precision
farming practices, contribute to low productivity levels.

Lack of soil health and nutrient management:

• Soil erosion and nutrient imbalance There is a significant challenge for agriculture in UP.
• Excessive use of chemical fertilizers without proper soil testing and nutrient management practices leads to
soil erosion, reduced fertility and increased production costs.
• There are 15 districts of the state where nitrogen overdose can create a crisis in the upcoming times. This
excess is harmful for both soil and humans.

Post Harvest Management and Infrastructure:

• Agricultural products suffer huge losses due to inadequate post harvest management and storage facilities.
• Proper storage, transportation and market infrastructure are critical to reduce post-harvest losses and
ensure fair prices for farmers.

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• Improving rural infrastructure and strengthening the supply chain can help address this challenge.

Farmer Indebtedness and Financial Assistance:

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• Many farmers in Uttar Pradesh are often on high interest rates. Borrowing from informal sources Due to
this we face a heavy debt burden.
• Lack of access to formal credit, insurance and risk mitigation mechanisms further increases their financial
vulnerability.

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• To meet this challenge, it is important to strengthen the institutional credit system, provide timely and
affordable credit, and promote farmer-friendly insurance schemes.

Market Linkage and Price Volatility:

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• Farmers in UP often struggle with limited market linkages and price volatility due to information asymmetry
and inadequate market infrastructure.
• Establishing efficient marketing channels, promoting farmer producer organizations and developing agro-
processing industries can help build better market linkages and stabilize prices.
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Solution to the challenges related to agriculture sector in UP

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Tackling these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that includes agricultural reforms, investment in
infrastructure, technology dissemination, farmer empowerment and policy support from the government.
Collaboration among stakeholders including farmers, government agencies, research institutions and private sector
players is essential to overcome these challenges and promote sustainable agricultural development in Uttar
Pradesh.
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Irrigation Management:
• Augmenting irrigation infrastructure and ensuring efficient water management can significantly improve
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agricultural productivity.
• By implementing modern irrigation techniques like drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, and promoting water-
conservation practices, water use can be optimised and wastage can be reduced.

Soil health management:

• Promotion of soil health through measures like soil testing and nutrient management.
• Encouraging farmers to adopt organic farming practices, crop rotation, and the use of organic fertilizers can
improve soil fertility, reduce chemical inputs, and reduce soil erosion.

Access to credit and insurance:

• Facilitating easy access to credit and insurance for farmers.
• This includes establishing financial institutions that provide affordable credit, insurance coverage against
crop failure, and livestock loss.
• It can help farmers manage the risks and uncertainties associated with agriculture.

Research and development:

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• Strengthening agricultural research and development by investing in research institutions and promoting
collaboration between researchers, farmers and agricultural extension services.
• This can lead to the development of region-specific crop varieties, improved agricultural technology and
dissemination of relevant information to farmers.

Market linkage:
• To develop strong market linkages to ensure fair prices and reduce post-harvest losses.
• Establishment of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and strengthening of existing agricultural
marketing infrastructure will enable farmers to directly access markets, negotiate better prices and reduce
dependence on middlemen.

Skill Development and Training:

• To provide training and capacity building programs to farmers on adoption of modern agricultural
practices, resource management and technology.
• It can empower farmers with the knowledge and skills to make informed decisions, increase productivity

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and adapt to changing market dynamics.

Infrastructure development:

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• Improving rural infrastructure including better road connectivity, storage facilities, cold chain and
processing units.
• It can facilitate efficient transportation of agricultural produce, reduce post-harvest losses and add value to
the agricultural supply chain.

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Climate resilience:
• Promote climate-resilient agricultural practices and encourage the adoption of climate-smart
technologies.
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• This includes promoting the cultivation of drought-resistant crops, encouraging agroforestry, and providing
weather information to farmers for better decision making.

Women empowerment:
• To promote participation and empowerment of women in agriculture by providing them access to
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resources, training and credit facilities.

• Recognizing and supporting the contribution of women in agriculture can improve farm productivity and
household income.
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Government Policies and Support:

• Formulation of farmer-centric policies like providing timely subsidies, incentives and insurance coverage.
• Strengthening existing support systems such as the minimum support price (MSP) and expanding crop
insurance schemes can provide stability and security to farmers.
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It is important to note that these solutions must be tailored to the specific needs and challenges of farmers in Uttar
Pradesh. A comprehensive and multi-pronged approach involving collaboration between government bodies,
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agricultural experts, research institutions and farmers is important for sustainable agricultural development in the
state.

Efforts made by Uttar Pradesh for agricultural development

The Government of Uttar Pradesh has launched several schemes and initiatives to support agriculture and farmers
in the state. Here are some notable plans:

Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme:

• The scheme was launched in the Rabi season of 2018.
• Under this plan Small and marginal farmers are provided financial assistance of Rs. 6,000 will be
provided in three instalments.
• It aims to provide income support to farmers and improve their livelihood.

Agricultural Debt Redemption Scheme:

• Objective of this scheme Waiver of loans of small and marginal farmers.
• It provides relief to eligible farmers by repaying their agricultural loans, thus reducing their financial burden.

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Kisan Credit Card Scheme:

• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) was started by the Government of India in the year 1998.
• Farmers with the help of this card Loan up to 3 lakh is available very easily in 5 years.
• KCCs are issued to farmers, which helps them to get timely and affordable credit for agricultural activities.

Prime Minister Crop Insurance Scheme

• Often the crop prepared by the farmers gets destroyed due to natural calamities like storm, hailstorm and
heavy rain.
• For this, the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was started by the government on February 18, 2016.
• Under crop insurance scheme Rabi, Kharif crops as well as commercial and horticultural crops are
also included।
• The farmer has to pay a premium of 2 per cent for Kharif crops and 1.5 per cent for Rabi crops.
• The state government implements various crop insurance schemes, such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal
Bima Yojana (PMFBY), to provide insurance coverage against crop losses due to natural calamities, pests

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or diseases.

Prime Minister Agricultural Irrigation Scheme:

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• The scheme Focuses on increasing irrigation infrastructure and promoting water-efficient irrigation
practices.
• It aims to improve water use efficiency in agriculture and increase crop productivity.

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Soil Health Card Scheme:
• Soil health card scheme provides soil health cards to the farmers, which Contains soil nutrient
information, recommendations for appropriate fertilizers, and guidelines for maintaining soil health.
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• It helps farmers to make informed decisions about fertilizer application and improves soil fertility.

Uttar Pradesh Horticulture Development Mission:

• The mission promotes horticulture cultivation by providing technical guidance, financial assistance and
infrastructure development to the farmers engaged in horticulture activities.
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• It aims to boost the production and income of horticulture crops.

Uttar Pradesh Organic Farming Policy:

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• The state government has launched the Organic Farming Policy to promote organic farming practices.
• It provides incentives, training and support to farmers to adopt organic farming methods, reduce chemical
inputs and promote sustainable agriculture.

Kisan Bahi Scheme:

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• Kisan Bahi Yojana started in 1992 This proof of land ownership is mandatory for the purchase and sale of
agricultural land.
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Uttar Pradesh Agriculture Export Policy 2019

• Creation of institutional mechanism for export and cultivation of eco-friendly agricultural varieties will be
promoted.
• Uttar Pradesh Agricultural Produce Market (Second Amendment) Act, 2020 As per the provisions of the
Act, along with market fee/development cess on specified agricultural produce produced and processed in
Uttar Pradesh, exemption from user charges has also been included.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Mandhan Yojana

• Under this scheme, farmers after completing 60 years of age Minimum Rs 3000 pension Is given .
• To get the benefits of the scheme, farmers have to deposit Rs.55 to Rs.200 per month till the age of 60
years.

Smaam Kisan Yojana

• Through the Smaam Kisan Yojana, farmers can easily buy modern farming equipment.
• This scheme was started in 2023.
• Under this scheme, subsidies ranging from 50 to 80 will be provided by the central government to buy
modern farming equipment.

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PM Kusum Yojana
• With the objective of providing uninterrupted power to the farmers PM Kusum Scheme is being run
by the government.
• Under this scheme, farmers get solar panels on subsidy, so that they can generate electricity and use it
according to their needs, after selling the rest, they can earn extra income.

Kisan Call Center -

• Kisan Call Center was arranged to solve the technical problems of the farmers.
• Kisan telephone number from any place in the state is 1551 farmers can ask about the solution to their
problem.

Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS)

• Objectives of increasing the income of farmers and improving their standard of living Since then the
Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) is being operated by the Central Government.

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• By taking advantage of this scheme, the farmer or cattle rearer is provided with the establishment of a new
dairy, training and other assistance.

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Livestock Insurance Scheme
• Under this scheme Milch cattle and buffaloes are insured at their maximum current market value.
• Insurance premium subsidised up to 50 percent. The entire cost of the grant is borne by the Central
Government.

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• The benefit of subsidy is available for a maximum of 2 animals per beneficiary for a policy of maximum
three years.
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Provisions made for agriculture and farmers of Uttar Pradesh in Uttar Pradesh Budget 2023-24:
A budget of (₹ 690242.43 crore) for the year 2023-24 has been presented on 22 February 2023 in Uttar Pradesh
Legislative Assembly.
Out of which a budget provision of Rs 24 thousand crore has been made for agriculture development and irrigation.
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Following are the announcements made for farmers and irrigation schemes in the UP Budget 2023-24:

• The Million Farmers School" program-

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o Establishment of the Million Farmers School to educate and train farmers on new farming
techniques.
o Under this programme, it is proposed to organise 17 thousand Kisan Pathshalas in the year 2023-
24.
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• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture Scheme

o Demonstrations are organized in selected clusters of the district in the fields of farmers of all
categories under the Integrated Agriculture System.
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o A provision of Rs 631.93 crore is proposed for this scheme.

• National Mission on Natural Farming Scheme

o Under this scheme, the work of cow-based natural farming has been started in 49 districts.
o The National Mission on Natural Farming scheme covers 26 districts connected to the river
Ganges.
o Rs 113.52 crore is proposed for the scheme.

• Electricity supply to private tube wells at cheap rates, 1950 crore is proposed for this.
• National Agriculture Development Plan
o The objective of the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana is to help the agriculture sector achieve 4
percent annual agricultural growth. The RKVY scheme was launched in 2007.
o Rs 984.54 crore is proposed for the National Agriculture Development Scheme.

• National Crop Insurance Scheme

o The scheme was launched on 13 January 2016 to provide insurance coverage and financial
assistance to farmers' crops.

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o Rs 753.70 crore is proposed for the National Crop Insurance Scheme.

• Self-reliant Farmers Integrated Scheme

o The Self-reliant Farmers Integrated Scheme is being implemented to increase the income level of
the farmers of the state through the scheme.
o A budget of Rs 100 crore is proposed for the Self-reliant Farmers Integrated Scheme.

• Uttar Pradesh Millets Revival Program

o The Yogi government has approved the 'Uttar Pradesh Millets Revival Program' to increase the
cultivation, processing and consumption of Jowar, Bajra, Kodo, Sawan, Ragi / Madua identified for
the millet year.
o An arrangement of Rs 55 crore 60 lakh has been made for the implementation of the Uttar Pradesh
Millets Revival Programme.

• Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Kisan Samriddhi Yojana : A provision of Rs 102 crore 81 lakh is proposed

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for this.

Other Attempts:

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Apart from this, following are the announcements made in the budget for agricultural education and research, milk
development, animal husbandry and fisheries industry.
• In 4 agricultural universities of the state Agritech Startup Scheme A budget of Rs 20 crore is proposed for
this.

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• A budget of Rs 50 crore is proposed for the construction of Mahatma Buddha Agriculture and Technology
University, Kushinagar.
• About Rs 35 crore is proposed for the development of infrastructure in Agricultural Universities Kanpur,
Ayodhya, Banda and Meerut.
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• Nand Baba Milk Mission A budget of 233.16 crore is proposed for many projects related to milk.
• Stray cattle A budget of Rs 750 crore is proposed for its maintenance.
• Establishment of cow protection centres : A provision of Rs 239.96 crore has been made for animal
disease control and sheep rearing scheme.
• Prime Minister Fisheries Resources Scheme Under this, a budget of Rs 257.50 crore is proposed for the
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WholeSale Fish Market. Thus, many announcements related to agriculture and farmers have been made
under the Uttar Pradesh Budget 2023-24, which will play an important role in agricultural development.
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Uttar Pradesh Agriculture Policy, 2013

The vision of the Uttar Pradesh Agriculture Policy 2013 is to transform the state into the "Granary of the Nation" by
ensuring food and nutritional security and improving the quality of rural life with inclusive and sustainable
development.
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Objective:
• Achieving a growth rate of 5.1 percent in the agriculture sector.
• Improving soil health and increasing the income of the farming family by developing and
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propagating proper eco-friendly agriculture methods.

• Development and conservation of natural resources while maintaining ecological balance.
• To increase the income of farmers through high value added activities through agricultural
diversification while maintaining the main base of food and nutrition.
• Promotion of private sector through tie-up farming in the development of basic facilities for
seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, extension services, food processing
and marketing.

Strategy:
• Enhancing agricultural production and productivity through effective input use, soil health and waste and
fallow land development.
• To ensure timely availability of quality agricultural investors.
• To reduce the cost of agriculture by better crop management, use of locally available agricultural inputs
and adoption of new techniques.
• To increase the profit of agricultural products through value addition.
• To promote the use of non-conventional energy sources.

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• Ensuring the participation of the private sector.

• To encourage the development of infrastructure at the village level.
• To make landless agricultural labourers self-reliant and reduce dependence on agriculture by promoting
agro-based industries.
Future Challenges:
• Of the population of the state Ensuring Food and Nutritional Security and in the changing season
Enhancing the productivity of various crops.
• In the context of world trade agreement, Improving the quality of agricultural products and reducing
production cost.
• Stop the degradation of natural resources To ensure effective management of conservation.
• Maintaining a clean and pollution free environment to maintain the ecological balance.
• In view of the economic interests of small and marginal farmers making small holdings profitable.
• Promotion of investment through public-private partnership to promote private sector in agriculture.
• Promotion of agro-based industries for employment generation to reduce dependence on agriculture.
proposed solutions:
Following are the major proposed measures to achieve the growth rate prescribed in the 12th Five Year Plan on a

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sustained basis:-
• In order to prepare an area-based strategy for harnessing the development potential of each area Agro-
economic, agro-ecology, environment and socio-economic conditions will be taken into

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consideration.
• Quality agricultural inputs Such as seeds, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals, agricultural
machinery and agricultural loans, planting materials, etc.timely delivery at reasonable rates.
• Government will try to reduce the cost of agriculture by effective use of agricultural inputs along with

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disseminating low cost sector specific technology and indigenous knowledge.
• Animal husbandry, milk development, poultry farming, pisciculture, cow rearing, horticulture,
aquaculture, development of silk and mushroom cultivation will be the main pillars of agricultural
diversification. To increase the availability of animal protein in food grains for creation of marketable
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surplus.
• Regionalization of agricultural research will be given top priority on the basis of 20 newly identified
agro-ecological areas. New sciences such as biotechnology, genetic engineering and energy saving
techniques, remote sensing techniques, experiments in crop management techniques and techniques
related to environmental protection will be promoted.
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• To increase the possibilities of employment especially in perishable agricultural products and rural areas.
Establishment of food processing units and development of marketing facilities special emphasis
will be given on state governments Providing vital support to the autonomy and executive freedom of
co-operative industries Will try to improve their work.
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• To encourage the private investment in agriculture, a Public-private partnership method will be adopted
to effectively and efficiently connect the farmers with the agricultural supply chain of the market.

Uttar Pradesh Agriculture Export Policy 2019

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The contribution of agriculture to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is 25.7% (in 2017-18 at current cost
and 22.7% at constant prices). The state ranks first in the country in food grains, sugarcane, potatoes, milk, meat
and horticulture. Uttar Pradesh's contribution in national agricultural exports is 7.35%. At present, Uttar Pradesh
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has contributed 50.34% in buffalo meat, 37.88% in wheat, 26.59% in natural honey etc. in terms of quantity
exported from India in the year 2018-19.
Emphasis is being laid on export of agricultural products to meet the target of doubling farmer's income and to
enable farmers to get better prices for their products.

Policy Approach
"Arrangement of new infrastructure to promote export of agricultural products, to utilise the
potential of export of agricultural crops and products and to increase the income of farmers
and other stakeholders substantially"

Policy objectives:
1. To double the agricultural exports from Uttar Pradesh by the year 2024 from the current value of $ 2524
million i.e. Rs 17591 crore.
2. Facilitate export of agricultural products that protect the environment and shift from export of unprocessed
agricultural products to value-added products.

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3. To identify and promote potential agricultural crops and products for export which are indigenous and
organic and which can compete in international markets.
4. To create an institutional mechanism for assessing the international market and removing barriers related
to its management.
5. To develop a framework for dissemination of information related to exportable agricultural products and
global opportunities to the farmers.
6. To focus on synergistic opportunities among key departments in the state to enhance exports in the
agriculture sector.
7. To increase the income of the farmers by expanding the markets so that they can get better prices.

Strategy for implementation:

1. Strengthening institutional functioning, greater synergy between departments and effective
utilization of existing institutional framework.
2. To create enabling infrastructure to facilitate agricultural exports from the State and ensure

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quality control and maintain necessary standards at all levels.
3. To set up State level Agricultural Export Facilitation Centers as contact points for
stakeholders.

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4. To promote and facilitate methods of ease of doing business for exporters of agricultural
crops and products.
5. Encouraging private sector investments to create modern value chains that are well
integrated with the global market.

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6. Encouraging good agricultural practices, developing disease free zones and promoting long
distance sea protocols for export of fresh fruits and vegetables.
7. Capacity building of personnel and stakeholders.
8. Establishing mechanisms to encourage innovation and start-ups.
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9. To organize promotional programs to link the state with international market opportunities.
10. To attract business for more investment and to promote the brand of the state.
11. To enhance agricultural exports from the State through cluster method by forming clusters
of areas in a district or group of districts, clusters of areas in which exportable agricultural
produce is traditionally produced or processed or which is suitable for the purpose .
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12. To encourage research and development in collaboration with national and state level
institutions.
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National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

1. Maintaining agricultural productivity depends on the quality and availability of natural resources such as soil
and water. Agricultural growth can be sustained by promoting the conservation and sustainable use of these
scarce natural resources through appropriate location specific measures.
2. Indian agriculture mainly Covers about 60% of the net sown area of the country and accounts for 40% of
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the total food production. Thus, conservation of natural resources along with development of rainfed
agriculture is the key to meet the growing demand of food grains in the country.
3. NMSA which is responsible for the eight missions outlined under the National Action Plan on Climate
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Change (NAPCC) is one of them. 'In principle' the mission aims to promote sustainable agriculture through
a series of initiatives in the mission document.
4. During the Twelfth Five Year Plan, these measures are being mainstreamed and embedded in the
ongoing/proposed missions/programmes/schemes of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation
(DAC&FW) through the process of restructuring and convergence.
5. The NMSA has been designed by consolidating and subsuming all ongoing as well as newly proposed
activities/programmes with special emphasis on soil and water conservation, water use efficiency, soil health
management and rainfed sector development.
6. The focus of NMSA will be to promote judicious use of common resources through a community based
approach.
7. NMSA 'Water Use Efficiency', 'Nutrient Management' and 'Livelihood Diversification' The major
dimensions will be met by progressively shifting to environment friendly technologies, adoption of energy
efficient appliances, conservation of natural resources, integrated farming, adoption of sustainable
development path.
8. Other than this, NMSA aims at soil health management, enhanced water use efficiency, judicious use
of chemicals, To promote location specific advanced agricultural practices through utilisation, crop
diversification, progressive adoption of crop-livestock farming systems and integrated approach like crop-
sericulture, agroforestry.

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Strategies
• Promotion of integrated farming system including mixed farming
• Popularising resource conservation techniques
• Enhancing Water Use Efficiency
• Encouraging improved agricultural practices to increase soil carbon storage.
• Creating database on soil resources through soil profile study and soil analysis
• Promotion of crop specific integrated nutrient management practices.
• Involvement of knowledge institutions and professionals.
• To provide a single window service/knowledge provider system by the State Government for the benefit of
the farming community.
• To establish a platform for implementation, liaison, review and coordination of interventions outlined in the
mission document of NMSA.
Schemes:
1. Rainfed Area Development (RAD)
2. Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF)

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3. National Bamboo Mission (NBM)
4. Soil Health Management (SHM)
5. Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture

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Pardarshi kisan seva yojana
The pardarshi kisan seva yojana has been started by the Agriculture Department of Uttar Pradesh and the state

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government to benefit the farmers. Under this scheme, the farmers of the state will be provided agricultural grants
as financial assistance on the agriculture website.
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Pardarshi kisan seva yojana:
1. Thriving Farming Methods
2. Testing of seeds
3. Kisan Credit Card
4. Facilities payable to farmers
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5. Natural Resource Management

6. What to do in which month
7. Identification of real manure
8. Pests and diseases of crops
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9. Special Events
10. Soil Testing
11. Agricultural implements

Objective of Pardarshi kisan seva yojana:

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• To increase the productivity of agriculture of the farmers of the state

• To accelerate the rate of development of agriculture
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• To improve the economic condition of the farmers of the state

• To remove the regional imbalance of the state
• Providing new employment opportunities
• Maintaining the growth rate of agricultural production at 5.1 percent per annum
• Promotion of new technology of agriculture
• increase in agricultural area

Benefits of Transparent Farmer Service Scheme:

• Through the transparent Kisan Seva Yojana, all types of Grant will be provided related to seed
agricultural machinery and agricultural defence chemicals.
• The amount to be provided to the farmers will be provided through DBT in the bank account of the
beneficiary farmer.
• Through various schemes, technical demonstrations will be organized for farmers to get more production
from suitable crops in different ecological conditions and farmers will be made aware of their results.
• To provide comprehensiveness to the agricultural insurance schemes operated in the state to
compensate for the damage caused due to natural calamities, pest/disease etc. risk in agricultural
production.

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• Online portal Through this, if the farmers have any kind of problem, then they can get it registered online
and get the solution of their problem.

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Horticulture
The diverse climate of Uttar Pradesh is suitable for the production of all types of horticulture crops. In the field of
horticulture, Uttar Pradesh has a leading position in the total production of the country. Horticulture crops are
capable of providing more income, employment and nutrition to about 92 percent of the state's small landholding
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farmers.
• Horticulture Generally related to fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. MH Marigowda is called the
father of Indian Horticulture.
• Has been implemented under the Green Revolution-Krishonnati Yojana.
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• State fruits, vegetables, potatoes, flowers, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, betel development as
well as animal husbandry, mushroom production, food processing, betel cultivation as subsidiary
enterprises by implementing various schemes for development.

Department of Horticulture and Food Processing, Uttar Pradesh has created various schemes for fruit, vegetable,
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potato, flower, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, betel development as well as animal husbandry, mushroom
production, food processing, and betel cultivation as a subsidiary enterprise. Efforts are being made for ultimate
development by implementing the schemes. Integrated Horticulture Development Mission, establishment of
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drip/sprinkler irrigation, medicinal plants mission, horticulture development in SC/ST dominated areas, National
Agriculture Development Plan and programs for human resource development in food processing are being
implemented in the state.

Contribution in the development of Uttar Pradesh from horticulture :

• Under the Horticulture Mission, Small and Marginal Farmers will be able to do more production in less
land.
• Through this scheme, the requirement of irrigation in horticulture crops is less as compared to food crops
emphasis on water conservation will be achieved.
• Demand for horticulture crops remains in the market throughout the year due to which the farmers do
not have to face any kind of problem in the sale. This will help the farmers to do two things.
• According to the AgroForestry Report 2023, the share of UP in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables
has increased by 2 percent in the last decade.
• Contributes significantly to the economic development of the state. Recently the gross value output
obtained from horticulture farming i.e. GVO also increased by about 18 thousand crore rupees.
• Under this scheme, farmers can produce crops for many years after growing crops once.

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• The crops grown through horticulture medium have more nutrition than the food crops. This can fulfil the
nutritional requirements of the state.
• Expansion of horticulture areas - Increase in area under cultivation of fruits and vegetables by more
than 1.01 lakh hectare. As a result, an increase of more than 0.7 per cent has been registered in the yield
of horticulture crops.

National Agriculture Development Plan

• The rich biodiversity and agro-climatic conditions of Uttar Pradesh are suitable for the production of various
types of horticultural crops.
• In the state there is a wide area under horticulture crops such as fruits, vegetables, spices, potatoes,
flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants etc.
• These crops have special importance in getting more income per unit area, providing nutritional security,
supply of raw material for food processing industries, earning foreign exchange and ultimately social and
economic upliftment of the people of the state.
• National Agriculture Development Scheme in the state 30 districts not covered by National Horticulture

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Mission (NHM) It is being operated on a mission pattern.
• India under the scheme 60 percent financial assistance by the union government and 40 percent by
the state government is provided.

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Benefits of the scheme
• Direct environmental protection
• Creating awareness among the public about environmental protection

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• Increase in quality fruit production
• Canopy management / renovation in unproductive orchards resulting in increase in production Capacity,
creation of additional employment
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Objective of the plan:
• Harmonizing with the diverse agro-climatic characteristics through the comparative advantage of each
state/region and its regionally based 'differentiated' strategy
• All round development of horticulture sector through research, technology promotion, extension, post
harvest management, processing and marketing management.
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• To increase horticulture production, improve nutritional security and help in income generation for farmers.
• To synergistically support various ongoing planned programs for horticulture development
• To promote, develop and disseminate technology through modern scientific knowledge with traditional
understanding.
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• To provide employment generation opportunities to skilled and unskilled persons, especially the
unemployed youth.

To achieve the above objectives the following strategy is being adopted:

• Compact areas should be developed to ensure fair income to the farmers/producers.To ensure end-to-
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end holistic development, which includes production, post-harvest management, processing and
marketing.
• Increase in area coverage and production and productivity.
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• Converting areas of traditional crops into production areas of orchards, flowers, vegetables and spices.
• To disseminate appropriate technology among farmers for hi-tech horticulture.
• To promote capacity building by making farmers aware of the latest horticulture techniques through
technology transfer.
• To ensure all round development from one end to the other by developing compact areas to ensure fair
income to the farmers/producers.
• To promote capacity building and human resource development at all levels.

Proposal to develop a horticulture model village in every development block of UP:

By 2027, there is a target to increase the area under horticulture crops from 11.6 percent to 16 percent and food
processing from 6 percent to 20 percent.

• To take the programs of horticulture development to all the gram panchayats of the state Provision to
develop a horticulture model village in each block being done.

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• Each model village will be inspected by a Deputy Director and DHO level officer. To mark the village as
Model Village Flax boards will be put up outside the model village.
• Innovative programs Under this, emphasis should be given on expanding the area and encouraging
qualitative production of crops like dragon fruit, strawberry, dates, apple plum, basil etc.
• Farmers will be encouraged.to manufacture the cold storage near the market.
• ‘Per drop-more-crop’ under this, a provision has been made to review the districts with less progress.
• Under this, the officials get the information received from the government in relation to water storage, water
harvesting in the fields by the farmers.Publicity about subsidy will be done
• Farmers will be encouraged to do farming with innovation and drip irrigation by organizing farmer fairs,
village chaupals and various exhibitions in official villages.
• Horticulture development schemes should be implemented effectively and under the schemes In addition
to the permissible grant, the implementation of schemes should be ensured with the participation
of the farmer's share.
• According to the principle of online registration and first come first serve in all the schemes, the amount of
financial assistance/grant will be transferred to the bank account of the beneficiary farmer.

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• Provision has been made for third party evaluation to study the expected impact of departmental schemes.
• Implementing departmental plans more effectively Integrate all dimensions of horticulture development
and provision will be made to develop it in the form of a cluster.

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• A special centre of excellence for the development of beekeeping In Lucknow and under protected
cultivation, it was decided to mark Lucknow, Barabanki, Kanpur, Hapur and establish PaliHouse/Shade Net
House.

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Integrated Horticulture Development Mission - Uttar Pradesh

The main objectives of the scheme are as follows:

• Development of horticulture sector through area based local differentiated strategy, which includes
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research, technology promotion, extension, post-harvest management, processing and marketing, in
harmony with the comparative advantage of the State/region and its diverse agro-climatic characteristics to
provide all round growth.
• To increase horticulture production, improve nutritional security and help in income generation for farmers.
• To make many ongoing planned programs for horticulture development synergistically cooperative and to
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encourage them to work towards each other.

• To promote, develop and disseminate technology through modern scientific knowledge.
• To provide employment generation opportunities to skilled and unskilled persons, especially the
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unemployed youth.
• To ensure all round development from one end to the other by developing compact areas to ensure fair
income to the farmers/producers.
• Converting areas of traditional crops into production areas of orchards, flowers, vegetables and spices.
• Reducing post harvest losses and promoting infrastructure facilities for their storage.
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Work:
• Integrated Horticulture Development Mission, establishment of drip/sprinkler irrigation, medicinal plants
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mission, horticulture development in SC/ST dominated areas, National Agriculture Development Plan and
programs for human resource development in food processing are being implemented in the state.
• Beneficiary farmers in Bundelkhand and Vindhya regions are being given special concessions to
encourage them to establish new orchards on their fields.
• The cuttings, seeds and ornamental plants produced at the departmental production units are being made
available to the general public at the cost price without profit or loss.
• Training programs are being conducted for beekeeping, betel development, mushroom production etc.
• By state government Uttar Pradesh Food Processing Industry Policy-2017 Has been promulgated
through which several concessions and exemptions have been provided for setting up industries in the
state along with capital subsidy, interest generation, quality and certification market development, research
and development and export promotion.
• Uttar Pradesh Potato Development Policy-2014 Various types of facilities and exemptions are also
being provided for the all-round and well-planned development of potato, the main cash crop of the state by
promulgation.
• Three centres of excellence for vegetables have been set up in Kanpur, Kannauj and Jhansi.
• To promote Fruit farming agriculture, Bundelkhand is being developed as a new fruit belt of the state. For
this, there is a proposal to set up a centre of excellence for the cultivation of dates and other fruits in
Banda.

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• The government in every district decided to make One centre of excellence.

Sub-schemes under MIDH:

1. National Horticulture Mission

2. Horticulture Mission for North Eastern and Himalayan States
3. National Horticulture Board
4. Coconut Development Board
5. Central Institute of Horticulture

Fisheries and Uttar Pradesh

• About 200 species of fish are found in the Ganga river system in the state. That's why many schemes are
being run by the central and state government to make fisheries employment-oriented (especially in rural
areas).

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• Under this, efforts are being made to convert fisheries into a modern industry by exploiting water resources
according to their fisheries potential, doubling the income of fishermen and fish farmers, ensuring food and
nutritional security of the state, development of fish marketing and post-harvest infrastructure, and

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development of rivers. In this, the target of conservation of fisheries wealth has been set.

Fisheries in the State:

• Uttar Pradesh Fisheries Department was established in the year 1966. The basic objective of this department

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is to increase fish production and employment in the state. After that Uttar Pradesh Fisheries Development
Corporation was established for the development of the fisheries sector.
• Three-tier infrastructure has been established for the development of fisheries in the state in the sixth and
seventh five-year plans. In this infrastructure, at the state level,'Matsya Jeevan Cooperative Union Limited'
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at the district level District Cooperative Fisheries Development and Marketing Federation' and at the
panchayat level 'Primary Fisheries Life Cooperative Society' are included.
• To facilitate mass production of fish seed, Fisheries Development Corporation has constructed 9 large and
48 medium and small hatcheries in the state. Even in the private sector there are 214 hatcheries.
• The Fisherman Accident Insurance Scheme was started in the year 1985-86. Under this scheme, fishermen
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would be given Rs one lakh in case of death and Rs 750,000 in case of permanent disability.
• On June 10, 2015, the state government accorded the status of agriculture to fisheries. The Government of
India started the National Fishermen Welfare Fund program for the housing facility of fishermen. It is funded
by the Central and State Governments on a 50:50 sharing basis.
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Vision and Perspective Plan for the Development of Fisheries Sector 2013
• To increase fish production and productivity in the state Vision and Perspective Plan for the
Development of Fisheries Sector 2013 Resolved to implement the ten-year programs, under which
Fishing has been given the status of agriculture.While doing so its provisions are being implemented.
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• A total of 5.34 lakh hectare water area is available in the large and medium-sized reservoirs, natural lakes
and ponds of rural areas available in the state.
• The details related to the availability of these water resources and the water area brought under fisheries
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are as follows:

Chief Minister Matsya Sampada Yojana

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The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Shri Yogi Adityanath ji has started the Chief Minister Matsya Sampada Yojana
in Uttar Pradesh on the lines of the central government's scheme Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana.
Through which employment opportunities will be increased in the fisheries sector in the state.
Under the Uttar Pradesh Matsya Sampada Yojana, seed banks will be set up to promote fish farming in the ponds
and ponds in the gram sabhas where the improvement under MNREGA has been less. Under this scheme, 40%
grant will be given by the UP government to the lease holders of the pond.

Objectives of Chief Minister Matsya Sampada Yojana:

• With the help of the scheme, employment opportunities are to be promoted in the field of fish farming in the
state.
• Establishment of 100 fish seed banks every year and to establish 500 seed banks in the next 5 years is
a target.
• With the help of this scheme, the first objective is to increase the fisheries sector and to bring economic
and social upliftment of the fish farmers living in the rural areas.
• To help the Nishad community in the state to make their livelihood by providing financial assistance in fish

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farming.
• Under the plan Promotion of fish farming in 500 hectares of ponds every year will be given.
Contribution / impact of Matsya Sampada Yojana in the development of Uttar Pradesh:
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Some of the benefits of Matsya Sampada Yojana are as follows:

Employment Generation:
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• The scheme aims to generate employment opportunities in the fisheries sector, both in coastal and inland
areas.
• It provides support for fish farming, fish processing, marketing and other related activities, which can
generate direct and indirect employment for rural communities.
• In Mathura and Aligarh districts, unusable land due to brackish water has been converted into
farming of brackish water prawn species.

Income generation for fishermen:

• The scheme focuses on improving the income level of fishermen and fish farmers by promoting sustainable
and efficient fish production practices.
• It provides financial assistance, training and infrastructure support to increase productivity, reduce post-
harvest losses and improve market connectivity, thereby increasing income opportunities for fishermen.

Boost to rural economy:

• Development of the fisheries sector through Matsya Sampada Yojana can contribute to the development of
the rural economy.

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• It encourages entrepreneurship and investment in fish related activities, such as fish breeding, fish feed
production, aquaculture and fish processing units.
• This can result in development of ancillary industries, employment generation and income generation in
rural areas.
• About 7.46 metric tonnes of fish were produced in the state in 2020-2021. Out of which 47% fish was
produced in Purvanchal, 21% in Madhyanchal, 18% in West Uttar Pradesh and 14% in Bundelkhand.

Nutritional Security and Food Supply:

• The plan aims to increase fish production and availability, which can contribute to improved nutritional
security and food supply.
• Fish is a rich source of protein, essential fatty acids and micronutrients, and its increased availability can
help address malnutrition and improve the overall health and well-being of populations.

Technology adoption and infrastructure development:

• Matsya Sampada Yojana promotes adoption of modern technologies, best practices and scientific methods
in fish farming, fish processing and other fish related activities.

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• It provides financial assistance for infrastructure development such as fish landing centres, fish markets,
cold storage facilities and fish processing units, which can enhance the efficiency and quality of fish
production and marketing.

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protection and durable
• The scheme emphasizes on sustainable and responsible fishing practices, which include conservation of
fish stocks, protection of aquatic ecosystems and adherence to fisheries regulations.

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• It promotes the use of eco-friendly and efficient aquaculture techniques, water resource management and
pollution prevention measures, thereby ensuring long-term sustainability of the fisheries sector.

Matsya Sampada Yojana aims to promote inclusive and holistic development of the fisheries sector, which will
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benefit fishermen, fish farmers, entrepreneurs and consumers. It aims to enhance income, employment and
nutrition while promoting sustainable practices and infrastructure development in the fisheries sector.

Fisheries Development Policy-2013:

• Some of the important objectives of the policy are as follows:
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o Sustainable ways to increase fish production and for economic prosperity. Modernization of fisheries
with special focus on
o Conservation of natural fish wealth in rivers and development of reservoir fisheries through riverine
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animal husbandry and seed collection, to generate employment and export income.
o A fish outlet wholesale and retail fish market and cold chain linkage have been set up in Lucknow.
• Under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, a provision of Rs 257 crore 50 lakh is proposed for
the wholesale fish market.
• A provision of Rs 10 crore is proposed under Chief Minister Matsya Sampada Yojana.
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• A provision of Rs 5 crore is proposed under the Nishadraj Boat Subsidy Scheme.

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Sericulture and Uttar Pradesh

Sericulture, cultivation of silkworms and production of silk has acquired significant importance in Uttar Pradesh
(UP).Tussar silk is produced in Vindhya region's Sonbhadra and Jhansi, Lalitpur in Bundelkhand and Eri
silk is produced in Bundelkhand's Chitrakoot, Banda, Hamirpur and Jalaun on the banks of Yamuna and in
Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat and Fatehpur.
Out of 30,000 MT of silk production in India, the production of Uttar Pradesh is 350 MT, but the consumption of silk
in the state is about 3000 MT.

Some key points about Sericulture in Uttar Pradesh are as follows:

Geographical suitability:
• The climatic and soil conditions of Uttar Pradesh are suitable for silk production.
• The state has favorable temperature and humidity levels required for silkworm rearing and mulberry
cultivation, which is the primary food source for silkworms.
• Of the state's total silk production, 80% is mulberry silk, 6% is tussar silk and 14% is Eri silk. 159
farms established by the Mulberry Sericulture Department with a total area of 1574 acres.

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Cultivation of Mulberry:
• Mulberry is the primary host plant of silkworms.
• Mulberry silk production is mainly taking place in Terai region from Saharanpur to Kushinagar, Deoria and
from central region mainly in Etawah, Auraiya, Unnao.
• Farmers are encouraged to cultivate mulberry plants to feed the silkworms and to meet the raw material
requirements of the sericulture industry.
• Nursery Plant Production Scheme for Mulberry Silk- An income expenditure estimate of ? 354.65 lakh
has been spent in the financial year 2021-22 for mulberry nursery by planting 40 lakh cuttings in 20 acres
area on the departmental government silk farms.

Sericulture Training and Extension:

• The state government of Uttar Pradesh provides training and extension services to farmers interested in
sericulture.
• Various sericulture development schemes and programs are implemented to educate farmers about
sericulture techniques including sericulture, mulberry cultivation, disease management and sericulture.

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Sericulture Research and Development:
• Central Silk Board and other Research Institutes actively conducts research and development activities

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related to sericulture in Uttar Pradesh.
• These initiatives are aimed at improving sericulture, developing disease resistant silkworm varieties,
increasing mulberry productivity and introducing innovative sericulture practices.
• Keeping in view the strong possibilities of silk production in the state, in the year 1987, a separate

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Directorate of Silk It was decided to establish from the year 1988, work was started in Lucknow by the Silk
Directorate.
• Iron Man Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Government Silk Training Institute Free training is being provided
to the farmers in the Sericulture Training Institute established at Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Government
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Sericulture Institute, Barkachha (Mirzapur).

Sericulture Production and Processing Units:

• There are many sericulture and processing units in Uttar Pradesh,Especially in the districts of Varanasi
and Bhadohi, which are known for their silk weaving and handloom industries.
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• These units process the raw silk to make various silk products such as sarees, fabrics and garments, which
contribute to the state's silk industry and the local economy.
• Strong market system of silk is available in the state and for this the district Silk Exchange at Sarang
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Talab, Varanasihas been established.

Government Support and Schemes:

• The Government of Uttar Pradesh implements various schemes and incentives to promote sericulture in
the state.
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• Sericulture farmers and entrepreneurs are provided with financial assistance, subsidies, loans and inputs
such as silkworm eggs, mulberry plants and silk-reeling machinery to encourage their participation in the
sericulture industry.
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• To increase silk production at farmer level Under the Silk Samagra Scheme of the Central Silk Board,
Government of India, farmers are given a subsidy of 75% to 90% of the total cost.
• Under the National Agricultural Development Scheme, assisted by the Government of India, whose nodal
department at the state level is the 'Agriculture Department', the important silk producing districts of
admission for the year 2021-22 will be developed for infrastructure facilities on state silk farms.

employment and income generation:

• Sericulture provides employment opportunities and income generation for farmers, especially in rural
areas.
• Farmers engaged in sericulture activities can earn income from sericulture related activities like mulberry
cultivation, silkworm rearing, cocoon production and silk processing.
• Additionally, the sericulture industry generates employment in the silk weaving and handloom sectors.

Export Capacity:
• The silk products of Uttar Pradesh have significant export potential.
• The state's silk sarees, garments and apparel are in demand both domestically and internationally.

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• Promotion of sericulture in Uttar Pradesh can contribute to increased sericulture production and export
earnings.

Eri / Eri Silk Development Plan (District Plan)

• Under this scheme, a provision of 63.30 lakh was made in the budget for the year 2021-22 for the purpose
of training the farmers of Erie / green area of entry, equipping them with the facility of insect rearing
equipment and selling the produced cocoons and earning additional profit. Went.
• Sericulture plays an important role in the economy of Uttar Pradesh, providing income and employment
opportunities, especially in rural areas. State government support, research efforts and presence of
sericulture and processing units contribute to the growth and development of the sericulture sector in Uttar
Pradesh.

Measures to promote silk production -

• Strengthening of silk business by encouraging participation of self-help groups, cooperatives and women's
participation.
• To encourage planting of new and nutritious high productive mulberry trees in the private sector and to

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generate employment.
• Timely payment of remunerative cocoon prices and promotion of area specific / season specific silkworms.
• Strengthening of seed producing centers and cocoon market.

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• To encourage planting of Arjuna trees for the production of Tussar silk on forest areas, village community
land and barren land.
• Conducting regular training programs for the development of knowledge of new techniques. Establishing
market regulators and managing marketing requirements

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• Government and private sector together to formulate policy measures Redefining the agricultural education
system To provide new graduates with subject completion, self-motivation, positive thinking, agribusiness
acumen and information / communication technology as well as computer as well as English and local
language be equipped with knowledge
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Floriculture and Uttar Pradesh

The National Botanical Research Institute is working along with the government to rapidly increase the floriculture
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mission in Uttar Pradesh. Under the Floriculture Mission, this mission is going on in 22 states of the country. And in
Uttar Pradesh, floriculture has been promoted through 20 clusters.
So far 300 farmers of the state have got its benefits. Along with rose, cultivation of gladiolus, marigold is also being
promoted. Work has started on making a Floriculture Corridor in Uttar Pradesh.
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Floriculture, the cultivation of flowers and ornamental plants, has acquired significant importance in Uttar Pradesh
(UP).
According to the National Horticulture Database published by the National Horticulture Board, the area under
floriculture in India was 322 thousand hectares during 2020-21, with a production of 2152 thousand tonnes of loose
flowers and 828 thousand tonnes of cut flowers.
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Here are some key points about floriculture in Uttar Pradesh:

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Geographical suitability:
• Uttar Pradesh has favorable climatic conditions and diverse agro-climatic zones which are suitable for
cultivation of a variety of flowers and ornamental plants.
• Different regions of the state provide suitable conditions for growing flowers such as rose, marigold,
carnation, gerbera, lily and gladioli.

Varanasi as the centre of floriculture:

• Varanasi, one of the major cities of Uttar Pradesh, has emerged as the centre of floriculture activities.
• The region's fertile soil, suitable climate and access to markets make it favorable for the production and
trade of flowers.
• Varanasi is especially known for the production of marigold and rose flowers.

Employment Generation:
• Floriculture provides employment opportunities especially for the rural population. Cultivation, harvesting,
packaging and marketing of flowers require a significant workforce.
• Floriculture activities can generate employment for farmers, agricultural laborers and persons engaged in
flower trade, which can contribute to rural livelihoods.

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Export Capacity:
• The floriculture sector of Uttar Pradesh has export potential. The state produces a variety of high quality
flowers that are in demand both in the domestic and international markets.
• The flowers grown in Uttar Pradesh are exported to countries like the United States of America, United
Kingdom, Middle East and neighbouring countries.

Government Support and Schemes:

• The Government of Uttar Pradesh has implemented various schemes and initiatives to promote floriculture
in the state.
• These include providing financial assistance, subsidies and training programs to farmers and
entrepreneurs engaged in floriculture.
• The government also facilitates market linkages and infrastructure development to support the growth of
the floriculture industry.

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Research and development:
• The state government, in association with research institutes and agricultural universities, undertakes
research and development activities to improve methods of floriculture.

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• Research focuses on developing new cultivars, enhancing flower quality, optimizing production techniques,
and addressing pest and disease management in floriculture.

Market demand:

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• The demand for flowers is high in Uttar Pradesh, both for domestic consumption and for religious
ceremonies.
• Flowers are used extensively in festivals, weddings, religious rituals and for decorative purposes.
• The local market provides opportunities for flower growers to meet the demand for fresh flowers.
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Value addition and processing:
• Uttar Pradesh has seen growth of value added activities and processing units in the floriculture sector.
• Flower processing includes activities such as grading, sorting, packaging and preservation techniques to
ensure the quality and longevity of flowers.
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• Value addition and processing contributes to the development of ancillary industries and adds value to the
flowers produced.
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Floriculture in Uttar Pradesh not only contributes to the state's economy, but also adds aesthetic value to the
environment and plays a role in cultural and religious traditions. State government support, research efforts and
market development initiatives have helped in the growth and development of the floriculture sector in Uttar
Pradesh.
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Grapes and Uttar Pradesh

Agriculture also has a major place in horticulture. Maharashtra is the largest producer of grapes in the
country. Its production is 70 percent in Nashik alone. Apart from this, it is also produced in Punjab,
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Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh.

Here are some key points about viticulture in Uttar Pradesh:

1. Climate and Geography:

• Uttar Pradesh has diverse agro-climatic conditions suitable for grape cultivation.
• The state experiences a subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters, which is conducive
to viticulture.
• The regions of Saharanpur, Meerut and Agra have emerged as major grape growing regions.
2. Grape Varieties:
• Many varieties of grapes are cultivated in Uttar Pradesh.
• Some popular varieties include Thompson Seedless, Sharad Seedless, Pink, Bangalore Blue and
Anab-e-Shahi. These varieties are suitable for table grape production as well as for wine making.
3. Grape growing regions:
• Saharanpur, located in the northern part of the state, is known as the "Grape City" and is a major
grape growing region in Uttar Pradesh.
• Meerut, Agra and parts of the Terai region also have favorable conditions for grape cultivation.

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4. Wine Production:
• Along with the cultivation of grapes, the wine industry has also developed in Uttar Pradesh.
• Several wineries have been established in the state, which produce a variety of wines using locally
grown grapes.
• Some notable wineries include Sula Vineyards, Grover Zampa Vineyards, and Charosa Wineries.

5. Government Assistance:
• The Uttar Pradesh government has taken initiatives to promote viticulture and wine production in
the state.
• They have provided incentives, subsidies and technical assistance to farmers and entrepreneurs
involved in viticulture and wine making.

6. Economic Impact:
• Viticulture has the potential to generate employment opportunities and boost the rural economy in
Uttar Pradesh.

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• It provides income to farmers, generates employment in wineries and related industries and
promotes tourism through wine tourism activities.

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Challenges:
• Despite progress, there are challenges in viticulture in Uttar Pradesh. Some of the challenges include
limited awareness among farmers about viticulture practices, lack of modern infrastructure for wine
production, and marketing barriers.

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With the increase in viticulture and establishment of wineries, Uttar Pradesh has seen promising growth in
viticulture production. The state has the potential to become a significant player in the Indian wine industry by
taking advantage of its suitable climatic conditions and government support.
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Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry Historically, agriculture has been an integral part of India and is relevant even today as a large
section of the society is actively engaged in agriculture and dependent on animal husbandry.
According to the 20th Livestock Census, Uttar Pradesh still remains the state with the largest number of cattle in
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India.

Following are the facts with reference to 20th Livestock Census Uttar Pradesh:
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• The total cattle population in Uttar Pradesh which was 68.7 million in 2012 census has decreased by
1.35% to 67.8 million in 2019. Uttar Pradesh still remains the state with the highest total livestock in India
• In terms of total cattle population, West Bengal has replaced Uttar Pradesh in the first place, where Uttar
Pradesh registered a decline of 3.93% to a total of 19 million, while West Bengal registered an increase of
15.18 %.
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• Of the total 109 million buffaloes in the country, 33 million are in Uttar Pradesh, which is 2.4 million more
than the previous count, showing an increase of 7.81%. But it is a matter of concern that the number of
male buffaloes has declined by 42.35% in the country.
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• While Telangana ranks first in terms of sheep, Uttar Pradesh ranks tenth and has only 1 million sheep left
in the state as compared to 1.4 million in the last count. Which represents a decline of up to 27.25%.
• In the case of goats, while there has been an increase in the total number in the country, there has been a
decline of 7.09% in Uttar Pradesh, although the state remains at the third position.
• While there has been a decline of about 10% in the number of pigs in the country, this figure has declined
by 69.42% in Uttar Pradesh. Now there are only 0.41 million pigs in the state.
• There has been a decline in the number of camels in the country, but in Uttar Pradesh it has decreased
more than the national average. There has been a decline of 69.45 percent in the total number of camels.
The state ranks fourth in the total number of camels.
• The state ranks first in terms of horse and pony, but a decline of 50.14% has been registered in the total
number.
• There has been a decline of 71.72% in the number of donkeys in Uttar Pradesh and it currently ranks third
in terms of number.
• According to the Ministry of Food Processing, Uttar Pradesh is the largest milk producing state with a
contribution of 16.26% in the total milk production of India.

Animal Husbandry Department of Uttar Pradesh State:

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The Animal Husbandry Department was established in the state in January 1944. The following subjects are dealt
with by the Animal Husbandry Department:
• Cattle Breeding and Cattle Farm
• livestock marketing
• Poultry Farm and Poultry Development
• Cattle Shows & Exhibitions
• Implementation of Cattle Census, Ghee and Milk Scheme
• To encourage fisheries and dairy development,
Objective
• To provide health coverage to animals and prevention of diseases by providing preventive vaccination,
disease diagnosis and treatment services.
• To provide breeding facilities with improved genetic stock.
• Improving feed and fodder resources through expansion in area under fodder cultivation with improved
fodder varieties, biomass production, silvopasture development and promotion of cellulosic wastes.
• Conservation of indigenous breeds of cows and buffaloes to maintain genetic diversity. as well as providing

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marketing backup and support services for all livestock species and poultry grow.

Mission and objectives of the Uttar Pradesh Livestock Development Board:

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• Incorporating all breedable cattle under one organized breeding network.
• To conserve and develop indigenous breeds for maintaining quality breeding inputs and services.
• Ensuring the implementation of state breeding policy in cow-buffalo.
• Develop coordination with all concerned agencies and ensure their participation.

Dairy Development in the State

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• The first emergence of cooperatives in the milk trade was in 1917 with the formation of the 'Katra
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Cooperative Milk Society', Prayagraj.
• In the year 1938, India's first milk union 'Lucknow Milk Producers' Co-operative Union Limited' was
established in Lucknow, at present there are 59 milk unions working in the state.
• The Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation Limited was established in 1962 as a technical consultancy
firm to facilitate the progress of dairy development in the state. In fact, the state government passed the
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Uttar Pradesh Milk Act, 1976 to focus on expansion of dairy development.

• Apart from this, it also won the state in 1970-71.'Operation Flood' implemented. In 1973, this program was
started in three districts of the state namely Varanasi, Meerut and Ballia.
Later in Operation Flood-II (1982–83) and III (1989–1997) 30 districts were covered.
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• The Uttar Pradesh Dairy Development Department and the UP State Milk Council were established as
separate departments and the post of Milk Commissioner was introduced in 1976. In 1992, milk unions
were established in the rest of the districts. The Intensive Mini Dairy Scheme is operational in 55 districts of
the state from the year 2012-13.
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Importance of animal husbandry:

1. Has contributed significantly in the empowerment of women and their income and their role in the society
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has increased.
2. This poses a risk to the livelihood of small and marginal farmers, especially in the rain-fed areas of Uttar
Pradesh.
3. It focuses on equity and livelihood approach in poverty alleviation programmes.
4. The government aims to double the income of farmers by the year 2022, under which the inter-ministerial
committee has identified livestock as one of the seven sources of income.
5. The weeds growing in the fields are used as green fodder by the animals. Due to which fresh fodder is
available for the animals in the farm throughout the year.
6. Mixed farming is encouraged by animal husbandry. This not only increases the income of the farmers but
also promotes sustainable agriculture.
7. From the waste of animals, from which the best type of organic fertilizer is obtained. Which can be used in
agriculture to get good yield.
8. Meat and various products of animals can be used as food. This will help in ending the problem of
malnutrition. The highest number of SAM (severe acute malnutrition) cases are in Uttar Pradesh (3,98,359)
followed by Bihar (2,79,427).
9. Large quantities of eggs can be obtained from hens and ducks, which get good income by selling them in
the market.

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Challenges:

Lack of infrastructure:
• A major challenge is the inadequate infrastructure for animal husbandry activities.
• There is a dearth of animal hospitals, animal shelters and processing facilities, which hinders the overall
development of the region.
• Services are made available to animal parents through only 5043 artificial insemination centres established
in the state.

Inadequate health services:

• Availability of proper health services for livestock is a significant challenge.
• Limited access to veterinary care, lack of trained veterinarians and lack of awareness among farmers about
animal health management lead to spread of diseases and reduced productivity.
• Uttar Pradesh had more than 2,200 veterinary hospitals and polyclinics, 267 dispensaries and about 2,575
aid centres including Pashupalak Kendras and mobile dispensaries during the financial year 2022.
• Uttar Pradesh has the second highest number of veterinary institutes in that year.

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Low productivity:
• Uttar Pradesh faces low productivity in animal husbandry due to various factors such as poor breed quality,

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inadequate nutrition, improper breeding practices and limited access to artificial insemination services.
• This affects the overall production of milk, meat and other animal products.
• The state has 10.5 percent of the country's cattle and 27 percent of the cattle, although the state is at the
first place in the country by producing 241.939 lakh metric tonnes of milk in the year 2013-14. But per animal

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milk productivity is low in the state.

Forage and Fodder Management:

• Inadequate availability of quality fodder and fodder is a persistent challenge in Uttar Pradesh.
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• Limited access to green fodder, lack of pastures, and lack of proper storage and preservation techniques
result in compromised animal nutrition and reduced productivity.
• There is a shortage of 38.28%, 0.66% and 46.98% of green fodder, dry fodder and ration respectively against
the huge livestock population of the state. Most of the cattle rearers have to depend on dry fodder
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Lack of training and skill development:

• There is a need for skill development programs and training opportunities for farmers and livestock keepers.
• Lack of knowledge about modern animal husbandry practices, improved breeding techniques and efficient
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management practices hinders the growth and productivity of the sector.

Marketing and Value Chain:

• Challenges exist in establishing efficient marketing and value chains for animal products.
• Inadequate infrastructure for milk collection, processing and marketing as well as limited market linkages for
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meat and other animal products affect farmers' income and profitability.

Climate Change and Natural Disasters:

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• The effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events, unpredictable rainfall patterns and drought,
pose challenges to animal husbandry.
• These factors affect the availability of water, grazing land and animal health, thereby reducing productivity
and increasing vulnerability.

Addressing these challenges requires focused efforts of the government, policy makers and stakeholders in Uttar
Pradesh. This includes investing in infrastructure development, promoting animal health services, providing training
and education programs, improving feed and fodder management practices, and strengthening marketing and value
chains. Additionally, building resilience to climate change and enhancing disaster management capabilities are
critical for sustainable animal husbandry in the state.

schemes related to animal husbandry -

• National Dairy Scheme-
o Under this scheme, financial assistance is provided to Ambedkar Nagar, Ayodhya, Gonda,
Barabanki, Lucknow, Farrukhabad, Meerut and Bijnor to increase milk production facilities, provide
good quality feed to cattle and ensure higher productivity.
• Kamdhenu Delay Scheme-

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o This scheme was launched in 2013 in the state of Uttar Pradesh with the basic objective of increasing
milk production.
o Under this scheme, the beneficiaries will get interest at the rate of 12 percent per annum on the loan
taken from the bank to open a dairy unit in the state, which will be reimbursed by the state
government for 5 years.
• Women Dairy Scheme-
o The State Dairy Development Department started it in the year 1996-97. The specific objective of
the scheme is to increase the income of women involved in milk production under milk cooperative
societies in the state.
o Under this, training is given for dairy development and women are encouraged to get additional
income from this work.
• State Milk Council
o This council was formed in 1976 and its main function is to grant and enforce licences, area
reservation, milk pricing and producer exchange.
o Other functions of this council are: Establishment of village dairy cooperatives and production,
collection, processing and marketing of milk in the state.

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• UP Gopalak Scheme 2023:
o Under this scheme, a bank loan of Rs 3.60 lakh and a maximum of Rs 9 lakh will be provided for a
minimum of five animals.

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• Scheme of improvement and expansion of artificial insemination and natural insemination animal
origin in cow/buffalo (District Plan)
o Under the scheme, facility of artificial insemination is being made available to 75 cattle rearers of the

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state.
o Under the scheme, cattle herders living in rural areas of the state will get livestock from the Advanced
Agriculture Department and their production capacity will increase.
• Expansion of Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Services
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o 2202 veterinary hospitals, 2575 animal service centres and 267 D category veterinary hospitals are
established in the state. The responsibility of all the veterinary hospitals of the state is of the
veterinary department.
• Risk Management and Livestock Insurance Scheme-
o Livestock has an important place in the state's economy. The additional income obtained through
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animal husbandry, especially by the cattle rearers of rural areas, along with providing security to the
farmers from the uncertainty of the agriculture sector, also provides self-sufficiency to the poor and
landless farmers.
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o The economic security of the livestock of the livestock owner is possible only through livestock
insurance. Therefore implemented in all 75 districts of the state.
• Government of Uttar Pradesh UP Sahaj Yojana or Chief Minister Destitute Cow Participation Scheme
o Under this scheme of the UP government, every person who adopts 1 stray cattle will be given Rs
900 every month.
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Milk production
After the year 2012, according to the livestock census in 2019, Uttar Pradesh has been at the first place. However,
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the number of animals was recorded at 67.8 million as against 68.7 million in the last census. In this context, the
number of animals in Uttar Pradesh has decreased by 1.35 percent. However, even after this, the number of
animals in UP is highest in the country.

Milk production
In the year 2020-21, the state stood first in the country by producing 313.597 lakh metric tonnes (growth rate 1.58
percent) and 329 lakh metric tonnes (growth rate 4.85 percent) in the year 2021-22.
In the year 2022-23, an updated 264.50 lakh metric tonnes of milk has been produced in the state.

Milk development program in the state

1. Started with the aim of women empowerment Mission Shakti Program Under this, women's seminars,
milk union tours and other programs have been organized for women.
2. Empowerment in milk cooperative societies and milk unions of all the districts of the state.
3. Green Field Dairy Plant established in Varanasi The operation / management of NDDB was handed
over from December 2021.
4. Manufactured in Lucknow with a capacity of 03 lakh litres per day and in Kanpur with a capacity of 04 lakh
litres per day Construction of new dairy plant.

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5. Incentives under co-operative to the largest milk producers, Nand Baba Award are being given from the
year 2018-19.
6. In order to ensure the correct measurement and quality of their milk transparent system to the milk
producers associated with milk societies and to get the right price for their milk, in 7331 working milk
societies Data Processing Milk Collection Unit (DPMCU) is being established.
7. Web based online payment of milk online monitoring software is being used through which milk
producers are being paid online milk price directly into their accounts.
8. With a view to maintain the natural nature of milk 271 bulk milk cooler The establishment work has been
completed with the financial arrangement of Rural Infrastructure Development Fund / Infrastructure
Development Fund.
9. To control transit loss in milk transportation, a completely transparent and profitable production 500 vehicle
tracking system has been established.
10. A New Green Field Dairy Plant in Ayodhya In view of laying the foundation stone by the Honorable Chief
Minister, the work of the dairy plant was completed by the executive body.
11. Under the RIDF scheme, the new green field dairy plant in Lucknow is in use from February 2022 after
completing the trial.

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12. Trial work of ghee tin and ghee pet jar has been completed in Gorakhpur, Moradabad and Lucknow dairy
plants. Production has started in Bareilly Dairy Plant from June, 2022.

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Poultry Development in the State:
• Efforts are being made to establish poultry development programs like entrepreneurship for the supply of
nutrients (protein) to the people of the state and production of eggs and poultry meat for self-employment.
• About two crore eggs come from other states daily in the state. Similarly, about 2.5 crore broiler chicks come

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from other states every month. The state government has set a target to make the state sufficient in the
production of eggs and broiler chicks.
• In order to make the state self-sufficient in the production of eggs and chicks, in order to benefit the middle-
class poultry entrepreneurs, U.P. Poultry Development Policy-2013 was scheduled for the year 2013 to
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March 2018. The target was to establish 123 lakh commercial layer bird farms.
• Similarly, under the Broiler Parent Scheme, a target was set to raise 6 lakh birds from the year 2013 to March
2018. Under UP, it was approved to extend this deadline till March 2022.

Agro Based Industry in Uttar Pradesh

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In fact, agro-based industries depend on the raw material produced by the agriculture sector. Their products mainly
include consumer goods. Agriculture-based industries have an important place in Uttar Pradesh from the point of
view of industrial production and employment generation and it includes both organized sector and unorganized
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sector.

Types of Agro-based Industries:

1. Agro Processing Units (Agriculture Processing Units) – Under this, the life span of the products is
increased by modifying and enhancing the raw materials.
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2. Agro Produce Manufacturing Units (Agri-Production Manufacturing Units) Under this, such new products
are included which are more useful for the consumers.
3. Agro Input Manufacturing Units (Agriculture Input Manufacturing Units) – These units are mainly
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responsible for the development of the agriculture sector as they produce such items which play a vital role
in increasing the productivity of the agriculture sector. such as agricultural machines
4. Krishi Seva Kendra – These units basically provide agriculture related services to the farmers like repair of
farm equipment, educational workshops etc.

Agro based industries like -

• Textile Industry: Cotton, Jute, Silk, Wool, Synthetic Fibres
• Food Processing Industry: All types of agricultural products
• Dairy Industry: Milk and milk products
• Sugar industry,
• Vegetable oil industry
• Vea and coffee industry
• Leather goods industry

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Current Status of Uttar Pradesh:

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1. Cotton Textile Industry It is a large agro-based industry in Uttar Pradesh which deals with the
manufacturing of garments on a large scale. Uttar Pradesh ranks third in the country in terms of cotton
textile industry. Presently there are 68 cotton textile mills here. In these mills Kanpur, Agra, Bareilly,
Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hardoi, Hathras, Aligarh, Saharanpur, Badaun, Allahabad, Mau, Varanasi, Rampur,
Kanpur, thick and medium type cloth, tent piles and dusti cloth are made more.
2. Food processing industry : There are immense possibilities of this industry in Uttar Pradesh. Therefore,
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huge investment is needed to convert it into profit. Based on the survey conducted by the Government of
India and various reports, the value addition and level of processing in the food processing sector is
relatively low as compared to other countries. The level of processing in the country is 10% and the level of
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processing in Uttar Pradesh is 06%.

3. Dairy industry: It is an important industry in Uttar Pradesh, contributing about 4% to the state's GDP and
an important source of alternative income for farmers. Uttar Pradesh ranks first in milk production. Milk
production in Uttar Pradesh was 29 thousand 52 tonnes in 2017-18, which increased to 30 thousand 519
tonnes in 2018-19.
4. The sugar Industry : Uttar Pradesh, the largest sugarcane producing state of India, produced 122.28 lakh
tonnes of sugar. There are 46 sugar mills in running condition in Uttar Pradesh.
5. Leather industry : According to the Leather Export Council, Uttar Pradesh contributes 31.35% to India's
total export of leather and leather based goods.

Importance of agro-based industries:

With the development of agro-based industries, along with promoting agricultural production, self-employment
opportunities will also be available. This will develop entrepreneurship among the youth and attract large scale
investments. There will be a reduction in migration from rural areas to urban areas. The development of
employment at the local level will give a boost to the rural economy.

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Uttar Pradesh is an agricultural state, where availability of adequate human resources/cheap labour, raw materials
will strengthen the possibility of development of agro-based industries. Therefore, government efforts like Sampada
Yojana, Mega Food Park Yojana, cold chain storage facility etc. should be implemented quickly with transparency
so that the GDP of the country as well as the state can increase.

Commercialization of Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh

Commercialization of agriculture refers to the process of changing agricultural practices from subsistence farming
to profit-oriented and market-driven agricultural activities. This includes adoption of modern agricultural techniques,
commercial crops, advanced technologies and market-oriented production and distribution systems.
There is a need to adopt a policy of commercialization of agriculture in order to increase the productivity of
agricultural land and prevent the degradation of fertile agricultural land. This is the reason why the state-of-the-art
farming techniques are being told to the farmers by the government, and awareness is also being made about the
commercialization of agriculture. Under this, techniques of mixed farming, horticulture with cereals, floriculture,
animal husbandry etc. are also being told so that through commercialization of agriculture, farmers can be
economically prosperous and agricultural production can also increase.

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Some of the key points related to commercialization of agriculture in UP are as follows:

Crop Diversification:

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• Due to commercialization there has been a shift from traditional crops to high value commercial crops in
UP.
• Farmers have increasingly started cultivating cash crops such as sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, oilseeds,
fruits and vegetables, which have higher market demand and better economic returns than traditional food

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crops.
• Uttar Pradesh produces about 45% of the total sugarcane production in India and Uttar Pradesh ranks
second in mustard production.
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Technological advancement and adoption of modern agricultural practices:
• Commercialization has encouraged the adoption of modern agricultural techniques and technologies in UP.
• Commercialization involves the use of modern agricultural practices, including mechanization, irrigation
systems, improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and advanced agricultural techniques.
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• The goal of these practices is to increase productivity, enhance crop quality, and maximize profitability.
• This includes use of improved seeds, mechanized farming practices, efficient irrigation systems, precision
farming techniques and use of fertilizers and pesticides to increase productivity and meet market
standards.
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• Schemes like Agristack, Digital Agriculture Mission, National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A)
are going on.

Agribusiness development:
• The commercialization of agriculture leads to the emergence and growth of agribusinesses, which include
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agro-processing industries, warehousing and logistics services, input suppliers, and marketing firms.
• These businesses play a vital role in adding value to agricultural produce, reducing post-harvest losses and
improving market connectivity.
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Agro-Processing and Value Addition:

• The commercialization of agriculture has stimulated the development of agro-processing industries in UP.
• This includes setting up of sugar mills, rice mills, dairy processing units, fruit and vegetable processing
units and other food processing industries.
• These value added activities have provided additional income opportunities for the farmers and reduced
post-harvest losses.
• Food corporations in Uttar Pradesh are 6% of third level (tertiary level), the target is to take it up to 20
percent.

Market-oriented production:
• Commercial agriculture is driven by market forces. Farmers produce commodities based on market
demand and price.
• They analyze market trends, consumer preferences and engage in marketing strategies to sell their
produce at competitive prices.

Integration in Value Chains:

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• Commercialization involves integration into agricultural value chains, where farmers become part of larger
supply chains that link production, processing, distribution, and marketing.
• This integration allows farmers to access better infrastructure, technologies, credit facilities and market
networks.
• Farmers in UP are increasingly engaging with agricultural marketing platforms, cooperatives, contract
farming arrangements and direct marketing channels to access wider markets, get better prices and
improve market linkages.

Infrastructural Development:
• The state government of Uttar Pradesh has invested in improving agricultural infrastructure to support the
commercialization of agriculture.
• This includes development of agricultural marketing yards, cold storage facilities, processing units, rural
roads and irrigation infrastructure. These infrastructural developments are aimed at increasing the
efficiency of agricultural operations and ensuring smooth movement of agricultural produce.

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Shift from traditional crops to cash crops:
• Commercialization often shifts from traditional food crops for self-consumption to high-value cash crops

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that have a market demand.
• Farmers focus on cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers and cash crops like cotton, tobacco, coffee etc. to
generate income and meet the demands of the market.

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Benefits of commercialization
• Increase in farm income and profitability
• Better access to markets and market information
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• Adoption of modern technologies and practices
• diversification of agricultural production
• creation of employment opportunities
• Increase in agricultural productivity and efficiency
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Government Policies and Support:

• The Government of Uttar Pradesh has implemented various policies and support schemes to promote
commercialization of agriculture.
• These include subsidies for agricultural inputs, access to credit facilities, market information systems,
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farmer training and extension services, and initiatives to improve agricultural productivity and value chains.
• For example, Transparent Farmer Service Scheme, Darshan Portal, Integrated Horticulture Program etc.

Challenges and Concerns:

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1. Dependence on market fluctuations and price volatility

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2. Risk of monoculture and loss of biodiversity

3. Inequality in access to resources and benefits
4. Displacement of small scale farmers and rural livelihoods
5. Environmental degradation and sustainability concerns

Commercialization of agriculture in UP has brought many benefits such as increase in farm income, market access
and technological progress, but also poses some challenges. These include the need for sustainable agricultural
practices, equitable distribution of resources and benefits, addressing environmental concerns, and reducing the
risks of market fluctuations for farmers.

Overall, commercialization of agriculture in UP has played a significant role in transforming the state's agriculture
sector, increasing productivity and providing new avenues for rural livelihoods and economic development.

Social Forestry of Uttar Pradesh

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Forestry of the people, by the people and for the people Social forestry refers to the objective of environmental,
social and rural development. on the wasteland Plantation, protection, management and To help environmental,
social and rural development as opposed to the traditional objective of earning revenueIs.
The term social forestry was first used in India in 1976. was done by the National Agriculture Commission.The
National Agriculture Commission has divided social forestry into three categories –
1. Urban forestry
2. Rural forestry and
3. Farm forestry
Urban Forestry :
• Urban forestry includes planting and managing trees on private and public lands, such as parks, roadsides,
industrial and commercial sites, in and around cities.
Rural Forestry:
• In rural forestry, agroforestry and community agro-forestry are promoted.
• Growing crops and trees together on arable land or barren land is included under agroforestry, while

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community forestry includes public land plantations.
• One of the main objectives of community forestry is to benefit rural landless families by linking them with
afforestation. Under this, plantation of trees is done on both sides of the village pasture, temple land, road.

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Farm Forestry :
Under farm forestry, farmers plant trees of commercial importance in their fields. For this, the Forest Department
provides free saplings to small and medium farmers.
Objectives:

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• To meet the requirement of firewood, small timber, bamboo, fodder and other minor forest produce on a
sustainable basis
• To provide gainful employment opportunities to rural people To develop cottage industries To provide
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efficient soil and water conservation
• To improve the aesthetic value of an area and to meet the recreational needs of the population.

Significance:
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• Social forestry provides an alternative form of forest management. Strives to meet some of the needs of
the local people.
• Promotes sustainable forest use and management among communities living in and around forests.
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• Empowers communities by raising awareness, building capacity, working with local people to establish
policies, and respecting their rights and knowledge systems.
• Provides communities with access to forest resources and benefits in exchange for their participation in
sustainable forest management.
Benefit -
1. Increase in Biodiversity : Growing trees in barren land within the community helps in increasing the forest
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area thereby increasing the biodiversity.

2. Carbon Removal : Trees act as carbon sinks in the fight against global warming. It plays an important role
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in sequestering carbon from the environment.

3. Curb Global Warming : Areas with tree cover will be much cooler than areas without it, helping to reduce
energy consumption.
4. Soil Conservation : Tree roots prevent soil erosion by holding soil in place, thereby reducing the negative
effects of soil erosion.
5. Health benefit: Trees and nature are natural remedies for stress and anxiety, along with other health
benefits
6. Noise pollution: The effect of noise pollution can be reduced by adopting social forestry in urban areas.
7. Improving Air Quality: Although it is mostly carbon dioxide from the environment related to the removal of
oxides, it also helps to clean and improve the air quality.

Efforts made by the state government in the context of social forestry:

Social Forestry Scheme:

• This scheme is being implemented in all the districts of the state. The works committed under this scheme
have been included in the social forestry scheme.
Social Forestry-Special Component Sub Plan:

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• Social forestry scheme is being implemented under the Special Component Plan from the Social Welfare
Department for the welfare of Scheduled Castes. Under this, tree plantation work is done in scheduled caste
dominated rural areas.
Social Forestry-Tribal Sub Plan:
• In Scheduled Tribe dominated areas of the state, plantation work is done on community land etc. in rural
areas under social forestry schemes under the Social Welfare Department.
Nursery Management Plan:
• In the project, saplings of 8 to 12 feet height are being prepared in the nursery for plantation for the coming
years. This scheme is being implemented in the entire state.

UP New Forest Policy 2017

The state of Uttar Pradesh announced its new State Forest Policy on October, 2017 in place of State Forest Policy,
1998.
The objectives of State Forest Policy, 2017 are as follows:
• Improvement of existing natural and planted forest by conservation, development and scientific and
thoughtful management.

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• Formulation and implementation of scheme of afforestation and soil conservation in different types of
degraded land of state viz. usar, khadar, ravines and blank forest.
• Special emphasis on forest dweller centric forest management.

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• Increase of tree cover by social and agro-forestry plantation on private land.
• To get carbon credits on the plantations which is planted according to international standards.
• To endeavor for the reduction of siltation of water and reservoirs and effects of floods and droughts through
controlled measures over soil-erosion.

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• To promote plantation over non-forest land.
• To prepare and implement strategies for conservation and improvement of biodiversity and wild life in the
state.
• To develop eco-tourism destination.
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SI
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PC

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Topic : UP ENVIRONMENT (All Topics from

Paper VI)

TOPICS COVERED :

• Habitat and Ecosystem, structure and function,

adjustment; Flora and Fauna with reference to UP.
• Climate Change and Weather Forecasting issues in UP.
• Pollution and Environmental Issues in U P,
Pollution Control Board and its functions.
• ational Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in UP.

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UPPCS ENVIRONMENT PAPER 6

TOPICS:
• Habitat and Ecosystem, structure and function, adjustment; Flora and Fauna with reference to
UP.
• Climate Change and Weather Forecasting issues in UP.
• Pollution and Environmental Issues in U P, Pollution Control Board and its functions.
• National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in UP.

Ecosystem and Habitat

Ecosystem is defined as the interrelationships between the biotic and abiotic component of the environment.
Whereas habitat is defined as the natural environment in which a particular species of plants and animals lives.

Ecosystem Structure and Function

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The ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms
interact with each other and the surrounding environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a
chain of interaction between organisms and their environment.
The term “Ecosystem” was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935.

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Types of Ecosystem
An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean, spanning thousands of miles.
There are two types of ecosystem:

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• Terrestrial Ecosystem
• Aquatic Ecosystem

Terrestrial Ecosystems
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Terrestrial ecosystems are exclusively land-based ecosystems. There are different types of
terrestrial ecosystems distributed around various geological zones. They are as follows:
1. Forest Ecosystems
2. Grassland Ecosystems
3. Tundra Ecosystems
4. Desert Ecosystem
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Forest Ecosystem
• It consists of several plants, animals and microorganisms that live in coordination with the abiotic factors of the
environment.
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Grassland Ecosystem
• Vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs. Temperate grasslands, savanna grasslands are some of the
examples of grassland ecosystems.
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Tundra Ecosystem
• Tundra ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold climates or where rainfall is scarce.
• These are covered with snow for most of the year. The ecosystem in the Arctic or mountain tops is tundra type.
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Desert Ecosystem
• These are regions with very little rainfall and scarce vegetation.

Aquatic Ecosystem
• Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems present in a body of water. These can be further divided into two types,
namely:
a. Freshwater Ecosystem
b. Marine Ecosystem

Freshwater Ecosystem
• The freshwater ecosystem is an aquatic ecosystem that includes lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands.
• These have no salt content in contrast with the marine ecosystem.

Marine Ecosystem
• The marine ecosystem includes seas and oceans.
• These have a more substantial salt content and greater biodiversity in comparison to the freshwater ecosystem.

Structure of the Ecosystem

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The structure of an ecosystem is characterised by the organisation of both biotic and abiotic
components. This includes the distribution of energy in our environment. It also includes the
climatic conditions prevailing in that particular environment.

The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:
• Biotic Components
• Abiotic Components

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Structure of Ecosystem highlighting the biotic and abiotic factors
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Abiotic components:
The abiotic component can be grouped into following three categories:-
• Physical factors: Sun light, temperature, rainfall, humidity and pressure. They sustain and limit the growth of
organisms in an ecosystem.
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• Inorganic substances: Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, water, rock, soil and other
minerals.
• Organic compounds: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and humic substances. They are the building blocks of
living systems and therefore, make a link between the biotic and abiotic components.
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Biotic Components
Biotic components refer to all life in an ecosystem. Biotic components can be categorised into autotrophs, heterotrophs
and saprotrophs (or decomposers).
• Producers include all autotrophs such as plants. They are called autotrophs as they can produce food through
the process of photosynthesis. Consequently, all other organisms higher up on the food chain rely on producers
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for food.
• Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms that depend on other organisms for food. Consumers are further
classified into primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.
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• Primary consumers are always herbivores that they rely on producers for food.
• Secondary consumers depend on primary consumers for energy. They can either be a carnivore or an
omnivore.
• Tertiary consumers are organisms that depend on secondary consumers for food. Tertiary consumers can also
be an omnivore.
• Quaternary consumers are present in some food chains. These organisms prey on tertiary consumers for
energy. Furthermore, they are usually at the top of a food chain as they have no natural predators.
• Decomposers include saprophytes such as fungi and bacteria. They directly thrive on the dead and decaying
organic matter. Decomposers are essential for the ecosystem as they help in recycling nutrients to be reused by
plants.

Functions of Ecosystem
The functions of the ecosystem are as follows:
• Homeostasis: It regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and renders stability.
• It is also responsible for the cycling of nutrients and minerals between biotic and abiotic components.
• It maintains ecological succession or ecosystem development.
• It maintains a balance among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem. The biotic and abiotic components
help in the synthesis of organic components that involves the exchange of energy.

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Flora and Fauna of Uttar Pradesh

On the basis of area, our State Uttar Pradesh is 4th largest state of India. It is rich in biodiversity, having various kinds of
flora and fauna.
Uttar Pradesh has 87 species of mammals, 358 species of birds, 77 species of reptiles, 25 species of amphibians, 152
species of fishes, 1460 species of arthropods, 47 species of molluscs and 1442 species of woody plants.

Faunal Diversity in Uttar Pradesh:

Mammalian Diversity:
• 87 species of mammals are found in Uttar Pradesh such as Tiger, Leopard, Hyaena, Sloth bear, Civets,

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Mongooses, Langur, Jackal, Leopard cat , Fishing cat, Jungle cat, Chital, Sambhar (Rusa uniclor), Barking deer,
Swamp deer, Elephant, one horned Indian Rhinoceros and Rhesus Monkey, etc.

Avian Diversity:

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• Uttar Pradesh has a rich and varied avifauna. Over 550 species of birds have been identified and recorded
in this state i.e. Cattle Egret, Black Kite, Shikra, Indian Peafowl, Red Jungle Fowl, Red-wattled Lapwing, Blue
Rock Pigeon, Yellow-footed Green Pigeon, Spotted Dove, Eurasian Collared Dove, and Little brown dove/
laughing dove, etc.

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Reptilian Diversity:
• In UP 77 species of reptiles are found i.e. Mugger, Ghariyal, Common Indian Monitor, Indian Python, Indian
Rat Snake, Cobra, Russel's Viper, Himalayan Pit Viper, Common Krait, Banded Krait, Fresh Water Snake, Indian
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Roofed Turtle, Indian Tent Turtle, Indian Tent Turtle, Brown Roofed Turtle, Spotted Pond Turtle, etc.

Amphibian Diversity:
• In Uttar Pradesh, about 17 species of amphibians that belongs to 11 genera of 05 families are found in
various habitats.
• Some are very common such as Common Indian Toad, Bufo melanostictus, Bufo microtympanum, Bufo
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parietalis, Asian Painted Frog, Kaloula pulchra, Hyla annectans, Rana tigrina.

Fish Diversity:
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• In Uttar Pradesh, 115 species of fishes belonging to 72 genera of 27 families are found in ponds, streams,
lakes and rivers of which 108 species are native and 06 species exotic.
• Some are very common such as Chikka, Chaguni, Moey, Tengra, Menoda, Nangra, Pabo, Mahasol, Mahaseer,
Goonch, Baghua, Nayan, Latia, Vacha, Silkota, Telchita, Singhi, Pangus, Pabda, Pangas, Cinnamon loach,
Dhrahi, Corsula, Lorhia, Silond, Tengan, Rohu, Catla, Mangur, and Channa.
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Domestic Animal Diversity In Uttar Pradesh:

• Out of the total livestock population of the country (529.7 million), the state of Uttar Pradesh contributes 63.96
million livestock whereas the cattle population of the state is 19.09 million (Livestock Census 2007).
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• Cattle are invaluable as they contribute in the form of milk, meat, organic manure and a variety of
byproducts.There are various types of cattle, including Cows (Kenkatha, Kherigarh, Ponwar, and Gangatiri),
Buffaloes (Bhadawari), Goats (Barbari and Jamunapari), and Sheep (Muzaffarnagri and Jalauni).

Floral Diversity In Uttar Pradesh

The floral diversity of any area comprises trees, shrubs and herbs along with fruit orchards. In Uttar Pradesh. Uttar
Pradesh has a large dense forest area as well as a number of private orchards in which a tremendous diversity of plants
are seen. Some common plant species are Khair, Babool, Reonj, Haldu, Bel, Aru, Akol, Kala Siris, Dhau, Dhaura, Neem,
Hingot, Kachnar, Semal, Salai, Dhak, Chilla, Amaltas, Lasoda, Shisham, Tendu, Bargad, Peepal, Goolar, Pakad, Kateri,
Kharpat, Anjan, Dudhi, Kanju, Sidha, Jhingan, Rohini, Mahua, Mango, Kadamb, Amla, Sakhu, Kusum, Jamun, Sagaun,
Arjun, Bahera, Asna, and Ber.

• The types of forest that are most common in the state are Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests. They are found in
the moist regions of Terai.

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• The Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests are found in all parts of the plains and is more common in the central
eastern and western regions.
• The Tropical Thorny Forest is found in the south-western parts of the State. Some of the most common plants
that are found in the state of Uttar Pradesh are betula, silver fir, spruce, deodar, chir, oak, sal, gigantic haldu,
dhak, teak, mahua, salai, sisso, chironji and tendu.
• There are also a number of medicinal herbs like Rauwolfia Sarpagandha, Viala serpens, Podophyllum,
hexandrum and aephecra gerardiana are grown here. Various types of woody plants, shrubs and climbers are
also found in the region.

State Symbols
A nation or State declares its local flora and fauna as symbol to aware all people to protect and conserve their diversity.
The state symbols of Uttar Pradesh are as follows:

Sarus Crane (Grus antigone): The Sarus Crane is the tallest flying bird, having
highest number in Uttar Pradesh in our country. This bird is the state bird of Uttar
Pradesh.

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Five districts of Uttar Pradesh namely Etawah, Aligarh, Etah, Kaushambi and
Mainpuri alone harbor about one fifth of the world population of Sarus Crane.

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Barasingha (Rucervus duvacelii): The most striking features of a Barasingha are
its antlers, with an average of 12 tines on a mature stag. It is found in the tarai
especially in Kishanpur Sanctuary, Dudhwa National Park and Katarniaghat.
Barasingha is the state animal of Uttar Pradesh.

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Chital/Mohi (Chitala chitala): It is commonly called as “Feather back”, bears fancy
spots (chitti) on its body. It has been recorded in Gomti, Gerua, Betwa and Yamuna
rivers. Its maximum length is up to 150 cm. And weight about 14 kg.
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Sita Ashok (Saraca asoca): It is an evergreen tree with dense, spreading crown
leaves belongs to the family Leguminosae and sub-family Caesalpiniaceae. The
flowers are in
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orange- red clusters.

Dhak/Palash (Butea monosperma): It is a slow growing deciduous tree

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belonging to family “Fabaceae”. It has compound leaves with three large,

leathery leaflets. Its flowers yield an orange dye.

Forestry and Wildlife Schemes

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Social forestry scheme

1. In order to ensure the availability of firewood, fuel and fodder leaves
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and minor forest produce in the rural areas of the state, the Social
Forestry Scheme was started in 1976, which was related to tree plantation through social efforts.
2. Under social forestry scheme, tree plantation is done on different types of land such as degraded forest area,
community land, land available on the banks of canal, rail and road.
3. Till the year 2020-21, tree plantation was done in 62814 hectare, year 2021-22 in 56919 hectare under the
scheme.
4. A total of 35 crore saplings have been planted in the financial year 2022-23, out of which 1272 lakh saplings
have been planted on 1 lakh hectare of land under departmental plantation.
5. Keeping in view the environment and beauty in the urban areas of the state, under the social forestry scheme in
the urban areas on the vacant land and parks, trees useful and beautiful from the point of view of the
environment are planted.

National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco System Scheme

1. Under the National Wetland Conservation Program, it is being run with the joint funding of the Government of
India and the State Government.
2. Its purpose is to provide assistance in the protection of protected and non-protected wetlands, natural habitat
improvement, catchment area treatment, research, partnership management with local communities, and water
quality monitoring.
3. In the year 2013-14 to 2019-20, Rs 1614.70 lakh was spent in this scheme.

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Bird Festival
1. Every year in the first week of December, a bird festival is organized in the state in order to create awareness
among the general public about birds and to provide information about the habitat, activities and migration of
foreign birds to the students.

Van Devi Park Scheme

1. Conservation and development of Van Devi Biodiversity area in Mau and renovation of Van Devi Park to provide
natural environment to the public
2. Providing environmental education to the school children of the district
3. Making students aware of the environment

National Afforestation Program (through Forest Development Agency)

1. This scheme is being implemented from the year 2000-01.
2. Under this, Forest Development Agency has been constituted in each division of the state according to the
guidelines received from the Government of India, to connect the public with the work of protection and
promotion of forests.
3. From the beginning till now, FDA has been funded by the Government of India in 72 forest divisions in the state.

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Intensification of Forest Management (Pre-funded by the Centre)
1. This scheme is being implemented for the purpose of protection of forests with 45 percent funding by the
Government of India and 25 percent funding by the State Government.
2. Under the scheme, works related to protection of forests from fire, strengthening of facilities necessary for the

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protection of forests and formulation of management plan, field survey, demarcation etc. are done.

Various of the state Ecological Development of Wetlands For this, it is proposed to carry out work related to cleaning
of wetlands, removal of harmful weeds, plantation and sowing of seeds, construction of dams and development of

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infrastructure.

Protected areas in Uttar Pradesh

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National Parks in Uttar Pradesh:
• National Park is an area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of wildlife and biodiversity and where activity
like poaching, hunting and grazing are not permitted.
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• Uttar Pradesh has one National Park known as Dudhwa National Park.
• Dudhwa Tiger Reserve comprises three protected areas i.e. Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur Wildlife
Sanctuary and Katraniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.
• The Dudhwa National Park is close to the Indo-Nepal border in the Palia and Nighasan tehsil of district
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Lakhimpur-Kheri.
• The area of the park is a vast alluvial plain and is the doab of Mohana and Suheli rivers.
• The vegetation of the area is of North Indian Moist Deciduous type.
• The Sharda River (Kali
or Mahakali River)
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separates Dudhwa
National Park from
Kishanpur Wildlife
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Sanctuary. The
Ghaghara River
separates Dudhwa
National Park from
Katarniaghat Wildlife
Sanctuary.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in Uttar

Pradesh:
It is an area which is declared for
the purpose of protecting and
propagating wildlife and its
environment. Certain rights such
as collecting minor forest
product, harvesting of timber and
grazing are allowed for local
people. In Uttar Pradesh, There
are 25 Wildlife Sanctuaries.

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S. No. Name of Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) Established Year District

1 Bakhira WLS 1990 Sant Kabir Nagar

2 Chandraprabha WLS 1957 Chandauli

3 Dr. BhimraoAmbedkar Bird WLS 2003 Partabhgarh

4 Hastinapur WLS 1986 Meerut,Ghaziabad,

Bijnore

5 Kaimur WLS 1982 Mirzapur, Sonbhadra

6 Katerniaghat WLS 1976 Bahraich

7 Kishanpur WLS 1972 Lakhimpur Kheri

8 Pilibhit Tiger Reserve 2014 Pilibhit,Shahjahanpur

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9 Lakh Bahosi Bird WLS 1988 Kannauj

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10 Mahavir Swami WLS 1977 Lalitpur

11 National Chambal WLS 1979 Agra and Etawah

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12 Nawabganj WLS 1984 Unnao

13 Okhala Bird WLS 1990 Gautam Budh Nagar

14 Parvati Aranga WLS 1990 Gonda

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15 Patna WLS 1990 Etah

16 Ranipur WLS 1977 Banda,Chitrakoot

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17 Saman Bird WLS 1990 Mainpuri

18 Samaspur WLS 1987 Rae Bareli

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19 Sandi Bird WLS 1990 Hardoi

20 Sohagibarwa WLS 1987 Maharajganj

21 Sohelwa WLS 1988 Shravasti,Balrampur

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22 Sur Sarovar WLS 1991 Agra

23 Jai Prakash Narayan (Surhatal) Bird WLS 1991 Balia

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24 Turtle WLS 1989

Varanasi

25 Vijai Sagar WLS 1990 Mahoba

Wildlife Sanctuaries of Uttar Pradesh:

Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary

• It is contiguous with the Pilibhit Tiger Reserve. The Sarda River (known as Kali River before it reaches the
plains; it flows along the Indo-Nepal Border) separates Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary from the Dudhwa National
Park.
• Major Fauna: Swamp deer (VU), Bengal florican (CR), Lesser Florican (CR).
• Mahavir Swami Wildlife Sanctuary
• It is located along MP-UP border. It lies on the bank of Betwa River (a tributary of Yamuna) near Rajghat
Reservoir.

Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary

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• It is a located in the Upper Gangetic terai plain of Bahraich. It provides connectivity between tiger habitats of
Dudhwa National Park (Uttar Pradesh) and Bardia National Park (Nepal).
• Dudhwa Tiger Reserve = Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary + Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary + Dudhwa National
Park. Ghaghara River separates Dudhwa National Park from Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Major fauna: Tigers, gharials (CR), mugger or marsh crocodile (VU).
• Girwa River in the Wildlife Sanctuary is natural habitat for gharials where they sympatric with the muggers.

Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary

• It covers Meerut, Muzzafarnagar, and Bijnor districts. It lies on the western bank of the Ganges River.
• Major Fauna: Swamp deer (VU), smooth-coated otter (VU), Ganges river dolphin (EN), gharials (CR).
• Jai Prakash Narayan (Surhatal) Bird Wildlife Sanctuary
• It is a wetland located near the confluence of Ghaghara and Ganges Rivers.

Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary

• It is a natural flood plain wetland located in Sant Kabir Nagar district. The Rapti River flows through it. It provides
a wintering ground for a number of migratory birds.

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Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary
• It spreads over the hillocks on the north slope of the Kaimur Range between the Ganges and Son rivers.

Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary

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• It is located in Sonbhadra and Mirzapur districts. It is contiguous with the Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary of
UP and Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary of Bihar. The extends along the Kaimur Range. It extends to the Son River on
the east, and to the border of Madhya Pradesh on the west.
• It is an important tiger and elephant corridor.

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National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary
• It is located on the Chambal River near the tripoint of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
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Nawabganj Bird Wildlife Sanctuary (Ramsar Site)
• It is also known as Shahid Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary. It is located in Unnao district on the Kanpur-
Lucknow highway.

Okhala Bird Wildlife Sanctuary

• It is a wetland located at the Okhla barrage over Yamuna River in Noida, Gautam Buddh Nagar district, on the
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Delhi-UP border. It is formed by the creation of Okhla Barrage.

Parvati Aranga Wildlife Sanctuary (Ramsar Site)

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• It is an ox-bow lake formed by the Ghaghara River.

Saman Bird Wildlife Sanctuary (Ramsar Site)

• It is a seasonal oxbow lake on the Ganges floodplain.

Samaspur Bird Wildlife Sanctuary (Ramsar Site)

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• It is a perennial lowland marsh in Rae Bareli district.

Sandi Birds Wildlife Sanctuary (Ramsar Site)

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• It is a freshwater marsh designated as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.

Shekha Bird Wildlife Sanctuary

• It located near Aligarh. It is a perennial lake that came into existence after the formation of the Upper Ganges
Canal.

Sur Sarovar Bird Wildlife Sanctuary (Ramsar site)

• It is located on the right bank of Yamuna River near Agra.

Tiger reserves in Uttar Pradesh

• Tiger Reserve refers to a protected area designed for the conservation of tigers.
• A tiger reserve can also be a national park or a wildlife sanctuary.
• 4 tiger reserves belong to Uttar Pradesh.

Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (Lakhimpur tiger reserve)

• It lies adjacent to the Indo-Nepal border and comprises the Dudhwa National Park Katarniaghat wildlife
sanctuary, and Kishanpur wildlife sanctuary.

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• Dudhwa Tiger Reserve was formed in 1987 when the Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and the Dudhwa National
Park were brought under Project Tiger.
• Dudhwa Tiger reserve is a protected area home to many animal species such as leopards, Asiatic black bears,
sloth bears, swamp deer, rhinoceros, and elephants.
• It is composed of a vast alluvial plain and numerous rivulets, lakes, and pools.
• It comes under the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain, which plays a vital role in supporting the fauna diversity of this
tiger reserve.
• The main fauna is the Sal tree forest. Over 450 are found here.
• This tiger reserve is the only place in Uttar Pradesh where both tigers and rhinos are found together.
• According to the Tiger Census of 2021, Dudhwa Tiger Reserve has an estimated population of 107 tigers.

Pilibhit Tiger Reserve

• Pilibhit tiger reserve is located in Shahjahanpur and Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh.
• It is spread over 730.24 square kilometres and is a part of Terai Arc Landscape in the upper Gangetic Plain
located along the India Nepal border.
• It was designated as a tiger reserve in September 2008.
• In 2020, it received an International Award TX2 for doubling the number of tigers in the past four years. Let’s

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take a look at flora and fauna of the tiger reserve.
• The Pilibhit tiger reserve comprises 326 bird species, 127 animal species, and 2100 flowering plant species.
• Some animal species in this tiger reserve are swamp deer, leopard tiger, and Bengal florican.

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• This tiger reserve is also famous for its Sal forest.
• It comprises 65 tigers, according to the last census.

Amangarh Tiger Reserve (Bijnor tiger reserve)

• It was notified as a tiger reserve in 2012. It is spread over 95 square kilometres, including wetlands, dense

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forests, and grasslands.
• Bijnor tiger Reserve lies adjacent to the Corbett Tiger Reserve; hence it has been declared the buffer area of the
Corbett Tiger Reserve.
• It is home to tigers, elephants, and wild animals, including jackals, jungle cats, leopards, monitor lizards, and
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pythons.
• It also comprises various bird species, including the golden-backed woodpecker, grey hornbill, and red jungle
fowl.

Ranipur Tiger Reserve, Wildlife Sanctuary

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• Uttar Pradesh approved the state’s 4th Tiger Reserve in the Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary . It will be the 1st Tiger
Reserve in the UP’s Bundelkhand region and the 54th TR in India.
• Flora: tropical dry deciduous forests.
• Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sambhar, chinkara.
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• Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary has no tigers of its own, but it is frequented by tigers from the nearby Panna Tiger
Reserve. Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary is an important corridor for the movement of tigers.

Other News:
Suhelwa and Sohagi Barwa Wildlife
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• According to the report of Tiger Census 2022, the presence of tigers was detected for the first time in Suhelwa
Wildlife Sanctuary in UP.
• Recently Suhelwa and Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Centuries have been added to the Tiger Detect Grid.
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• Sohelwa Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the beautiful forests situated on the Indo-Nepal border which is considered
to be the natural habitat of the Bengal Tiger.
• Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh.
• It is built by the old Gorakhpur Forest Division. This century is located on the border area of the state, on the
international Indo-Nepal border to the north and the interstate UP-Bihar border.
• The total number of tigers in UP has increased from 117 to 173.

Elephant Reserves in Uttar Pradesh:

UP has 2 elephant reserves.

Uttar Pradesh Elephant Reserve

• It constitutes Shivalik forest division in Saharanpur & Bijnore districts adjoining the Shivalik Hills of Uttarakhand.

Terai Elephant Reserve

• It will be the 2nd Elephant Reserve in Uttar Pradesh and 33rd in India.
• It will include Dudhwa TR, Pilibhit TR and areas of Kishanpur and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It will provide conservation to four wild species, i.e., tiger, Asian elephant, swamp deer and one horned
rhinoceros.

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Wetlands in Uttar Pradesh

There are a total of 10 Ramsar Sites in UP. Any wetland that intends to preserve the natural ecosystem and allow
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utilization of resources is listed under Ramsar Sites under the Ramsar Convention.
Wetlands have a rich historical significance, providing resources and attracting civilizations. They are biodiversity
hotspots, supporting diverse wildlife and acting as vital habitats. Wetlands play a crucial role in water purification, flood
control, erosion prevention, and climate regulation. They also hold economic and cultural value for local communities
through activities like agriculture, fishing, and tourism. However, wetlands face threats from urbanization, agriculture,
pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts worldwide aim to protect and restore wetlands, recognizing their
ecological, economic, and cultural importance. Preserving wetlands ensures sustainable ecosystems and benefits both
the environment and human well-being.

Sr. no. Ramsar Sites in UP Location

1 Bakhira Sanctuary Sant Kabir Nagar

2 Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Unnao

3 Saman Bird Sanctuary Mainpuri

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4 Sandi Bird Sanctuary Hardoi

5 Sur Sarovar Agra

6 Haiderpur Wetland Muzaffarnagar and Bijnor

7 Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary Gonda

8 Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Raebareli

9 Sarsai Nawar Jheel Etawah

10 Upper Ganga River Haridwar, Roorkee, Meerut, Bulandshahar

Bakhira Sanctuary:

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• This freshwater marsh is situated near Gorakhpur.
• Avifauna: Egyptian Vultures (EN), Greater Spotted Eagle (VU), Common Pochard (VU), Swamp Francolin (VU)

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Haiderpur Wetland
• It is a wetland in Hastinapur WLS formed by the construction of the Madhya Ganga Barrage.
• Endangered Fauna: Gharial (CR), Golden Mahseer (EN), Hog Deer (EN), Swamp Deer (VU).

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Nawabganj BS
• It is a shallow marshland near Lucknow. It was renamed Chandra Shekhar Azad BS.
• Endangered Avifauna: Egyptian Vulture (EN), Pallas’s Fish Eagle (EN), Lesser Adjutant (VU)
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Parvati Arga BS
• It is a permanent freshwater environment consisting of two oxbow lakes.
• Avifauna: Red-Headed Vulture (CR), White-Rumped Vulture (CR), Indian Vulture (CR)

Saman BS
• It is a seasonal oxbow lake on the Ganges floodplain.
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• Avifauna: Sarus Crane (VU), Greater Spotted Eagle (VU)

Samaspur BS
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• It is a perennial marsh typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

• Avifauna: Egyptian Vulture (EN), Pallas’s Fish Eagle (EN).

Sandi BS
• Endangered Avifauna: Sarus Crane (VU)
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Sarsai Nawar Jheel

• It is a marsh. Its name is derived from the large non-migratory Sarus Crane (VU). The nearby Hajari Mahadev
temple is visited by thousands of pilgrims each year.
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• Endangered Avifauna: White-Rumped Vulture (CR)

Sur Sarovar (Keetham Lake)

• It was created to supply water to the city of Agra.
• Endangered Avifauna: Greater Spotted Eagle (VU), Catfish (Wallago attu – VU)

Upper Ganga River

• It stretches from Brijghat to Narora. Fauna: Ganges River Dolphin (EN), Gharial (Fish-Eating Crocodile – CR)

State Wetland Authority:

• The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 direct the establishment of a State Wetland
Authority or a Union Territory Wetland Authority in each State or Union Territory.
• The authority will be headed by the state environment minister and other government officials will be its
members. The members shall also include at least one expert from each of the fields of wetland ecology,
hydrology, fisheries, landscape ecology and social economics.

Responsibilities of SWA:
SWAs' responsibilities include:

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• Identifying and notifying important wetlands.

• Developing conservation plans and restoring degraded wetlands.
• Monitoring wetland health and guiding management decisions.
• Contributing to wetland-related policies and regulations.
• Engaging stakeholders and raising awareness.
• Supporting research and capacity building.
• Cooperating with central authorities for effective implementation.
• Implementing Ramsar Convention commitments.
• Addressing climate change impacts on wetlands.

Overall, SWAs protect wetlands for biodiversity, water resources, and livelihoods.

Wildlife conservation plans

Project Tiger Scheme
• Dudhwa National Park was first covered under Project Tiger.

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• Later, Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Azamgarh Tiger Reserve, Bijnor and
Pilibhit Tiger Reserve were also jointly brought under "Project Tiger".

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Integrated Development of Wild Life Habitats Scheme
• Integrated Development of Wild Life Habitats scheme was started with joint funding from the Government of
India and the State Government.
• Under this scheme, development of all the bird sanctuaries and wildlife sanctuaries of the state has to be

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ensured.

Project elephant
• "Uttar Pradesh Elephant Reserve" is being run with the joint assistance of the Central and State Governments
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under the Project Elephant scheme.
• Central assistance is received for the protection and conservation of elephant's natural habitat, creating
consciousness and awareness about wildlife conservation in local communities, etc.

National Aquatic Animal 'Ganga Dolphin'

• The 'Ganga Dolphin', declared a national aquatic animal, is found in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts of Uttar
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Pradesh.
• It is called 'Suis' or 'Susu' in the local language.
• The total number of Gangetic dolphins in Uttar Pradesh is 1275.
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• The National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco System is being implemented from the year 2013-14 in the
ratio of 70:30 by the Government of India and the State Government.

Endangered species breeding center

• This center has been established in 1984-85 in Kukrail forest (Lucknow) of the state.
• Under which breeding scheme of endangered wild animals like deer, beaver, cockerel etc. is running.
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Turtle Rehabilitation Scheme

• Under the Ganga Action Plan for the breeding and development of turtles, which play an important role in making
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the Ganga clean and pollution-free, this scheme, funded by the Government of India, is being run in Uttar
Pradesh from the year 1986-87.
• Carnivorous turtles are provided protection under this scheme.
• Every year turtle eggs are brought from the districts of Chambal, Mainpuri etc. to the Turtle Rehabilitation Center
at Sarnath and their hatchlings are released safely into the river Ganges.

National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Scheme-

• This scheme is being run with the help of the Government of India.
• The Chambal Valley area has been declared as the National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary for the protection of
crocodiles and alligators. Its forest headquarters operate from Ranthambore.
• Chambal's expansion areas come under this in 3 states (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan). It was
established in the year 1979.

State Bird Stork Conservation Scheme-

• This scheme is being run to remove the continuous decrease in the number of storks in the state.
• At present there are about 8000 cranes left in the whole world. Out of which 40% of the storks are found in Uttar
Pradesh.

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• Most of these storks are found in Bulandshahr, Farrukhabad, Mainpuri, Etawah, Aligarh, Auraiya Kannauj
districts.

Safari Park:
• This nocturnal wildlife park is spread over an area of 120 hectares in Greater Noida.Night Safari Park were
established. It has been built on the lines of Night Safari established in China and Singapore. This is the fourth
such safari park in the world and the first in India.
• In the Fisher Forest area of Etawah under National Chambal Forest Wildlife SanctuaryA Lion Safaripark,
aElephant Safari Park And leopard, hyena, bear and deer safari parks have been established.
• Inspired by England's Longleat Safari Park in Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh Lion Breeding Center & Lion
Safari Parkhas been developed.

Other Initiatives:
• With the aim of increasing public awareness about wildlifeShaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Garden in
Gorakhpuris being constructed.
• For the conservation of national bird peacock Peacock Conservation Center in Vrindavan, Mathura is being
installed.

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Threats to Biodiversity:

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation:

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• One of the primary threats to biodiversity is the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats.
• Uttar Pradesh has experienced rapid urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural expansion, leading to the
conversion of natural habitats into cities, roads, farmland, and other human-made landscapes.
• This loss of natural habitats reduces the available space for various species, disrupts ecological balance, and

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threatens the survival of many plants and animals.

Deforestation:
• Deforestation is a significant concern in Uttar Pradesh.
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• It occurs due to activities like logging, illegal timber trade, and conversion of forests for agriculture and
infrastructure development.
• Forests are crucial for maintaining biodiversity as they provide habitats for numerous plant and animal species.
Deforestation not only eliminates these habitats but also disrupts important ecological processes, such as
nutrient cycling and water regulation.
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Pollution:
• Uttar Pradesh faces significant pollution challenges, particularly air and water pollution. Industries, agricultural
practices, urban settlements, and inadequate waste management systems contribute to the release of pollutants
into the environment.
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• Pollution negatively affects biodiversity by contaminating water bodies, degrading soil quality, and causing
respiratory problems and other health issues for both humans and wildlife.

Invasive Species:
• The introduction of non-native invasive species poses a threat to native flora and fauna. Invasive species can
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outcompete native species for resources, disrupt ecological interactions, and alter entire ecosystems.
• In Uttar Pradesh, invasive species like water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Prosopis juliflora have been
reported to negatively impact local biodiversity and ecosystems.
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Climate Change:
• Climate change is a global issue, and Uttar Pradesh is not immune to its effects. Rising temperatures, changing
rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events can alter ecosystems, affecting the distribution and abundance of
species.
• Climate change poses challenges for the survival of many plant and animal species, especially those with limited
ability to adapt or migrate to more suitable habitats.

Unsustainable Agricultural Practices:

• Uttar Pradesh has a significant agricultural sector, and unsustainable farming practices can have detrimental
effects on biodiversity.
• Extensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides can harm beneficial organisms, such as
pollinators and soil microorganisms. Additionally, the conversion of diverse natural landscapes into monoculture
farmland reduces habitat availability for many species.

Illegal Wildlife Trade:

• Uttar Pradesh serves as a transit point and market for illegal wildlife trade due to its geographic location and
population density.

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• This trade puts significant pressure on various endangered species, including but not limited to wildlife species,
medicinal plants, and timber species.

Suggestions to preserve Biodiversity:

Addressing the biodiversity threats in Uttar Pradesh requires a multi-faceted approach involving various stakeholders.
Here are some strategies and actions that can be taken with special reference to Uttar Pradesh:

Habitat Conservation and Restoration:

• Implement measures to protect and restore natural habitats.
• This includes creating and expanding protected areas, establishing wildlife corridors to connect fragmented
habitats, and promoting habitat restoration initiatives in degraded areas.

Strengthening Environmental Laws and Regulations:

• Ensure effective enforcement of existing environmental laws and regulations to prevent illegal activities such as
deforestation, wildlife trade, and pollution.
• Strengthen penalties and increase surveillance to deter offenders.

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Sustainable Land Use Planning:
• Integrate biodiversity considerations into land use planning processes. Encourage sustainable agricultural
practices, such as organic farming, agroforestry, and crop diversification.

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• Promote the adoption of eco-friendly practices in industries and discourage the conversion of natural habitats for
infrastructure development.

Awareness and Education:

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• Conduct public awareness campaigns and educational programs to highlight the importance of biodiversity
conservation and sustainable practices.
• Engage local communities, schools, and civil society organizations to foster a sense of responsibility and
ownership towards biodiversity protection.
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Collaboration and Partnerships:
• Foster collaboration between government agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, and
local communities to develop and implement conservation initiatives.
• Encourage public-private partnerships to mobilize resources, share expertise, and promote sustainable
development practices.
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Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation:

• Develop climate change adaptation strategies that consider the impacts on biodiversity.
• This may involve promoting the conservation of climate-resilient species, restoring and protecting natural
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ecosystems that serve as carbon sinks, and integrating climate change considerations into land-use planning
and conservation efforts.

Strengthening Wildlife Conservation Efforts:

• Enhance efforts to combat illegal wildlife trade, including strengthening law enforcement, improving wildlife
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monitoring and surveillance systems, and raising awareness about the consequences of wildlife trafficking.
• Support initiatives that promote community-based conservation and provide alternative livelihood options for
local communities living near protected areas.
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Research and Monitoring:

• Invest in scientific research and monitoring programs to understand the state of biodiversity in Uttar Pradesh,
assess the effectiveness of conservation efforts, and inform decision-making processes.
• Encourage collaboration between researchers, government agencies, and local communities to facilitate
knowledge sharing and evidence-based conservation actions.

It is crucial to note that these strategies should be tailored to the specific context of Uttar Pradesh, considering the
region's unique biodiversity, socio-cultural aspects, and development priorities. A holistic and inclusive approach is
necessary to ensure long-term success in biodiversity conservation.

Pollution and Environmental Issues in U. P. Pollution Control Board and its

functions

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• In Uttar Pradesh the deteriorating conditions of land, rivers, biodiversity, groundwater, deforestation, poisonous
air and unbearable noise affected badly to the lives of the people in the state.
• Due to the loss of agriculture, water shortages, droughts, land degradation, adverse impacts on forests and
biodiversity, the state faces severe environmental challenges. Uttar Pradesh is the producer of huge hazardous
waste and bio-medical waste.
• The state was reported on the top position in producing greenhouse gases. The environment ministry in its report
in 2010 stated the fact that in total of national emission of greenhouse gases, the share of Uttar Pradesh is of
14%.
• Many studies and reports pointed out that almost 22 small and big districts of the state have been converted into
“environmental hotspots” and other districts are also facing stern environmental problems.
• A report was jointly prepared by the state‟s Directorate of Environment and World Bank, was submitted to the
13th finance Commission. report, precisely pointed out environmental threats to UP such as-BOD load on
surface water of fluoride nitrate or iron in ground water is beyond the WHO prescribed drinking water standards.
In the report, hazardous waste over 500 tons, municipal solid waste generation 600 tons per year and degraded
land area over 9% was observed in the state.

Air Pollution:
• Uttar Pradesh has consistently high levels of air pollution, particularly in cities like Kanpur, Lucknow, and

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Ghaziabad. Industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, construction activities, and biomass burning contribute to
the poor air quality, leading to adverse health effects and respiratory diseases.
• 0.4 million Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) valued at Rs 2.6 billion are lost due; to urban air pollution.

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• Suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels in 8 cities are 2-3 times higher than the ambient air quality
standards.

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Uttar Pradesh government has taken several steps to control air pollution:

Implementation of the Uttar Pradesh Clean Air Action Plan (UCAP): The state has developed a comprehensive
action plan to address air pollution, which includes strategies and actions to reduce pollution levels.
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Implementation of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): The government has adopted the GRAP, a
comprehensive action plan to tackle air pollution during different pollution severity levels. It includes measures such as
restrictions on construction activities.
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Strengthening emissions control measures: The government has increased actions against prominent sources of
air pollution such as road and construction dust, vehicular emissions, and industrial pollution.

Air Quality Monitoring Network (AQMN) expansion: The state has expanded its air quality monitoring network to
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cover highly polluted areas. This helps in identifying sources of pollution and taking appropriate measures.

Micro-airshed approach: The government has adopted a micro-airshed approach, which involves intensive actions
against pollution sources in specific areas. This includes the delineation of micro-airsheds and the formulation of action
plans to address pollution effectively.
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Financial support and dedicated financing: Uttar Pradesh is mapping financial resources to address the financial
gaps in implementing clean air actions. Additionally, the government is working on the Uttar Pradesh Clean Air
Management Programme (UP-CAMP) to provide gap financing for airshed and micro-airshed-based strategies.
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Monitoring and coordination framework: The state has implemented a three-tier monitoring and coordination
framework to effectively coordinate and monitor clean air actions. Dedicated committees at the district, zonal, and state
levels oversee these efforts.

Robust monitoring infrastructure: Uttar Pradesh has developed an integrated platform for real-time monitoring of air
pollution sources. This includes the installation of Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS), PTZ cameras,
and smart meters to enhance industrial compliance and ensure effective monitoring.

Regional cooperation: The state advocates for regional cooperation in clean air actions, particularly in the Indo-
Gangetic Plains (IGP) airshed. It supports the establishment of a dedicated framework like the Centralized Air Quality
Management (CAQM) to coordinate and implement clean air measures.

Uttar Pradesh Clean Air Action Plan

Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, on the basis of values of Particulate Matter (PM10-Particle Matter Size less than
10 micron) in ambient air has identified 15 cities of Uttar Pradesh as Non-attainment cities: 1. Lucknow 2. Kanpur 3.

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Agra, 4. Prayagraj 5. Varanasi, 6. Ghaziabad, 7. Noida, 8. Khurza, 9. Firozabad 10.Anpara 11.Gajraula 12.Jhansi
13.Moradabad 14.Raebareli and 15.Bareilly

Salient Features of the action Plan

The Action Plans comprises of 06 Major categories as given below:-
1. Vehicle Emission Control
2. Suspension of Road Dust and Fugitive Emission Control
3. Control of Emissions form Biomass/ Crop residue/ Garbage/ Municipal Solid Waste burning
4. Control of Industrial Emissions
5. Control of Air Pollution from constructions and demolition activities.
6. Other Steps to Control Air Pollution

The Action Plans comprises of 58 Short and long term

Action Points:
• The short term (immediate) activities which don't need advance preparedness and are to be implemented by
concerned department/ agencies immediately.
• The long term action points require preparedness including making of DPRs, Sanctions, Budget allocation and
implementation.

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The Action Plan has to be implemented by 17 concerned Departments/ Agencies.
1. Transport Department

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2. National Highway Authority of India(NHAI)
3. Public Works Department (PWD)
4. Nagar Nigam/Nagar Palika Parishad
5. Development Authorities

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6. Vehicle Manufacturing Companies
7. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
8. Traffic Police
9. Food & Civil Supply (District Supply Officer)
10. Oil companies
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11. Forest Department
12. Irrigation Department
13. Agriculture Department
14. Urban Development Department
15. District Industries Centre (DIC)/ UPSIDC
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16. U.P.Pollution Control Board

17. Housing companies

Responsibilities of Departments/Agencies:
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1. Identify the personnel responsible for implementation and in-house monitoring of action plan.
2. Nominate and officer of the Level of special Secretary as Nodal Officer for implementation of action Plan.
3. Organize training/ orientation workshop at the city level.
4. Start immediate implementation of the short term action points.
5. Prepare DPR and issue Government orders etc within four week required for implementation
6. Sectioning of DPR within further two month.
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7. Decide timeline for work completion.

8. Ensure implementation of long term action plans.
9. Furnish monthly compliance report to UPPCB and Environment department of U.P in Prescribe Format by 7th
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of every month.

Indoor Air Pollution:

• Lives are lost due to traditional biofuel use.
• Exposure to Carbom monoxide (CO) is between 0.5 to 23.5 ppm during cooking period.
• Average exposure to SO2 is 133.9 ig/m3 during cooking period.
• Causes: Use of traditional biofuels (fuelwood,dung cake, straw, crop residue etc.)

Water Pollution:
• The major rivers in Uttar Pradesh, such as the Ganges and Yamuna, suffer from water pollution due to
industrial effluents, untreated sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and religious activities. This pollution
affects both the quality of water resources and the ecosystems dependent on them.
• 38.5% people of the state are facing water problems.
• Causes: Over exploitation by agriculture Inefficient management practices Population growth.

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Groundwater Pollution:
The Unavailability of safe and adequate drinking water and lack of sewerage and sanitation is the biggest
challenge in Uttar Pradesh.
The cities like Lucknow, Kanpur, Agra, Varanasi, Mathura, Aligarh, and Ghaziabad are witnessing rapid
ground water depletion and poor water quality at places.
In 2010, a study was conducted by the Minor Irrigation and Ground Water Department, revealed the big amount
of arsenic in the ground water of 49 districts of Uttar Pradesh. Report indicate that majority of the districts in
western Uttar Pradesh, including Meerut, Agra, Bijnore, Saharanpur, Badaun, Bareilly, Moradabad, Baghpat,
Gautam Buddh Nagar and Muzaffarnagar, have traces of arsenic in the ground water. In eastern UP, maximum
of arsenic was found in Ballia. On the basis of this report, government had identified the areas where dangerous
arsenic in ground water was found and taking precautions handpumps were marked by red colour.

River Pollution:
The rivers of Uttar Pradesh are dangerously polluted the major causes of river pollution have been sewage
waste, industrial waste, rural waste water mixed with pesticide, fertilizer and other chemicals, directly
flowing into rivers and disruption in the flow of the rivers.
The implementation of Yamuna Action plan phase I, phase II and Gomti Action Plan phase I and phase II by the
central government does not had major impact due to many socio-economic, political and administrative

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reasons.

Steps taken by UP government to control Water pollution:

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The Uttar Pradesh government has implemented several schemes and initiatives to control water pollution in the state.
Here are some specific steps taken:

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Namami Gange Programme: The state government has actively participated in the national Namami Gange
programme, which aims to rejuvenate the river Ganga and its tributaries. The government has undertaken various
activities such as the construction of sewage treatment plants (STPs), riverfront development, and cleaning drives
along the Ganga and its ghats.
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Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam: The Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam, the state's water and wastewater management authority,
plays a crucial role in water pollution control. It has implemented projects for the construction and upgradation of STPs,
sewage pumping stations, and sewage networks in different cities to treat domestic wastewater effectively.

Riverfront Development Projects: The state government has initiated riverfront development projects along major
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rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, and Hindon. These projects focus on creating eco-friendly infrastructure, recreational
spaces, and sewage treatment facilities to prevent untreated wastewater from entering the rivers.

Industrial Effluent Treatment: The government has mandated strict regulations for industries to treat their effluents
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before discharge. The Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) monitors industrial units and ensures
compliance with pollution control norms. Industries are required to install effluent treatment plants (ETPs) and regularly
submit water quality reports.

Neer Nirmal Pariyojana: The Neer Nirmal Pariyojana is a state-level scheme that aims to provide safe and clean
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drinking water to rural communities. The government has focused on constructing water treatment plants, improving
water supply infrastructure, and promoting community awareness about water pollution and hygiene practices.
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River Cleaning and Conservation Drives: The government organizes regular cleaning drives and awareness
campaigns to involve local communities in river conservation efforts. These initiatives aim to mobilize community
participation in cleaning riverbanks, preventing open defecation, and promoting responsible waste disposal practices.

Water Quality Monitoring: The UPPCB conducts regular water quality monitoring across the state to assess the
pollution levels in rivers, lakes, and groundwater sources. The collected data helps in identifying pollution sources,
formulating pollution control strategies, and taking corrective actions.

Rainwater Harvesting: The government promotes rainwater harvesting techniques to recharge groundwater and
reduce the dependency on surface water sources. Various initiatives, including the installation of rooftop rainwater
harvesting systems in government buildings and awareness campaigns, have been undertaken to encourage rainwater
harvesting practices.

Solid Waste Management:

The state faces significant challenges in solid waste management, with inadequate waste collection, improper
disposal, and limited recycling facilities. This leads to the accumulation of waste in urban areas, causing
environmental pollution and health hazards.

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Unhealthy practices prevailed among the large population of the state has aggravated the problem. The
government machinery is not successful in managing solid waste. Industrial Pollution of leather, sugar and power
projects etc. also became major source of pollution, affecting adversely the state in many ways. Kanpur, Gautam
Bhudda Nagar, Ghaziabad, Kaushambi, Raebareilly and Bulandshahar are the main industrial zones.

Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss:

Deforestation for urbanization, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development has resulted in the loss of
forest cover and biodiversity in Uttar Pradesh. This has ecological implications, including habitat destruction,
reduced water retention capacity, and increased vulnerability to climate change impacts.
Biodiversity and WildLife are also facing severe challenges in the state. The five biodiversity zones of Uttar
Pradesh are under tremendous pressure in terms of quality of water, climate change and loss on many species
etc.
Gangetic River Dolphin - a highly endangered freshwater mammal is under threat
Causes: Population pressure Development activities Encroachments Poaching Fuel wood collection.

Land Degradation and Soil Degradation:

Soil degradation is a concern in parts of Uttar Pradesh due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides, improper land management practices, and waterlogging. This affects agricultural productivity,

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water quality, and overall land sustainability.
Trend of using agricultural land for non- agricultural purposes has increased in UP in last 35 to 40 yerars.
Further, soil erosion, execessive use of fertilizers and pesticides and poor water management has been severely

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affecting the health of the soil in the state.
Causes: Inefficient, excessive irrigation Industrialization Urbanization Loss of forest/tree cover, Poor land
management

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Steps taken by UP government to control Land degradation and Soil pollution:
The Uttar Pradesh government has taken several steps to control soil pollution and address land degradation in the
state. Here are some specific schemes and examples:
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Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): Under this centrally sponsored scheme, the Uttar Pradesh government
promotes sustainable agriculture practices and soil conservation measures. The scheme focuses on the adoption of
organic farming, soil health management, and conservation agriculture techniques to minimize soil pollution and land
degradation.
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National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): The NMSA aims to enhance agricultural productivity while
ensuring the sustainability of natural resources. The Uttar Pradesh government implements various components of this
mission, such as soil health management, water conservation, and agroforestry, to prevent soil pollution and
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degradation.

Soil Health Card Scheme: The government has implemented the Soil Health Card Scheme to assess the nutrient
status of agricultural soils and provide farmers with customized recommendations for balanced fertilizer use. This
scheme helps in maintaining soil fertility, reducing soil pollution from excessive chemical inputs, and promoting
sustainable agricultural practices.
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Conservation Agriculture Development Program (CADP): CADP promotes conservation agriculture practices like
zero tillage, crop residue management, and crop rotation to improve soil health, prevent erosion, and reduce land
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degradation. The Uttar Pradesh government has been actively implementing this program to enhance agricultural
productivity while conserving soil resources.

Watershed Development Projects: The government has initiated watershed development projects across the state to
address soil erosion and land degradation issues. These projects focus on contour bunding, afforestation, construction
of check dams, and soil and water conservation measures to prevent soil pollution and improve soil health.

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM): The Uttar Pradesh government promotes the adoption of integrated nutrient
management practices among farmers. This approach combines organic manures, biofertilizers, and balanced
chemical fertilizers to improve soil fertility, minimize nutrient imbalances, and reduce the risk of soil pollution.

Land Reclamation and Rehabilitation: The government has implemented programs for land reclamation and
rehabilitation of degraded lands. Techniques such as contour plowing, reforestation, and afforestation are employed to
restore the fertility and ecological balance of degraded lands, mitigating soil pollution and erosion.

Research and Development: The Uttar Pradesh government supports research and development initiatives focused
on soil conservation, land management, and sustainable agriculture practices. Collaborations with agricultural
universities and research institutions help generate knowledge and innovative solutions to address soil pollution and
land degradation issues.

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Noise Pollution:
Urban centers in Uttar Pradesh, such as cities and commercial areas, face significant noise pollution
from traffic, construction activities, and public gatherings. Prolonged exposure to high noise levels can lead
to various health issues and impact the quality of life for residents.
The state of Uttar Pradesh is suffering from noise pollution as well. U.P. Government, banned the unauthorized
use of loudspeakers and public address systems at religious and public places across the state.

Steps taken by UP government to control Noise pollution:

The Uttar Pradesh government has implemented various measures to control noise pollution in the state. Here are
some specific schemes and examples:

Noise Pollution Control Rules: The government has adopted the Noise Pollution Control Rules under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. These rules prescribe permissible noise limits for different areas, time periods,

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and types of activities. The Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) is responsible for enforcing these rules and
monitoring noise pollution levels.

Creation of Silent Zones: The government has identified specific areas such as hospitals, educational institutions,

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and residential zones as silent zones or areas where noise levels need to be strictly controlled. These silent zones are
designated to provide a peaceful environment and protect vulnerable groups from excessive noise pollution.

Noise Monitoring and Assessment: The UPPCB conducts regular noise monitoring and assessment across different

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cities and districts in Uttar Pradesh. This helps in identifying areas with high noise levels and taking necessary actions
to mitigate noise pollution.

Public Awareness Campaigns: The government organizes public awareness campaigns to educate people about the
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harmful effects of noise pollution and the importance of reducing noise levels. These campaigns aim to create
awareness among citizens, industries, and commercial establishments about noise pollution control measures and the
need for cooperation.

Restriction on Use of Loudspeakers: The government has imposed restrictions on the use of loudspeakers and
public address systems, especially during nighttime hours. Permissions are required for organizing public events or
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using loudspeakers in residential areas, and strict enforcement is done to prevent excessive noise disturbances.

Crackdown on Honking: The government has launched initiatives to discourage unnecessary honking on roads.
Awareness drives, public campaigns, and enforcement actions are undertaken to reduce honking and promote
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responsible driving practices.

Noise Barriers and Soundproofing Measures: The government promotes the use of noise barriers and
soundproofing techniques in areas with high noise levels, such as near highways, airports, and industrial zones. These
measures help in reducing the transmission of noise and creating quieter environments.
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Collaboration with Transport Authorities: The Uttar Pradesh government collaborates with transport authorities to
enforce rules regarding noise emissions from vehicles. Strict checks are conducted on vehicles to ensure compliance
with noise emission standards, especially for commercial vehicles and public transport.
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Complaint Redressal Mechanisms: The government has established mechanisms for receiving and addressing
noise pollution-related complaints from the public. Complaint helplines and online platforms are available for citizens to
report instances of excessive noise and seek redressal.

Climate Change Vulnerability:

Uttar Pradesh is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including increased temperatures, changing rainfall
patterns, and extreme weather events. These changes can disrupt agricultural productivity, water availability,
and overall socioeconomic conditions in the state.

Issues:
Major problems affecting environmental policy implementation just as politicization of environmental issues in
case centre and state are ruled by different sets of political parties, lack of environmental sensitization in
political parties, environmental bureaucracy, lack of good governance, loopholes in environmental provisions,
insufficient role of the Ministry of Environment and Forest at the centre and in the state, ineffective role of State
Pollution Control Board, Jal Nigam and other enforcement agencies of the state.
Various socio-economic factors like poverty, population explosion and dormant civil society are also
responsible for environmental havoc in the state.

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Failure of effective mechanism to check pollution of surface water, ground water, disposal of hazardous and
municipal solid waste and contain land degradation, besides excessive exploitation of groundwater.

Measures to control Pollution

To control environmental pollution in Uttar Pradesh, the following measures can be implemented:

Strict Enforcement of Environmental Laws:

Rigorously enforce environmental regulations and increase surveillance to deter violations.
Strengthen penalties for non-compliance to ensure effective environmental protection.

Promote Cleaner Industrial Practices:

Encourage industries to adopt eco-friendly production techniques and technologies.
Enforce strict emission standards and regular monitoring of industrial pollution.

Improved Waste Management:

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Implement comprehensive waste management systems with proper waste segregation and recycling.
Enforce regulations for safe handling and disposal of hazardous waste.

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Encourage Renewable Energy Sources:
Promote the use of renewable energy like solar and wind power.
Provide incentives and support for the adoption of clean energy technologies.

Strengthen Urban Planning and Transportation:

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Prioritize sustainable urban planning practices and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure.
Promote electric vehicles and improve fuel quality for reduced emissions.
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Enhance Air Quality Monitoring:
Establish a robust air quality monitoring network for accurate assessment and informed decisions.
Make real-time air quality data accessible to the public.

Promote Awareness and Education:

Conduct public awareness campaigns about the impacts of pollution on health and the environment.
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Provide educational programs to promote environmentally friendly practices.

Strengthen Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process:

Ensure strict compliance with the EIA process for new projects.
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Evaluate potential environmental impacts and implement necessary mitigation measures.

Strengthen Institutional Capacity:

Invest in the capacity of regulatory agencies for effective enforcement.
Improve coordination between government departments involved in pollution control.
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Foster Stakeholder Participation:

Engage stakeholders in decision-making processes and involve them in pollution control efforts.
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Encourage collaboration between civil society, industry, and government for effective pollution management.

It is important to note that addressing environmental pollution requires a multi-sectoral and collaborative approach
involving government agencies, industries, civil society, and the public. Continuous monitoring, strict enforcement, and
sustained efforts are key to effectively control and mitigate pollution in Uttar Pradesh.

UP Pollution Control Board

U.P Pollution Control Board is a statutory organization entrusted to implement Environmental Laws and rules within the
jurisdiction of the state of Uttar Pradesh.
U.P. Water Pollution Prevention and Control Board, constituted on February 3, 1975, initially under the Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act., 1974, was consequently rechristened as U.P. Pollution Control Board on 13th July,1982,
subsequent to the enactment of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
The Board was also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess
Act, 1977 along with other responsibilities under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986.

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Principal functions of the Board , as spelt out in the Water Act, 1974 and Air Act, 1981 is the prevention , control
and abatement of water and air pollution. The main effort of the board is to assist the industries and entrepreneurs to
discharge their daily basic obligations to safe guard environment.

Functions of the board:

The following are the major functions being carried out by the U.P. Pollution Control Board in exercise of the
duties conferred on it under the Water Act, 1974; Water cess Act, 1977; Air Act, 1981; and Environment
Protection Act, 1986.
Issue of No Objection Certificates from the environmental pollution point of view including adequacy of the site
from the environmental angle.
Issue of Consent under provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
Issue of Consent under provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
Assessment and collection of Water Cess, under provision of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess
Act, 1977.
Identification and assessment of industrial and municipal pollution sources and control thereof.
Assessment of ambient air quality.
Assessment of quality of inland surface waters.

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Mass awareness programmes.
Notification of effluent and emission standards.
Development of Pollution Control technologies.
Instituting legal action against defaulters.

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Issue of Authorization under the Hazardous Waste Management Rule, 1989.
Identification of isolated storages, onsite crisis management plans etc. under the Manufacture, Storage and
Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989.
Implementation of Biomedical Waste Rules, 1998.

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Environmental Acts and power of state board
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THE WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

This Act was enacted for prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of
water. The Central and State Pollution Control Boards have been constituted under section 3 and 4 of the Act
respectively.
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POWER OF STATE BOARD :

To obtain information: On construction, installation or disposal system if it has any relevance to prevention or control of
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pollution.

Carry out any related work : If any industry fails to take up the same despite giving specific time bound notice by state
Board, for execution of such work any expenses incurred along with interest may be recovered from such person or
industry as arrears of land revenue.
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Collect and analyze samples of streams / wells or trade effluent : in case of trade effluent, in order to have legal
validity, person taking sample should give notice in prescribed form, divide the sample in two parts and seal if request
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made by industry in this behalf.

To give direction : State Board has power to give directions to any person/officer or authority, who will be bound to
comply with the directions. The direction may include direction for closure/prohibition or regulation of any industry
operation or process or stoppage/regulation of services like electricity, water etc. The direction should be in writing and
shall be (except under cases of grave injury to environment) followed by opportunity of being heard through a show
cause notice.

Enter and inspect any place for performing any of the functions of board or to assess compliance or to examine any
plants, records, documents etc. and seize, if necessary.

THE AIR (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981

This is an Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in the country so as to preserve the
quality of air. Central and State Boards constituted under section 3 and 4 of Water (Prevention and Control Pollution) Act,
1974 were deemed also as Central and State Boards for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution. The salient features of
the Act are:
The Act is applicable to whole India

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State Gov. in consultation with SPCB is vested with power to declare Air Pollution Control Area. in which
provisions of the Act shall be applicable. Presently entire Uttar Pradesh has been declared pollution control
area.
No person can establish or operate any industrial plant without the previous consent of State Pollution Control
Board.
Operating any industrial plant so as to cause emission of any air pollutant in excess of standard laid down by
state Board is liable for litigation by the board.

POWERS OF STATE BOARD :

Besides providing consultation to State Government for declaring or restricting an areas as Air Pollution Control Area,
State Board is vested with following powers :

Power of entry and inspection : Any person empowered by State Board shall have right to enter the industry premises
for determining the status of pollution control equipment or otherwise nessary for compliance of the Act, and the person
concerned of the industry shall be bound to render assistance as deemed necessary for ensuring measures, and carrying
out functions laid down in the Act.

Power to take samples : State Board or any person empowered by it shall have power to take samples of air or

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emission from any chimney, flue or any duct or any other outlet in such manner as may be prescribed.

Power to give direction : State Board may issue any direction to any person, authority including closure, prohibition or

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regulation of any industry and can also issue directives for the stoppage or regulation of supply of electricity. water or any
other services. The direction should however be preceded by proposed directive in writhing giving opportunity of being
heard unless grave injury to the environment is likely, in which proposed directive may be avoided.

THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986

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This is an Act to provide for the protection and improvement of environment and for matters connected there with. This is
a comprehensive umbrella legislation.
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Salient feature are :

Central Govt. or any officer delegated by it has powers to :

Take measures of protecting and Improving the quality of environment.
Laying down environmental standards.
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Laying down procedure, safeguards and remedial measures for accidents.

Laying down procedure and safeguards of handling of hazardous substances.
Carrying out investigation and research reality to problem of environment.
Obtaining information.
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Entry and inspection etc.

Giving directions including direction for closure, prohibition or regulations of industry/process/operation or
stoppage/regulation of supply of electricity. water or any other service.

Industries to be established in Doon valley area categorised under Red, Orange & Green category, where Red category
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is totally prohibited, orange category industries can come up with permission of Government when such permission is
sought by SPCB while green category industry can be established in approved industries are of Doon valley after
obtaining "No objection certificate' from the SPCB without referring the same to the central Govt.
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Hazardous wastes (Management & Handling Rules), 1989 (as amended in 2000):

Under these rules :

Every occupier and operator of a facility handling hazardous waste (categories of wastes notified) has to apply
and obtain authorization from State Pollution Control Board and also report accidents to SPCBs.
Import of hazardous wastes is banned for dumping and disposal. However, these may be allowed for processing
by Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.
The hazardous waste exporting country has to obtain permission from central govt. for proposed trans-boundary
movement of hazardous waste.
Identification, inventory and study of disposal site is responsibility of State Govt.

Hazardous chemicals (Manufacture, Storage & Import of hazardous chemicals) Rules, 1989:
Responsibilities of occupier dealing in hazardous chemicals (as listed in schedule) or involved in storage (beyond
threshold limits in schedule) include :
Identification of Major Accident Hazards (MAH) & take steps to prevent such accidents apart form providing
information, training & equipment to dealing persons.
Notify major accidents to concerned authorities.
Isolated storage : Account mentioned in Schedule 2 of Industrial activity regarding hazardous waste.

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Preparation of safety reports/updating such reports.

Preparation of on site Emergency Plan.
Preparation of Off - Site Emergency Plan responsibility of chief inspector of factories.
Import of Hazardous Chemicals: Person responsible for import of hazardous chemicals shall inform the details of
recipient port of entry, mode of transport quantity and product safety information. He shall abide by safety
communicated.

Biomedical Waste Rules 1998:

The rules relate to safe handling and management of biomedical waste being generated from hospitals, nursing
homes, research institutions, etc. standards for treatment and disposal has been laid down.
Each occupier of a facility handling these wastes must obtain authorization of State Pollution Control Board and
follow the provisions of the rules. Time schedule for installation of treatment facilities have to be followed.
Environmental Statement : This is mandatory for every industry, operation process requiring consent under
Water Act or Air Act or both or authorization under Hazardous Waste Management rules.
One special feature of EP Act 1986 is provision of taking cognizance of offence in court of law by any person
after giving notice of 60 days to Central Govt.

THE WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS ACT, 1977

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This is an Act to provide for the collection and levy of cess with a view to augment the resources of Pollution

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Control Board.
The Act is applicable to all states where Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act is in force except J & K.
The cess is payable by every person carrying on any industry and using water for various purposes.
The cess is based on water consumption, quality and purpose for which water is used.

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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT RULES 1994
Expansion or modernization of any activity which leads to extension of pollution load or a new project listed in
schedule - 1 to the rules shall not come into operation unless it requires the clearance of the central govt.
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THE PUBLIC LIABILITY INSURANCE ACT 1997
This Act has been enacted for redressed of the person who have been affected by accident occurring while
handling any hazardous substance.
The owner is liable to compensate the person (other that the workman) who have suffered to death or injury due
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to any accident.
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Climate change and related issues in UP

UP is also one of the highest emitting states of the country and contributes nearly 14% of national greenhouse
gases (GHG).
Fossil fuel consumption, power generation and agricultural activities are major factors responsible.
Uttar Pradesh represents about 21% of national fossil fuel consumption and 7% of national electricity
consumption.
Power generation in the state covers about 45% of the state CO2 emissions which is 15% of national power
related CO2 emissions.
Per capita emissions of Uttar Pradesh are 1.7 ton, and have increased by almost 50% since 1990. This value is
similar to the national average of 1.8 ton CO2 per person.

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Sonbhadra, Rae Bareli and Gautam Buddha Nagar are
the highest emitting districts majorly contributing to GHG emissions of the state.
Four coal based thermal power plants and India’s largest aluminum producing plant are the major CO2
emission sources of Sonbhadra district.

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In case of CH4 emissions, districts of Barbanki, Mathura and Mirzapur are the highest emitting districts.
Oil and gas refining acts as major emission source of Mathura. Kheri, Moradabad and Muzaffarnagar are the
highest N2O emitting districts of Uttar Pradesh having more than two third of the emissions from synthetic
fertilizer application.
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Climate Change Vulnerability analysis of Uttar Pradesh:
Vulnerabilities arising out of climate change are multidimensional and interlinked. Low adaptive capacity and high
exposure to climate change and variability are mainly responsible for the high vulnerability to climate change.
All the districts in the Bundelkhand and Vindya regions are highly vulnerable to climate change.
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The less or moderately vulnerable districts were observed mainly in the western plains, Midwestern plains,
Bhabhar and Tarai zones, and the south-western semi-arid regions.
Mixed pattern is seen in the central, eastern, and north-eastern plains.
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Vulnerability Map of Uttar Pradesh

Rainfall:

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Climate change can alter precipitation patterns, leading to changes in rainfall distribution and intensity. Some
areas may experience more frequent and intense rainfall events, while others may face prolonged dry periods.
These changes can affect the growth of forest vegetation and disrupt the natural water balance.
According to a report by MOEFCC on Uttar Pradesh State action plan on climate change. Annual rainfall
predicted to increase by 15% to 20% in the 2050′s as compared to the baseline and the increase is higher
towards 2080's (25% to 35%). Over the last decade maximum decline in total rainfall has been recorded in
western part followed by eastern and central parts of the state. The Bundelkhand region, which is basically
rainfed and recognized as drought prone area had comparatively less decline in total rainfall received.

Temperature:
Maximum temperature is predicted to increase by 2.1°c during pre monsoon followed by monsoon (1.8°c)
towards 2050's. Predicted increase in maximum temperature during post monsoon (5.3°c) followed by winter
(4.5°C) towards 2000's.
Inter annual variability in maximum temperature is predicted to increase towards 2050's and the variability is
higher during the winter season. 2080's show comparitively less inter annual variailty and predicted to be similar
to the inter annual variability of the baseline.

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Effect on Agriculture:
The Union ministry of agriculture acknowledged in 2019 that climate change is expected to reduce the state’s
output of wheat, maize, potatoes and milk. Agriculture is directly dependent on Temperature and rainfall.

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The distribution of seasonal rainfall has been highly erratic affecting cropping pattern, selection of crops and their
varieties and over all agricultural production.
Available trends indicate that agricultural productivity will decline up to 25% in irrigated areas which could be as
much as 50% in rainfed areas.

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Dominance of small and marginal farmers (about 92%) with small land holdings will make Uttar Pradesh more
Vulnerable to climate change. Inconsistent and erratic monsoon and water scarcity has substantially affected the
crop yields, cropped area and livestock in Bundelkhand region during the last 4-5 years.
Therefore, area specific crop planning and identification of appropriate crops and their varieties is needed to
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protect the farmers especially small and marginal from the adverse weather aberrations. Therefore, farmers have
to be provided accurate and precise weather forecasting and Agro-advisories on regular basis through various
dissemination methods and techniques.

Effect on Forest:
Climate change will impact forest dependent communities and their livelihoods.
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Increased climatic variability and prolonged droughts and higher temperatures can result in increased fire
incidence and lead to forest degradation.
Rising temperatures due to climate change can lead to increased evaporation, drying out the soil and affecting
the moisture levels in forests. Higher temperatures also increase the risk of wildfires, which can have devastating
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effects on forest ecosystems.

Other impacts could potentially include advancing/late unfolding, blossoming, and ripening in the leaves and fruit
of wild plants; and of patterns of hibernation, migration, and breeding of wildlife in mountain regions and changes
in synchronous relationships between predators and prey, as well as those between insects and plants,
proliferation of existing weeds and evolution of new phenotypes, even the formation of novel species’
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associations and other ecological surprises.

Species that are more tolerant to warmer conditions may thrive, while others that are adapted to cooler
temperatures may decline. This can result in changes in the overall structure and biodiversity of forest
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ecosystems. A change in forest types is projected in the southern part of Chandauli, Chitrakoot and Mirzapur,
north-western part of Khetri, Sonbhadra and parts of Pilibhit, Agra and Lalitpur districts. The forests in some of
the districts of Uttar Pradesh are projected to be adversely impacted by climate change by 2030.

Effect on water availability:

Many semi-arid and arid areas are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change and are projected to
suffer a decrease of water resources (high confidence)”.
Changes in climate variables like temperature increases can affect the hydrologic cycle by directly increasing
evaporation of available surface water and vegetation transpiration. Consequently, these changes can influence
precipitation amounts, timings and intensity rates, and indirectly impact the flux and storage of water in surface
and sub-surface reservoirs i.e. lakes, soil moisture, and groundwater. Climate change can impact surface water
resources directly through changes in the major long-term climate variables such as air temperature,
precipitation, and evapotranspiration.
Rapid warming in the Himalaya, in turn melting glaciers faster, also has a significant impact on the state, which
lies in the Ganga basin.
An August 2021 study found that “melting snow and glaciers will swell the [Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra]
rivers, and changed seasonality will affect farming, other livelihoods and the hydropower sector, while causing
floods downstream”.

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State Action Plan on Climate Change:

The state has formulated action plan for seven missions
(1) Sustainable agriculture mission
(2) Solar Mission
(3) Energy Efficiency Mission
(4) Green UP Forestry Mission
(5) Jal Mission
(6) Strategic Knowledge Mission
(7) Sustainable Habitat Mission.
The state has covered 93 priorities under seven missions in this exercise.

Details of missions:

Sustainable agriculture mission

Uttar Pradesh contributes 19% to the national food grain basket.
Disadvantaged regions and economically backward communities will be disproportionately

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affected due to Climate change, leading to increased food costs due to reduced availability.
The dominance of small and marginal farmers (92%) makes Uttar Pradesh more vulnerable to
climate change.

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Inconsistent monsoons and water scarcity have already significantly affected crop yields,
cropped area, and livestock in the Bundelkhand region in recent years.
It is crucial to develop and implement a well-planned strategy to adapt to the changing climate
and ensure food security.

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KEY PRIORITIES: AGRICULTURE MISSION
Establishment of climate change and agriculture cell/ Coordination & Monitoring
Identification of Vulnerable areas and assessing Vulnerability
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Establishment of Climate Field Schools (CFS) (One in each block)
Use of organic manures (One village per block per year)
Soil Management Practices (Farm machineries in adopted villages)
Popularization of aerobic rice cultivation methods in identified rice villages
Popularisation of Agro-forestry in identified villages
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Climate responsive research programmes

Solar Mission:
Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of energy-poor individuals in India.
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Climate change will increase the need for space cooling, heating, and industrial energy demand.
Uttar Pradesh, being the largest emitter of CO2, must assess these implications.

KEY PRIORITIES: SOLAR MISSION

Promotion of solar water heating systems
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Promotion and implementation of standalone systems e.g. solar street lighting systems
Deployment of solar pumps in irrigation
Addition of 500 MW of grid interactive solar power in five years to bridge the conventional
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energy demand-supply gap.

Energy Efficiency:
There is significant potential for energy efficiency improvement in Uttar Pradesh in agriculture,
municipalities, and small industries sectors.
Seven energy-intensive clusters have been identified in the state: Cold Storages, Carpet,
Pottery, Brass, Foundry, and Glass Clusters.
In the rural domestic sector, major avenues for energy savings include replacing GLS bulbs with
CFLs and adopting BEE star labeled domestic appliances such as ceiling fans, refrigerators, AC
units, and tube lights.
Overall, there is a possibility of achieving energy savings of 30-40% in the state.

KEY PRIORITIES: ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Audits should be strictly enforced for all government buildings
Sensors/Timers in the Street Lights should be made mandatory
Reduction of Transmission & Distribution Losses in Power Sector
Energy conservation Building Code (ECBC) may be made mandatory for New Government
office Buildings and all new commercial buildings.

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Government Taxes & Duties may be lowered on energy efficient technologies like LED, Solar
etc.
Rain Water Harvesting mandatory for all buildings

Green UP (Forestry) Mission

Rapid increases in human and cattle population, poverty incidence, and industrial growth have
created a situation where the demand for forest resources surpasses their natural ability to
sustain conflicting needs.
Climate change will impact forests in Uttar Pradesh. By the 2030s, approximately 7.04% of
forested grids will be affected, increasing to 35.64% by the 2080s.
Forest types are projected to change in districts such as Chandauli, Chitrakoot, Mirzapur, Khetri,
Sonbhadra, Pilibhit, Agra, and Lalitpur.
To enhance adaptation and mitigation efforts, investment programs and research priorities have
been identified, including convergence with other departments such as agriculture, irrigation,
and urban development.

KEY PRIORITIES: GREEN UP MISSION

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Plantation (Afforestation and Reforestation) by Forest Department
Road side/canal side plantation
Enhance agro Forestry

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Density Improvement programme
Enhancement of Private Plantation by Land Owners

Jal Mission:

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Semi-arid and arid areas are highly vulnerable to climate change, with projected decreases in
water resources.
Climate changes can affect precipitation amounts, timing, and intensity, indirectly affecting water
flux and storage in reservoirs such as lakes, soil moisture, and groundwater.
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Annual rainfall is predicted to increase by 15-20% in the 2050s compared to the baseline, with
higher increases towards the 2080s (25-35%).
Interannual rainfall variability is expected to be higher towards the 2080s.
Greater rainfall variability may lead to frequent and prolonged periods of high or low
groundwater levels and saline intrusion in aquifers.
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KEY PRIORITIES: JAL MISSION

Reducing Gap between Irrigation Potential Created and
Increasing Water Use Efficiency (on-farm water management)
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Completion of New and Ongoing Projects

Survey and Investigation
Research and development
Training and Capacity Building
Management of urban storm water and STP
Rainwater harvesting
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Strategic Knowledge Mission

The state mission on strategic knowledge on climate change aims to establish a dynamic
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knowledge system to address vulnerabilities and seize mitigation opportunities.

Strategic knowledge on climate change refers to the necessary knowledge for stakeholders to
respond effectively to climate change.
It proposes the creation of a Climate Science Research Fund under the Climate Change
authority to improve climate modeling.

KEY PRIORITIES: STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE MISSION

Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Management,
Knowledge dissemination and capacity building, M&E activities
Funding from Climate change research fund to Dedicated
Research Centers at Universities/Colleges
Publicity through TV/AIR/Hoardings & Buses
Integrate Climate Change agenda with National Green
Corps activities and District Plan activities

Sustainable Habitat Mission:

The mission consists of three components: Sustainable Habitat, Sustainable Transport, and
Health issues related to climate change.

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Uttar Pradesh has 630 urban local bodies, accounting for 16% of all urban local bodies in India.
Approximately 22% of the state's population resides in urban areas, and by 2016, it is expected
to reach nearly 30%.
A sustainable city requires proper land use planning, improved civic facilities, clean drinking
water supply, well-planned and decongested roads, drainage systems, sanitation, waste
disposal, sewerage systems, street lighting, parks, and a clean environment.
The mission also includes the development of rapid transit systems to reduce private transport
usage.

KEY PRIORITIES: SUSTAINABLE HABITAT MISSION

Urban water supply and sewerage scheme including solid waste management taking in to
account the climate change related vulnerability
Sustainable city roads and buildings with proper low carbon habitation plan: housing for all,
transit corridors, parking (Awas bandhu)
Water Metering to improve efficiency
Creation of Urban Infrastructure Fund
Management of Storm Water

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Four-laning of roads to connect district headquarters and avoid traffic congestion and improved
city mobility plan
Bus rapid transit systems

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Energy efficient street lighting plan

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Question: While, Discussing the sources of emission of greenhouse gases in Uttar Pradesh, also give
solution.
Answer: UP is also one of the highest emitting states in the country and contributes about 14% to the
national greenhouse gases (GHG). Fossil fuel consumption, electricity generation and agricultural
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activities are the major responsible factors. Uttar Pradesh represents about 21% of national fossil fuel
consumption and 7% of national electricity consumption

Sources of Emission: Greenhouse gas emissions in Uttar Pradesh mainly originate from various sectors
including energy, transportation, industry, agriculture and waste management. The burning of fossil fuels
for energy production, vehicle emissions, industrial processes, agricultural activities and waste
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decomposition are major contributors to GHG emissions in the state.

energy sector: The energy sector, including electricity generation, is a significant source of GHG
emissions in Uttar Pradesh. Reliance on fossil fuel-based power plants contributes to carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions. However, the state is working on increasing the share of renewable energy sources
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such as solar and wind power to reduce carbon emissions.

Agriculture and Livestock: Agricultural activities, including rice cultivation, livestock farming and the use
of chemical fertilizers, contribute to GHG emissions in Uttar Pradesh. Methane (CH4) emissions from
paddy fields and enteric fermentation from livestock are important sources of GHGs in agriculture.
Industrial Emissions: Uttar Pradesh has various industries, including manufacturing, construction and
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small-scale enterprises, which contribute to GHG emissions through processes such as fossil fuel
combustion, industrial emissions and chemical reactions. Emissions from industries contribute to CO2,
methane and other GHGs.
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Waste Management: Improper waste management practices, including open burning and inadequate
waste disposal systems, contribute to GHG emissions in Uttar Pradesh. Methane emissions from
landfills are a significant concern. However, the state is taking steps to improve waste management
practices and promote waste-to-energy projects to reduce emissions.
To address the challenge of GHG emissions and climate change, Uttar Pradesh is implementing various

initiatives, which include:

Promotion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy.

To encourage energy efficiency measures in industries, buildings and transport.
Implementing sustainable agricultural practices to reduce emissions from farming and
livestock.
Improving waste management practices, including waste segregation, recycling and waste-to-
energy conversion.
Reforestation and afforestation programs to enhance carbon sequestration and reduce net
emissions.

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Creating awareness and promoting behavior change among individuals and communities to
adopt low carbon lifestyles and practices.

It is important for Uttar Pradesh as well as the global community to continue working towards reducing

greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the effects of climate change and promote a sustainable future.

Weather forecasting issues in UP:

Weather forecasting in Uttar Pradesh faces several challenges that can affect the accuracy and reliability of predictions.
Some of the key issues include:

Limited Weather Monitoring Infrastructure: Uttar Pradesh has a vast geographical area, and the distribution of
weather monitoring stations across the state may be inadequate. The availability and density of weather stations play a
crucial role in capturing accurate and localized weather data necessary for forecasting.

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Inadequate Data Collection: Weather forecasting relies on a vast amount of data, including temperature, humidity, wind
speed, and precipitation. In some regions of Uttar Pradesh, the collection of comprehensive and timely weather data may

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be limited. Insufficient data can lead to less accurate forecasts and hinder the ability to predict severe weather events.

Urbanization and Land Use Changes: Rapid urbanization and land use changes in Uttar Pradesh can impact local
weather patterns. The expansion of urban areas, changes in land cover, and the influence of urban heat islands can

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introduce microclimatic variations that are challenging to capture accurately in weather models.

Topographic Complexity: Uttar Pradesh features diverse topography, ranging from plains to hilly regions. The complex
terrain poses challenges in accurately predicting weather phenomena, such as local winds, precipitation distribution, and
temperature variations.
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Monsoon Dynamics: Uttar Pradesh experiences a significant impact from the Indian monsoon, which brings seasonal
rainfall. Forecasting the timing, intensity, and spatial distribution of monsoon rains can be challenging due to the complex
dynamics of the monsoon system and its interactions with other atmospheric patterns.
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High Variability of Weather Patterns: Uttar Pradesh exhibits a wide range of weather patterns throughout the year,
including cold winters, hot summers, and transitional seasons. The high variability in weather conditions can make
accurate forecasting more challenging, especially during transitional periods when rapid changes in temperature and
weather occur.
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Communication and Dissemination of Forecasts: The effective communication and timely dissemination of weather
forecasts to the public and relevant stakeholders are essential for preparedness and response to severe weather events.
Ensuring that weather forecasts reach the intended audience in a timely and understandable manner can be a logistical
challenge.
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Efforts are underway to address these challenges by improving weather monitoring infrastructure, enhancing data
collection networks, employing advanced modeling techniques, and promoting awareness and preparedness among the
public. Continuous investments and advancements in weather forecasting technology and infrastructure can contribute to
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better and more reliable weather predictions in Uttar Pradesh.

RO/ARO TEST SERIES LAUNCHING SOON

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Topic : UP Science and Technology

TOPICS COVERED :

• Science and Technology: Its issues, advancements, and

efforts in U P.

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Science and Technology: Its issues, advancements, and efforts in U P.

Uttar Pradesh is the state representing the largest population of the country.1 trillion by 2027 along with the
development of various sectors, special attention is also being given to science and technology to create an
economy. The government has done many important works in this direction.

Information Technology and IT-Enabled Services (ITES):

Uttar Pradesh has been actively promoting the IT and ITES sector in the state.
Noida and Lucknow Cities like these have emerged as major IT hubs, attracting investments and
companies in software development, IT consultancy, BPO and other IT-enabled services.
The state government is providing infrastructure support, setting up IT parks and organizing technology-
focused events to promote the IT industry.

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Startup and Innovation Policy:

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Uttar Pradesh has launched a scheme to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation in the state. Startup
and Innovation Policy started
Policy aims to create a supportive ecosystem for startups by providing financial incentives,
incubation centers, mentorship programs and access to funding.

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It focuses on sectors such as information technology, biotechnology, renewable energy and manufacturing.

Digital initiative:
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The state government is implementing various digital initiatives to enhance governance and service
delivery.
These include development of digital platforms for citizen services, online payment systems and e-
governance applications. It aims to improve transparency, efficiency and accessibility of government
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services.

E-Governance:
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Uttar Pradesh is leveraging technology to streamline government processes and provide efficient public
services.
State portals and mobile apps to facilitate digital access and deliver government services at the grassroots
level, E-District Project and Common Service Center (CSC) Initiatives like
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Smart City:
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Many cities of Uttar Pradesh are included in the Smart City Mission, It is a national program focused on
transforming cities through technology and infrastructure development.
These cities are implementing smart solutions such as intelligent transport systems, digital governance
platforms, smart grids and waste management systems to improve quality of life and sustainable
development.

Renewable energy:
The state is making progress in renewable energy development. Uttar Pradesh is actively promoting solar
power projects, in which Solar parks, rooftop solar installations and solar power plants are included.
Wind power and biomass power generation efforts are also being made to find out.

Education and Skill Development:

Uttar Pradesh is investing in technology-enabled education and skill development initiatives.

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IT Training Center will be established, promoting digital literacy and incorporating technology into
educational institutions to enhance learning outcomes and equip students with skills relevant to the digital
age.

Information Technology
In the state in 1974 State Information Technology Department was established which was converted
into the Department of Information Technology and Electronics in 1998.
Electronics Manufacturing Policy 2020, has been brought with the aim of making Uttar Pradesh an
electronics manufacturing hub.
It aims to create three lakh jobs by 2022 with an investment of about Rs 20,000 in electronic system design
and manufacturing.
Recently, under the state's new Information Technology (IT) policy, the government nnounced to make an
IT park in every circle.

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Software Technology Park (Noida Kanpur and Lucknow Prayagraj) E-Procurement, National E-
Governance Program Center for Governance Uttar Pradesh, Swan Project, State Data Center, E-District

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Project etc. are running.
Under Uttar Pradesh Information Technology and Electronics Department to promote electronics
manufacturing UP Electronics Corporation Limited and UPDESCO has been constructed.

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It helps in providing technical options to schemes and programs and in data management. The same
Electronics Corporation Limited of the smart state contributes in the areas of governance, e-commerce,
education, software development, e-business etc. to fulfill the goal.
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It is becoming the carrier of not only economic but also social development. It is noteworthy that Women
Power Line 1090 and Dial 112 are being run through UP Desko which are helpful in reducing crime.

UP Electronics Manufacturing Policy 2020

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Uttar Pradesh is one of the largest states in India with a GDP of over US$ 200 billion and the largest consumer
base with a population of around 240 million. Various infrastructures have been developed by the government such
as - Metro Rail, Expressways, freight corridors, IT cities, IT parks and electronics manufacturing clusters, etc. The
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state has a rich base of skilled manpower and IITs, IIMs, IIITs have been established to meet the demands of the
industries. etc. prestigious institutions exist. 'U.P. Electronics Manufacturing Policy 2020' announced to give
impetus to the electronics system design manufacturing ecosystem.
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UP Electronics Manufacturing Policy 2020 - Key Points

Mission
o To establish Uttar Pradesh as the most preferred destination for the electronics industry.
o ESDM A world-class ecosystem in the state for industry to be constructed.
o Micro, small and medium enterprises to be developed as a means of development of the economy.
o To promote a culture of research, innovation and entrepreneurship.
o To create a high quality sector-specific talent pool for the benefit of the industries.
Electronics with government / private cooperation in the entire stateSystem Design Manufacturing Parks
To establish

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This policy will be implemented in different parts of the state for the manufacture of mobile, consumer
goods, telecommunication, information technology, hardware, medical and defense equipment.Three
Electronics Manufacturing Clusters reflects the establishment of:
1. Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) Establishment of Electronic
City in District Gautam Budh Nagar, near Jewar Airport.
2. Defense Electronics Manufacturing Cluster in Bundelkhand.
3. Medical Electronics Manufacturing in Lucknow-Unnao-Kanpur Zone.
Infrastructure support to micro, small and medium enterprise units render.
The financial incentives under this policy will be in addition to the financial incentives of the Government of
India.
Taken from notified banks / financial institutions for units with investment up to 200 crores Interest
subvention of 5% per annum will be reimbursed on the loan (at the rate of interest).
Maximize all ESDM units 50% exemption from electricity duty for 10 years will be provided.
24x7 operation and employment of women will be allowed in three shifts.

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The government is giving a 50 percent subsidy on the present value of the land to the companies investing
in the Bundel section and Purvanchal regions of Uttar Pradesh.
In the scheme, 15% subsidy will be provided by the government on the investment capital of the investors.

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Apart from this, there is a provision to give an additional subsidy of 10% on investment above 1000 crores.

Benefits of New Electronics Manufacturing Policy of Uttar Pradesh

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From the new electronics manufacturing policy of Uttar Pradesh About 4 lakh people will get
employment in the next five years And all the areas of Purvanchal and Bundelkhand of Uttar Pradesh
will develop rapidly.
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With this manufacturing policy, the Prime Minister's Self-reliant India campaign will get speed.
From this policy in Uttar Pradesh Foreign investors will be attracted which will be helpful in establishing
a global manufacturing hub and there will be reduction in unemployment level in the state.
due to corona The decreased GDP of the country will increase.
On the lines of Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh and development of smart cities will happen.
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Uttar Pradesh Information Technology Policy 2022

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Globally, the IT and ITeS market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9 percent per
annum and reach $11.86 trillion in FY 2025-26. The IT and ITES sector has emerged as a massive growth driver
with immense potential, especially in developing countries.
The IT and ITES sector accounts for about 8 percent of India's GDP in 2020 and is the largest contributor to
total exports.
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Uttar Pradesh (UP), the most populous state and the second largest economy in the country, Known as the IT hub
of North India, it ranks 6th in software exports in the country.
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The IT and ITES sector provides direct employment to more than 12 lakh persons in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Under the UP Information Technology Policy 2017 - 22, the state had received investment proposals worth about
6,300 crores with employment of about 53,000 persons.

The purpose of the State of Uttar Pradesh is to achieve the following objectives through this Information
Technology and Sophisticated Services Policy:-

Objective:
1. Infrastructure Development
2. Innovation Promotion
3. Capacity Building
4. Investment Promotion
5. Export Promotion
6. Increase in employment

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7. Promotion of regional development

Infrastructure Development
To meet the growing demand for innovative and advanced technologies by developing IT Parks, IT Cities

Innovation promotion:
Fostering Innovation Ecosystem
Establishment of centers of excellence and
Focus on emerging technologies
Promotion of research and development.

Capacity building:

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Upgrading the skill level of existing and young workforce on next generation technology

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Investment Promotion:
Promotion of investor facilitation.
To make Uttar Pradesh a preferred investment destination for technology companies.

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To attract domestic and foreign investment during the policy period.

Export promotion
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Providing single window clearance for this sector in Uttar Pradesh.
To promote the export potential of the IT/ITES sector of the State.

Increase employment:
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To provide Statewide opportunities for direct and indirect employment by giving special incentives to
promote local employment.
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Promote regional development

To promote IT penetration and balanced regional development through additional incentives for
establishment of IT/ITES units in the entire state.
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Infrastructure enhancement
STPI (STPI) developed in collaboration with Uttar Pradesh Government at present in Noida, Meerut,
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Lucknow, Kanpur and Prayagraj in the state. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) Parks
operated.
Financial assistance will be provided by the state government for the development of one greenfield IT park
in each revenue circle of the state except Gautam Budh Nagar and Ghaziabad districts.
The state government is trying to develop an IT city in each region of Paschimanchal (Agra district of Taj
Trapezium region), Madhyanchal, Purvanchal and Bundelkhand and thus pave the way for establishment
of IT units in the entire state.

Fostering Innovation Ecosystem For this, efforts should be made to establish centers of excellence and promote
research and development support.
Skill development for this, the Uttar Pradesh Skill Development Mission will provide assistance in imparting
training on courses related to the IT sector.
Information and Technology in Uttar Pradesh Provision has been made for subsidy, grant, tax exemption,
reduction in stamp duty on setting up units related to agriculture.

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Transforming the IT landscape of Uttar Pradesh to establish itself as a trusted and leading global hub for
Information Technology with high potential talent pool and world class IT infrastructure, promoting innovation and
leading the entire state towards a sustainable economic development.

IT/ITES related infrastructure augmentation works by the Government of Uttar Pradesh:

Uttar Pradesh already has a large number of IT/ITES companies which have set up their units in the state.

IT City
An IT city requires 100 to 500 acres of land which is used as processing and non-processing area,
usually in the ratio of 60:40.
The processing sector will include only IT units such as IT companies, BPOs, KPOs etc. The non-
processing area will have residential facilities, public utility offices/facilities/commercial areas, education,

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health and open areas.

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HCL has set up a dedicated IT City on 100 acres for operational and skill development activities in
collaboration with the State Government of Uttar Pradesh.
STPI (STPI) developed in collaboration with Uttar Pradesh Government at present in Noida, Meerut,

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Lucknow, Kanpur and Prayagraj in the state. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI).
Another IT park in Agra will become operational soon.
Three more STPI parks are being developed in the cities of Varanasi, Bareilly and Gorakhpur.
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The State Government will provide a boost to the IT ecosystem by supporting the development of ready-to-
occupy workspaces at easily accessible locations, which will facilitate IT/ITES units to start their operations
within the State immediately.
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IT Park
Except in the districts of Gautam Budh Nagar and Ghaziabad, the state government will appoint one in
each revenue circle of the state. Greenfield IT Park financial assistance will be provided for the
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development.
The Taj Trapezium Sector proposed IT park will be set up in any district covered by the Taj Trapezium
area in the mandals related to it.
Within each revenue circle Capital expenditure assistance for construction of IT Park on a first come
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first serve basis will be provided.

Paschimanchal (Agra district of Taj Trapezium region), Madhyanchal, Purvanchal and Bundelkhand by the
state government -To develop an IT city in each region and in this way, there is an effort to pave the way
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for the establishment of IT units in the entire state.

The Government will encourage developers/consortium of developers for development of dedicated state-
of-the-art IT City with modern facilities at par with global standards.

IT Parks
IT parks are constructed with a minimum floor area of 15,000 sqm.
The premises may or may not include public utility offices/facilities.
75% of the allocable area should be allotted for IT activities.
Most of the technical infrastructure in an IT park like optical fiber connectivity, broadband connectivity,
Wi-Fi access, video conferencing facilities etc. is similar to that of an IT city. An IT park is a subset of an
IT city with an entire area devoted primarily to IT activities.

In line with Hon'ble Prime Minister's vision of 'Digital India' and 'Reform, Perform and Transform' mantra, the
Government of Uttar Pradesh is transforming itself into a digitally empowered society and a knowledge-economy,
leading to a $1 trillion economy by 2027. The way to become is being paved.

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Uttar Pradesh Data Center Policy, 2021:

At present, 20 percent of the world's total data is generated in India, while the country has only 2 percent
of its storage capacity, due to which most of the country's data is protected outside the country.
In view of rapidly increasing data traffic and usage and privacy, the demand for data protection is
continuously increasing in the country itself.
The presentation of the Data Protection Bill in the Parliament by the Government of India in December,
2019 underlines the importance of keeping the country's data in the country.
On January 25, 2021, the Uttar Pradesh Cabinet approved the Uttar Pradesh Data Center Policy, 2021.

UP Data Center Policy-2021:

Uttar Pradesh under this policy Preferred Investment Destination for the Data Center Industry to be
installed as

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Head of this policy Objective To create a world class data center ecosystem in the state by attracting
investments from global and Indian investors and attracting MSMEs/start ups to support localization of
the data center industry.

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The main objective of this policy -
o A 250 megawatt data center industry is to be developed in the state.
o 20,000 crore investment in the state is to be attracted.

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o At least 3 state-of-the-art private data center parks and the target is to set up 10 data center
units.
o Under the policy, capital subsidy, interest subvention to data center parks and units, on
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purchase / lease of land stamp duty exemption will be given.
On purchase/lease of land from state agencies, at prevailing sector rates of land 25 percent in
Madhyanchal and Paschimanchal regions and 50 percent in Bundelkhand and Purvanchal
regions.
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For the establishment of data center parks and units in Bundelkhand and Purvanchal system of
additional incentives has been done.
Apart from financial incentives related to electricity, various types of non-financial incentives will also be
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given to parks and units.

For effective implementation Department of Information Technology and Electronics. A nodal
agency will be nominated under the Government of Uttar Pradesh.
To create a favorable policy environment for sustainable development of data center ecosystem in the
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state nodal agency will be responsible

To act as a single window for investors to get timely approval Nivesh Mitra Portal will be used.
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Project Management Unit (PMU) Marketing and branding strategy will be prepared by
On the recommendation of the empowered committee Projects above Rs 200 crore will be approved
by the state cabinet.

India's 375 MW data center capacity is growing rapidly as per current estimates and more than 750 MW capacity
is expected to be added by the end of 2025. This capacity addition will require greenfield investments equivalent
to US$ 4.9 billion to fuel future growth of the sector. Recently, the state of Uttar Pradesh has announced the
setting up of four data center parks with an investment of over Rs 15,950 crore.

Space technology
Some prominent places in the country to promote space research activities from 2018 Space Technology
Incubation Center (STIC) have been established.
Regional Educational Center(RACS) established in Varanasi along with some other places

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Realizing the potential of remote sensing technology to address the problems of agricultural ground water
level etc. of Uttar Pradesh, the Government of Uttar Pradesh has a 'Remote Sensing Application Center'
in Lucknow decided to set up.
Satellite Best Computer Interactive Center in Lucknow Auditorium It has been established that
teaching work is done through lectures on various subjects of this science.
Indira Gandhi Planetarium Lucknow, Veer Bahadur Singh Planetarium Gorakhpur, Aryabhatta Planetarium
Rampur, Mobile Planetarium, Jawahar Nakshatra School Prayagraj etc. have been established in the state
to create awareness among people about astronomy.

Biotechnology
Uttar Pradesh is a biologically diverse state, it represents the largest population, apart from this, its
agricultural diversity is also very high, from agricultural industry to food and nutrient management, to
biotechnology for areas such as medicine and health. In 1998-99, a special initiative of biotechnology

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has been started in the state.
Biotechnology Policy of 2004 It has been announced to provide prominence in the region and to attract

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industrial investment and to encourage biotechnology research and development. Under this policy, a 33-
member Biotechnology Development Board has also been constituted under the chairmanship of the Chief
Minister.
In Lucknow Biotechnology Park, Biofertilizer Project Biotech Networking Facility, production of Blue

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Green Algae biofertilizer, setting up units to demonstrate composting from earthworms, setting up
units to demonstrate biodiesel, and a cloning garden project is being promoted .
Lucknow has been declared the Biotechnology City of India in 2002.
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Technology in Education and UP
Educational technology, with edtech Education in Uttar Pradesh is playing a vital role in changing the scenario. The
State is actively leveraging educational technology to enhance teaching and learning processes, improve access to
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quality education and bridge the digital divide. Some of the major aspects of educational technology in Uttar
Pradesh are as follows:
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Digital learning platform:

Uttar Pradesh is adopting digital
learning platforms to provide access
to educational resources and online
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courses.
These platforms offer a wide range
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of educational content including

textbooks, videos, interactive
modules and practice exercises.
They enable students to learn at
their own pace and enhance their
understanding of various subjects.
To promote online education, the
Basic Education Department of Uttar Pradesh has set a target of playing one crore content daily on the
Diksha portal.

Virtual Classroom:
Virtual classrooms have gained popularity in Uttar Pradesh, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
These platforms facilitate online teaching and learning, allowing students and teachers to interact in real
time through video conferencing, chat tools, and collaboration features.
Virtual classes have been instrumental in ensuring continuity of education during these challenging times.

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E-learning resources:
The state is investing in e-learning resources to complement traditional classroom teaching.
Digital content in the form of educational videos, animations, simulations and online quizes is being used to
make learning engaging and interactive.
These resources cater to a variety of subjects, grade levels, and learning styles.

Digital effort for primary and secondary education

Sharda Online Portal - For school attendance every day
Diksha App - National E-Learning Platform
Prerna Portal - To ensure the attendance of teachers
'Samarth' technical system - for educational adjustment of disabled children
Portal Parakh - Pragyan Portal for Online Monitoring of Schools - E-Library Portal

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Pragyan Portal - Basic facilities of the school
Portal Pahunch -Mapping of Unserved areas
Pankh Portal - For Students Career Council

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Smart Project Eye - Control and Monitoring - CCTV etc
PM E-Vidya Channel, Swayam Prabha Channel

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Digital Evaluation:
To streamline the examination process in Uttar Pradesh and provide quick response to the students
technology based assessment and evaluation methods are being adopted.
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Online assessment, computer-based testing and automated grading systems help reduce manual workload
and improve the efficiency of the assessment process.
For example, the digital evaluation process is being adopted in Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University.
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Skill development program:

Uttar Pradesh is focusing on skill development initiatives to prepare students for the workforce of the future.
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Educational technology is being used to offer online skill development programs and vocational courses.
These programs equip students with industry-relevant skills and enhance their employability.

Teacher Training and Professional Development:

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Educational technology is also being used for teacher training and professional development in
Uttar Pradesh.
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Online workshops, webinars and training programs enable teachers to upgrade their pedagogical skills,
learn new teaching methodologies and stay updated with the latest educational trends.

Digital Infrastructure:
The state government is working on improving the digital infrastructure in schools and colleges.
This includes setting up computer labs, providing internet connectivity and equipping educational
institutions with necessary hardware and software to support educational technology integration.

Open Educational Resources (OERs):

Open educational resources are freely available educational materials that can be accessed online.
Uttar Pradesh is promoting the use of OERs to reduce educational costs, improve access to quality
content, and encourage collaborative learning.
Open educational resources (OER) platforms provide textbooks, lecture notes, and other educational
resources for students and teachers.

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Effective implementation of educational technology requires a supportive policy framework, capacity building of
teachers and access to digital tools and internet connectivity. Uttar Pradesh is pushing investments in educational
technology initiatives to enhance learning outcomes, promote digital literacy and make education more inclusive
and accessible to all students.

Technology education
Uttar Pradesh is a big labor supplier state but here skill development is in front in a big way. It is noteworthy that out
of 30 lakh migrants who returned to Uttar Pradesh during the Corona period, more than 50% were workers. Many
efforts are being made by the governments for technical education and skill development, which are described
below.
In collaboration with the central government prime minister skill development and other development
schemes are being implemented.

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Under state government 3 Universities 16 Engineering Colleges in Lucknow, Gorakhpur and Kanpur
are being operated.

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Abdul Kalam Technical University has been established in Lucknow in 2000 for the development of
technical education in the state.
IIT Kanpur, Triple IT Prayagraj and IIT BHU Pradesh strengthen technical education.

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Council of Science and Technology:
rIn 1972, the Government of Uttar Pradesh prepared the fifth five-year plan of the state. Regarding
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the role and development of science and technology, a working group was formed.
This working group has been entrusted with the task of assessing the availability and need of inputs and
infrastructure to identify problems and programs for the development and research development of science
and technology and its applications.
The task of preparing an integrated action plan for the development of science and technology applications
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in the state during the fifth five-year plan period was entrusted.
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Digital Infrastructure and Digital Services

Digital infrastructure and digital services are increasingly one of the major strengths and determinants of the
progress and prosperity of any country. India has made remarkable progress in both telecommunication and
software sectors. Under the concept of Digital India, the priority is to make the benefits of new technology
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accessible to all people equally and at affordable rates. At present, digital payments are increasingly promoted by
the Government of India.
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Efforts for Digital Infrastructure:

More than 362 online services are being provided to the entrepreneurs through Nivesh Mitra – one of
India's largest digital single window portals.
It is one of the pioneer portals of various states which have been integrated with the National Single
Window System.

Scheme for Digital Infrastructure

Rural Optic Fiber Roll Out Project
Village Net, City Net and Public Wi-Fi
Fiber First Initiative
National Digital Grid
Setting up of mobile tower infrastructure
Facilitating all the works of the general public including banking through internet / portal

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Providing services related to education, banking business etc. to people through mobile
Providing over 362 online services to entrepreneurs through Nivesh Mitra.

The digital portals issued by some of the major departments are as follows:
1. UP Bhulekh app has been launched by the Board of Revenue, Government of Uttar Pradesh to
computerize the land records.
2. Employment opportunities are made available to the registered unemployed candidates by the
employment offices operated under the Training and Employment Department. Along with this,
unemployed candidates are informed about employment opportunities through career counseling.
3. Public Hearing - The Uttar Pradesh government has launched a mobile app for registering citizens'
complaints/suggestions.
4. E-Saathi UP through this, we have been able to avail all the important services of e-District.

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5. UPPCL 'Jhatpat' Jhatpat Mobile App has been developed by Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited,
Government of Uttar Pradesh to enable online registration.

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6. UPSRTC MIS Application NA - This is the mobile app of Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
(UPSRTC) for managing internal information of the corporation.
7. UPcop - It is a citizen centric mobile application through which various requests related to the Uttar
Pradesh Police Department can be made.

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8. Up police traffic app- Will assist police officers to update traffic status, report traffic violations, check
vehicle registration details and driving license of road users etc.
9. The Prahari application, one of its kind in the country, will empower beat policing by establishing effective
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communication between beat and higher officials. It will help the police force to effectively manage beat
policing through revolutionary digital communication.
10. UPPCL Electricity Smart Meter Consumer App enables consumers to avail services of UPPCL and
DISCOMs. It provides transparency in providing seamless services to the consumers.
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11. UP FPO Shakti - With the help of this UP FPO Shakti Portal, farmers will be able to get relevant
information on specific topics around their village/block/district or state.
12. UP Swan 2.0 The bandwidth being provided under the scheme is being used by the district, tehsil and
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development block level offices of various departments for various services like e-district, MgNREGA,
Bhulekh, public hearing, scholarship etc. State, district, tehsil and development block level 885 Point of
Presence (POP) centers have been made go-live.
13. Common Service Center Under the scheme, more than 1.80 lakh public service centers have been
established, through which about 279 services are being made available to the general public near their
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doorstep.
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Medical Technology and Uttar Pradesh

There are serious problems like health in Uttar Pradesh. Here the number of people suffering from fatal
diseases like cancer, diabetes, AIDS is high.
With the help of the central government, medical colleges have been established at places like
Lucknow, Prayagraj, Jhansi and Gorakhpur.
Along with this, cancer institutes are being established in the medical college.
The National Tuberculosis Control Program is being run in the state with the help of the Central and State
Governments. It has been running since 1968 and till 2005 the entire state has been covered.
Microscopic center for every one lakh population and every One TB center has been established for a
population of five lakhs.
Uttar Pradesh from the year 2000 in collaboration with the World Bank Scheme on Health System
Development is being driven. This project has been started for the renovation of medical units.
At the initiative of National AIDS Control Organization State's first AIDS hospital in Kanpur Has been
established.

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Moreover Infectious Disease Hospital and Mental Hospital, Varanasi and Bareilly is installed.

Importance of Medical Technology:

Telemedicine:
Telemedicine has emerged as an important health technology in Uttar Pradesh, especially in remote and
under-served areas.
It enables patients to consult with healthcare providers remotely through video conferencing or
telecommunication devices.
Telemedicine services improve access to health care, enable remote diagnosis, and reduce the burden on
health facilities.

Electronic Health Records (EHR):

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Adoption of Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems is
gaining momentum in Uttar Pradesh.
EHR facilitates the digitization and secure storage of patient

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health information, ensuring easy access to medical history,
diagnosis and treatment plans by authorized healthcare
providers.

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This technology improves patient care coordination and
reduces the risk of medical errors.
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Health Information System:
Uttar Pradesh is investing in a health information system to streamline data management and reporting.
These systems help collect, analyze and disseminate health data, which is critical for evidence-based
policy making and disease surveillance.
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Mobile Health (mHealth):

The mHealth initiative has been implemented in Uttar Pradesh to provide health information and services
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through mobile devices.

This includes mobile apps for health education, appointment booking, medication reminders and disease
management.
mHealth interventions aim to improve health awareness and empower patients to effectively manage their
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health.
Disease Surveillance :
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Health technology is being used to strengthen disease surveillance and monitoring systems in Uttar
Pradesh.
Real-time data reporting, analysis and tracking of disease outbreaks is essential for timely response and
containment measures.
Health officials can detect health emergencies and take necessary action immediately.

e-governance in health:
Uttar Pradesh is implementing e-governance initiatives to increase efficiency and transparency in health
services. Online portals have been introduced for hospital registration, patient appointment scheduling and
tracking of government health schemes to streamline administrative processes and improve service
delivery.

Health analytics and artificial intelligence:

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Analyzing healthcare data using advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to
improve decision making and healthcare outcomes.
UP is exploring the use of AI algorithms to predict disease trends, optimize resource allocation and improve
patient care.

Mobile Medical Units:

To improve access to healthcare in remote areas, Uttar Pradesh has launched mobile medical units
equipped with essential medical facilities and telecommunication equipment.
These units can reach out to underprivileged populations and provide basic health services including
diagnosis and treatment.
A total of 133 mobile vans are working in the state.

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While health technology has great potential to enhance healthcare services, its effective implementation requires a
supportive policy environment, infrastructure development and digital literacy among healthcare providers and the

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public.

Role of science and technology in rural development of Uttar Pradesh

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About 80% of the total population of Uttar Pradesh lives in villages. Which is suffering from the problem of
underdevelopment and poverty, unemployment and various social disparities (such as gender and caste etc.).
Therefore, the role of space, information and communication and biotechnology will be very important in meeting
the needs of such a large population and solving the existing problems.
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Use of various fields of science and technology in rural development:

Agriculture and Farming Techniques:

Science and technology provide innovative solutions to enhance agricultural practices and increase
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productivity.
This includes advanced agricultural techniques such as precision agriculture, smart irrigation systems,
remote sensing and crop monitoring using drones, and the use of biotechnology in crop improvement.
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These advances help farmers optimize resource use, improve crop yields, and adopt sustainable
agricultural practices.
Research institutes were established by the government to increase crop production and improve the
condition of farmers – Uttar Pradesh Agricultural Research Council, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of
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Agriculture and Technology, Indian Sugarcane Research Institute etc.

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Renewable energy solutions:

Rural areas often face challenges in accessing reliable and affordable energy sources.
Science and technology can facilitate the deployment of renewable energy solutions such as solar power,
wind power and biogas.
These renewable energy sources can provide clean and sustainable energy options, improve access to
electricity and enhance various rural activities such as lighting, cooking and small-scale industries.

Space technology-
Space technology is widely used in monitoring of natural resources, real time monitoring of infrastructure
along with weather forecasting.
Through geo-tagging, information about the status of construction projects is received at the appointed
time. It is based on GPS.
Similarly, 'Bhuvan MGNREGA' is based on GPS which provides all the information related to MGNREGA in
real time.

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Information and communication technology

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have the potential to bridge the information gap in rural
areas.
The use of mobile phones, internet connectivity and community information centers can provide farmers
with timely and relevant information on weather forecasts, market prices, farming techniques and
government schemes.
Access to information empowers farmers to make informed decisions, adopt best practices and improve
their livelihood.
Kisan TV, Soil Health Card etc. is giving importance to improvement in farming methods.
Technology like tele-education is connecting remote villages with the better education system of India.
This technology based tele medical communication is strengthening the community health service.

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Remote consultations, diagnostic services and access to medical information can ensure better health care
access and quality in rural communities.

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Biotechnology
Environment-friendly agriculture was given importance by the use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides.
Along with this, it is also playing an important role in the development of advanced seeds and development

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of food processing.
By developing bio-fuel and bio-energy, it is contributing in meeting the energy requirements of the villages.
Apart from this, inventions like computer, mobile phones are working to connect the villages with the best
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knowledge base of the world.

Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management:

Science and technology can help in sustainable management of natural resources in rural areas.
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This includes monitoring and conserving forests, water bodies and wildlife habitats through satellite
imagery, remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
These technologies help in understanding ecological patterns, implementing conservation strategies and
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promoting sustainable resource use.

Water and Sanitation:

Science and technology can contribute to improving water and sanitation facilities in rural areas. This
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includes the development of water purification systems, water conservation techniques, wastewater
management solutions, and the implementation of eco-friendly sanitation practices.
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Access to clean water and sanitation facilities improves health and sanitation conditions, reduces
waterborne diseases, and enhances the overall quality of life in rural communities.

Disaster management:
Science and technology play an important role in disaster management and preparedness. Early warning
systems, weather forecasting technologies and remote sensing can help reduce the impact of natural
disasters in rural areas.
This includes timely evacuation, resource allocation and emergency response planning.

The challenges
People lack awareness about science and technical education and the literacy rate is also low in Uttar
Pradesh. Along with this, gender and caste-religious differences also exist in the educational sector.
Due to low income people have difficulty in accessing mobile and computers.
Non-availability of the internet is a major problem in remote rural areas.

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Programs like Skill Development Mission and Digital India Mission have increased digital literacy. Bharatnet
project has been launched to provide broadband connectivity to the entire India. The success of these programs
will enhance technological mobility and accelerate rural development.
It is essential to ensure that S&T interventions are tailored to the specific needs and context of rural communities.
Collaboration between government agencies, research institutions and local communities is critical for the effective
implementation and use of science and technology in rural development.

Agricultural Technology and Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is a very leading state in agriculture. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy of Uttar
Pradesh. For the expansion of agriculture in the state Various types of equipment along with advanced
seeds and technology are needed.
In agriculture Artificial intelligence, blockchain, remote sensing and GIS technology, drones and
robots To increase productivity and double the income of farmers by using etc.

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Unified Farmers Service Forum (UFSP): It is a combination of core infrastructure, data, applications and
tools that enables seamless interoperability of various public and private IT systems in the agriculture
ecosystem across the country.

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Research institutes were established by the government to increase crop production and improve the
condition of farmers. Uttar Pradesh Council of Agricultural Research, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
University of Agriculture and Technology, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research and so on.

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To encourage agricultural development in July 1989 Uttar Pradesh Council of Agricultural Research
was established.
Kisan Call Center, Kisan Suvidha App, Krishi Bazar App, Soil Health Card (SHC) Portal providing
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assistance to farmers.
UP Agro Industrial Corporation was established on March 29, 1967, which provides chemical fertilizers,
pesticides and equipment etc. to farmers at reasonable prices.
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Importance of Agricultural Technology:

Crop improvement:
Agricultural technology plays an important role in crop improvement and increasing agricultural productivity.
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Uttar Pradesh is adopting advanced technologies like hybrid seed production, genetically modified (GM)
crops and biotechnology for crop improvement.
This includes cultivation of high-yielding crop varieties, disease-resistant varieties and drought-tolerant
crops.
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Precision farming:
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Precision farming involves the use of technology to optimize agricultural practices based on real-time data
and site-specific conditions.
This includes the use of remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and global positioning
systems (GPS) to monitor crop health, soil moisture, and nutrient levels.
Precision agriculture technologies enable farmers to make data-driven decisions, optimize resource use,
and improve crop yields.

Irrigation management:
In a state with diverse agro-climatic conditions, efficient water management is critical for agriculture. Uttar
Pradesh is adopting advanced irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and micro
irrigation systems.
These technologies help reduce water wastage, increase water use efficiency and ensure optimum
moisture levels for crops.

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To encourage irrigation through solar energy, solar pumps and mini green tube well schemes are also
being operated in the state.

Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization:

Mechanization plays an important role in increasing farm efficiency and reducing labor-intensive
operations. Uttar Pradesh is promoting the use of farm machinery and equipment such as tractors, power
tillers, harvesters and planters.
Mechanization not only reduces labor requirements but also improves operational efficiency, timely
operations and overall farm productivity.
For this, the UP Agricultural Equipment Subsidy Scheme has been started by the government.

Post harvest technology:

Post-harvest losses can have a significant impact on agricultural productivity and farmers' income.

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Uttar Pradesh is investing in post-harvest technologies such as improved storage facilities, cold storage
units and processing units. These technologies help in reducing post-harvest losses, increasing shelf life

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and adding value to agricultural produce.
Mega Food Parks are being established in Uttar Pradesh.

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Organic Farming and Sustainable Practices:
With growing awareness about environmental sustainability and consumer demand for organic products,
Uttar Pradesh is promoting organic farming practices.
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This includes the use of organic inputs, bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides. Additionally, the state encourages
sustainable agricultural practices such as conservation agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM), and
organic waste management.
The state government had started 'Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana' to promote chemical-free organic
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farming in the state.

Under this, farmers are being encouraged by forming clusters and providing resources for organic farming
on subsidy. At present there are about 7604 clusters.
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Agricultural Extension Services:

To ensure effective dissemination of agricultural technologies and knowledge, Uttar Pradesh is
strengthening agricultural extension services.
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This includes setting up of agriculture information centers, farmer training programs and use of mobile-
based applications for timely information dissemination.
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Extension services play a vital role in educating farmers about latest technologies, best practices and
government schemes.
Providing support to farmers through Kisan Call Centre, Kisan Suvidha App, Krishi Bazaar App, Soil Health
Card (SHC) Portal.

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Topic : Developmental Indices of UP in

various fields

TOPICS COVERED :

• Developmental Indices of UP in various fields

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Topics Covered:
Developmental Indices of UP in various fields

Industrial Production Index

The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index which shows the growth rates in different industry
groups of the economy in a stipulated period of time.
It is compiled and published monthly by the National Statistical Office (NSO), under the Ministry of
Statistics and Program Implementation.
It is a composite indicator that measures the growth rate of the following classified industrial groups:
1. Broad sectors, namely mining, manufacturing and power.

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2. Use-based sectors namely basic goods, capital goods and intermediate goods.
Uttar Pradesh has 809.35 per cent weightage in manufacturing sector, 118.89 per cent in mining sector
and 71.76 percent weightage in power sector in total 1000 weightage of Industrial Production Index of Uttar

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Pradesh.
The base year for Uttar Pradesh is 2011-12
Based on this base year the general index in the index of industrial production year 2021-22 is 125.58
This shows an increase of 6.75 percent as compared to the previous year.

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The indices of manufacturing, mining and electricity sub-divisions were assessed at the level of 125.73,
115.21 and 141.09 respectively, which shows an increase of 6.64, 6.76 and 7.81 respectively as compared
to last year.
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Uttar Pradesh and the Millennium Development Goals
193 member countries, civil society, various stakeholders under the leadership of the United Nations, in the
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context of facing the complex challenges prevailing in the world, broadening the global thinking and
collectively discharging their responsibilities, on the challenges facing the world. SDG was conceptualized
after detailed discussion, in which 17 goals and 169 targets were determined.
The scope of SDG is very wide, which is a step towards creating a just, safe and healthy society for all.
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At present SDG has been adopted by 196 countries of the world.

The Sustainable Development Goals are a bold and universal agreement that will create a more just and
secure world for all – for people, the planet and prosperity.
The Sustainable Development Goals were implemented across the world from January 01, 2016.
Uttar Pradesh - Sustainable Development Goals Approach Paper 2030, is a systematic compilation of
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planning exercises and strategies, which has been prepared by the concerned departments after in-depth
deliberations in several phases. The main principles of SDG are based on 5P (People, Prosperity, Peace
Partners and Planet).
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Separate targets have also been set for each of the 17 goals set.

The 17 goals and the main strategies proposed are as follows:

Goal Number-1 No Poverty

To make various public welfare work plans effective.
Development of skill and entrepreneurship.

Goal Number - 2 Zero Hunger

Effective implementation of New Agriculture Policy, State Nutrition Mission, National Food Security Act etc.
All round development of the agriculture sector, farmers and weaker sections.

Goal Number - 3 Good Health and Well being

Making them accessible by expanding basic health services and facilities.
To accelerate target based efforts with specific strategy for different types of health services.

Goal Number - 4 Quality Education

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For this, universal access to quality and employment-oriented education.

Goal Number - 5 Gender Equality

Protection of basic rights of women through policy and planning based initiatives.
Active participation of women in social, cultural, religious, economic, political etc. fields.

Goal Number-6 Clean Water and Sanitation

Providing drinking water to all.
To make the entire state free from open defecation by the end of 2019.

Goal Number-7 Affordable and clean energy

Policy and plan initiatives to promote renewable sources of energy.

Goal number-8 Decent Work and Economic Growth

Promotion of industries and tourism.
Increase in agricultural production and productivity.

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End of child labor and bonded labour.

Goal Number-9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

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Promote research and design (R&D).
Environmentally friendly industrialization.
Effective implementation of new industrial policy.

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Goal Number - 10 Reduced Inequality
Development of basic facilities and services friendly to women, old people, disabled etc.
Policies and schemes for the poor especially farmers and landless laborers and other weaker sections of
the society
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Goal Number - 11 Sustainable Cities and communities
Development of basic facilities like traffic, transport, water supply, sewage, drainage etc.
Waste management (garbage management).
Development of urban housing facilities.
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Goal Number - 12 Responsible consumption and production

Technological development.
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Goal Number - 13 Climate Action

Plantation on a large scale.
Reducing the level of pollution and carbon emissions.

Goal Number - 14 Life Below Water

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Uttar Pradesh does not have a sea coast, so it is not applicable for Gol Pradesh.

Goal number - 15 Life on land

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Enhancing forests and biodiversity.

Water conservation and soil conservation.

Goal Number - 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions

Law Administration.
Responsible and transparent governance.
e-governance.

Goal Number 17 - Partnership for the goals

Promotion and cooperation with the private sector.
Participation of Civil Society and N.G.O.

It is noteworthy that the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals are very challenging. These can be
achieved through strong will power, hard work, experience, intellectual skill, persistent effort and skillful use of
technology. In other words, the SDGs offer our greatest opportunity to build a better future for upcoming
generations.
In the context of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, India is especially looking towards Uttar Pradesh
because even the smallest effort made by us will have an impact on the long-term results of achieving the goals.

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Sustainable Development Goal - 2030 Progress of Uttar Pradesh

To achieve the Sustainable Development Goal - 2030, 16 departments have been nominated as nodals for
each goal, including 64 departments of the state.
Vision Document - 2030 has been prepared with the combined efforts of all these departments.
Under this, a target has been set to remove poverty, provide drinking water, sanitation, education, food and
electricity etc. by 2030, which is an important step to strengthen the economic condition of the country and
the state.

Its main points are as follows: -

1. Sustainable and sustainable development of all.
2. Preference to weaker sections.
3. Good governance - judicial and secure environment.
4. Creation of opportunities.
5. Education Health & Nutrition
6. Protection and conservation of environment.

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Work done so far for the implementation and monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal
Strategy 2024 has been prepared for sustainable development goals.
SDG Dashboard/Portal has been prepared at the State level.

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Mapping of schemes / programs has been done relative to SDG goals and their targets.
A task force has been constituted at the state level under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary.
Inter-departmental coordination committees have been constituted for the implementation of SDG Vision-
2030, Strategy 2022 and 2024 under the chairmanship of Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary of

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nodal departments to achieve sustainable development goals.
Formation of task force at district level, responsibilities of task force and work area, divisional level task
force and work area and responsibility of updation of state level dashboard information were determined.
In the SDG dashboard, a list of two types of indicators has been prepared by the state, on which the
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dashboard/portal has been prepared.
Under the Rural Development Department, an inter-departmental coordination committee was formed for
effective and regular monitoring of the Multidimensional Poverty Alleviation Index (MPI).
301 indicators of the State Indicators Framework / District Indicators Framework were developed by the
Planning Department in collaboration with the nodal departments of SDGs.
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It is noteworthy that the objective of the Sustainable Development Goals is to create an equal, just and secure
world for all. These can be achieved through strong will, hard work, experience, intellectual skill, persistent effort
and skillful use of technology. In other words, the SDGs provide the biggest opportunity for us to build a better
future for our future generations. Therefore, by making continuous efforts in this direction, the state will be included
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in the leading states of the country by achieving the set target.

NITI Aayog's State Health Index and Uttar Pradesh

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NITI Aayog released the 4th edition of State Health Index - for 2019-20 titled "Healthy States, Progressive India" in
December 2021. In this report, states and union territories have been ranked on the basis of year-on-year health
performance of the states. In this report, the health condition in Uttar Pradesh has been described as pathetic.
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The State Health Index of NITI Aayog is released on the following basis -
It is a weighted composite index based on 24 indicators grouped under the domains of 'health outcomes',
'governance and information' and 'key inputs/processes'.

Indicators:

1. Health outcomes:
This includes parameters like neonatal mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, sex ratio at birth.
2. Governance and information:
This includes parameters such as institutional deliveries and average occupancy of senior health
officials.
3. Main Inputs/Processes:
This includes the proportion of shortfall in health care, functional medical facilities, birth and death
registration and tuberculosis treatment, etc.
4. Infrastructure :-
Institutional (hospital) delivery, capacity of health workers appointed in hospitals and infrastructure
of hospitals are included under infrastructure.

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Health status in Uttar Pradesh: -

The state of Kerala has topped the health related report released by NITI Aayog with a score of 82.2 in the
category of large states.
In this report, Uttar Pradesh improved by 5.52 points and got the lowest position (19th position) in the
category of large states with a score of 30.57.
The state of Uttar Pradesh has been far behind in all the parameters of NITI Aayog.

Health deficiencies in Uttar Pradesh

1. Decrease in institutional delivery
According to the NFHS-4 report in the year 2015-16, the institutional delivery in Uttar Pradesh was
67.8 percent.
However, according to the report of the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) for the year
2019-21, the rate of institutional delivery in Uttar Pradesh has gone up to 85.5 percent.
2. Shortage of skilled health workers in hospitals

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According to a report, there are 18382 sanctioned posts of government doctors and 12000 doctors
are in service. There is 1 doctor for 19000 people in the state.
3. Lack of infrastructure in hospitals.

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On an average, there are only 13 beds in the district hospital per lakh population in UP.
4. Lack of improvement in sex ratio
Average sex ratio of Uttar Pradesh (as per 2011 census) -912 (Sex ratio of India is 943)
5. Shortage in birth and death registration.

Health improvement measures:

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Family planning counseling and other related services need to be made available in the villages at the
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community level.
Reproductive and sexual health services, including contraceptives, should be made available free of
charge at all levels.
HWCs should be strengthened to the standards at the earliest and adequate human resources should be
deployed.
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Adequate medical staff should be recruited at all levels of hospitals/health centers as per Indian Public
Health Standards.
Equal, accessible and affordable health services should be made available to all citizens at the nearest
possible places.
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More ASHA workers should be recruited in the public health system and they should be paid appropriately.
Since the low budget allocation and expenditure on health affects the entire health system, the health
budget should be increased in real terms. Per capita expenditure on health should be increased.
Compliance with the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010 should be ensured to
monitor private hospitals, pathology and other services.
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Medical and Health - Uttar Pradesh Budget 2023

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Medicine and health

National Rural Health Mission

NHRM was started by the Central Government on April 12, 2005 to provide safe health to the citizens living
in the rural areas of the country.
Under this scheme, the government proposed to spend Rs 12,631 crore in the 2023 budget.

Prime Minister Self-reliant Healthy India Scheme

The scheme was announced in the Union Budget 2021-22.
The objective of the scheme is to develop the capacity of primary, secondary and tertiary care health
systems in remote parts of the country (up to the last mile).
A provision of Rs 1,655 crore is proposed for the Pradhan Mantri Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana.

Prime Minister Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission Scheme

Under this scheme, health wellness center critical care units will be established in rural and urban areas in
the state.

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Establishment of Integrated Public Health Lab in districts, strengthening of National Center for Disease
Control, establishment of portal for expansion of health information and establishment of Emergency
Operation Center and Mobile Unit Hostel etc.
A provision of Rs 1,547 crore is proposed under the Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health
Infrastructure Mission scheme.
Ayushman Bharat-
Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana is being operated in the entire state from September 23, 2018.
Free medical facilities up to Rs 5 lakh per year are being provided to the beneficiary families through
empaneled government and private hospitals.
A provision of Rs 400 crore is proposed for the scheme.

Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana

There is a maternity benefit scheme offered by the Government of India under which women are helped
financially.
Help is provided to 5,000 pregnant women and lactating mothers.
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana A budget provision of Rs 320 crore is proposed for this.

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Ayushman Bharat Chief Minister Public Health A provision of Rs 250 crore is proposed for the campaign.
Community Health A provision of Rs 100 crore is proposed for the purchase of equipment for the centres.

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Primary / Community Health A provision of Rs 15 crore is proposed for strengthening the centres.

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Sub-health centers and primary health centers are being converted into functional health and wellness
centers in a systematic manner by the Government of India.
According to the recommendation of the 15th Finance Commission for "Conversion of Rural Sub Health
Centers and PHC to Health and Wellness Centers", an expenditure of about Rs 407 crore will be made in
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the financial year 2023 - 2024.

Medical education
One district under one medical college, The state government has set a target of establishing one medical
college in each district.
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At present medical colleges have been opened in 45 districts.

A provision of Rs 20 crore is proposed for the establishment of Uttar Pradesh Institute of Pharmaceutical
Research and Development.
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Innovation Index and Uttar Pradesh

Innovation is the process of developing new ideas, products, processes or services that bring about
significant changes or improvements in the way things are done. It is key to increasing efficiency,
productivity, profitability and growth and is often a key driver of economic growth and progress.
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The evaluation and development of the country's innovative ecosystem can be known through the NITI
Aayog India Innovation Index.
India Innovation Index is prepared by NITI Aayog and Institute for Competitiveness.
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In the India Innovation Index, states and union territories are ranked based on their performance in
innovation.
A healthy competition has developed among the States and Union Territories to enhance their performance
and rank higher in the NITI Aayog India Innovation Index.

In the India Innovation Index 2021, the number of indicators has increased to 66 from 36 in the earlier India
Innovation Index 2020. There are 7 pillars in the NITI Aayog India Innovation Index 2022.

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Innovation in the context of Uttar Pradesh :-

Uttar Pradesh has moved from 9th position to 7th position with a score of 14.22 in the India Innovation
Index, 2021 report.
Uttar Pradesh got the highest score (40.80) in the country in creating a business environment.
This has been possible due to improvement in the overall business environment, improvement in the
manufacturing sector and growth in the services sector.
Uttar Pradesh has ranked among the top five states in the knowledge output category.
Uttar Pradesh has obtained a score of 6.18 in the field of knowledge dissemination related to IT.
Uttar Pradesh's high innovation score has been made possible by progress in startups and new
businesses.

Purpose of innovation in UP-

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Government's efforts to promote innovation in Uttar Pradesh

Defense corridor A Defense-Defence Corridor has been established in the state, which is spread over
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the districts of Noida, Aligarh, Agra, Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi and Chitrakoot.
Under this, R&D tie-ups have been made with premier academic institutions and
equipment R&D centers like IIT Kanpur and BHU, DRDO and HAL Aerospace
Systems.
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Promotion of In Budget 2023, Rs 100 crore proposed as seed fund to promote start-ups and
start-up culture incubators
Rs 60 crore has been proposed for the UP IT and Start-up Policy-2020.

Uttar Pradesh A fund of ₹ 4000 crore will be set up in which ₹ 400 crore will be collected by the
Innovation Fund state government and the rest through private investors.
(UPIF)

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capacity Uttar Pradesh Skill Development Mission

building in Under Swami Vivekananda Youth Empowerment Scheme
youth Operation Rejuvenation Plan.

Agriculture In the budget 2023, there is a proposal to set up an agricultural university in

Kushinagar.
Agriculture Accelerator Fund
Organic Farming Board and UP Innovation Fund
UP Global Investment Summit 2023

Information New Electronic Manufacturing Policy 2022

Technology- UP Data Center Policy, 2021 Noida

Smart city 10 smart cities in which 259 projects have been approved with a total cost of Rs
5,753 crore

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Energy- Solar Energy Policy 2022 which aims to generate 22,000 MW power capacity in the
next 5 years
Green Hydrogen - GIS-2023 proposes to set up green hydrogen plants at Jhansi,

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Sonbhadra, Gorakhpur, Noida, Mirzapur and Jaunpur, Prayagraj.
Establishment of 2600 km of Green Energy Corridor including Ultra-Mega Solar
Parks in Bundelkhand region

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Health-

One district one medical college scheme

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There is a proposal to construct 14 new medical colleges in the budget 2023.
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Government of India's initiative to promote innovation:

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State Energy and Climate Index and Uttar Pradesh

Energy transition and climate change are at the heart of the government's vision of an 'Amrit Kaal' to restore
India's commitment to the sustainable development agenda. To reduce the severity of climate change, efforts are
being made to accelerate the adoption of clean energy by encouraging PV modules and promoting carbon neutral
policies and interventions.

NITI Aayog released the first State Energy and Climate Index in April 2022, which aims to track the efforts made by
states and union territories in the climate and energy sector.
These standards have been designed keeping in mind India's goals for climate change and clean energy transition.

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Key Components of the Energy and Climate Index (SECI)

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Ranking Categories :
States are classified as large states, small states and union territories on the basis of size and geographical
difference.

State Energy and Climate Index (SECI) ) States and Union Territories have been classified into three groups on
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the basis of Round-1 score.

1. Front runners
2. Achievers
3. Aspirants
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The NITI Aayog has placed the national average score at 40.6 for the State Energy and Climate Index.
More than half of the country's states have achieved this score, while half of the states have performed
below the average score.
Gujarat, Kerala and Punjab have been ranked as the top three performers in the large states category.
Goa has been the top performing state in the small states category.
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Performance of Uttar Pradesh :-

The state of Uttar Pradesh has not fared well in the State Energy and Climate Index released by NITI
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Aayog.
The state of Uttar Pradesh has lagged behind in meeting the standards set by NITI Aayog.
Uttar Pradesh has secured 13th position in the State Energy and Climate Index.

Multidimensional Poverty Index and Uttar Pradesh

NITI Aayog released the country's first Multidimensional Poverty Index (Multidimensional Poverty Index
MPI) in November 2021.
A Multidimensional Poverty Index Coordination Committee (MPICC) has been constituted by NITI Aayog to
monitor the MPI.
The National Multidimensional Poverty Index uses a globally accepted methodology developed by the
'Oxford Poverty and Human Development' Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP).
Members from various ministries were selected in the MPICC based on the ten indicators included in the
MPI Index.
To measure multi-dimensional poverty, 12 sub-parameters have been kept under health, education,
standard of living.

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Status of Uttar Pradesh :
The condition of Uttar Pradesh is quite pathetic in terms of nutrition level. The condition of Uttar Pradesh is
not good in terms of child and adolescent mortality. This is the highest in the country at 4.97 percent.

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The condition of Uttar Pradesh is also bad in terms of maternal health and death rate.
The Uttar Pradesh government is also running a nutrition program and nutrition month program from
Anganwadi centers for maternal and child nutrition.
'Sahyog' app has also been launched for nutrition. Supplementary nutritious food is being given to
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malnourished and severely malnourished children of 07 months to 06 years, pregnant and lactating
mothers and adolescent girls.
Under Kishori Swasthya Pratikshan (vaccination), vaccines are given to 1-year-old children and pregnant
women.
Schooling time in Uttar Pradesh is less due to which education is being affected.
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The main problem is the low attendance of children in school.

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Efforts being made by the Government of Uttar Pradesh

Striving for education - Uttar Pradesh government is making all efforts to prevent dropout in schools. Some major
schemes -
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1. Preparation for School Education (School Readiness Program)

2. All punishment campaign
3. National Program of Education for Girls at Elementary Level ( NPEGEL )
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4. Go to school campaign
5. Kasturba Gandhi Residential Girls School Scheme
6. National child labor project
7. Mid Day Meal / Nutritional Distribution
8. Comprehensive Orientation Program of In Service Teachers (P-MOST)
9. Special Orientation Program for Primary Teachers (SOPT)
10. District Primary Education Program (II & III) (DPEP)
11. Scholarship distribution and other incentive schemes (free textbooks, uniforms and furniture for children)
12. 44000 schools are to be included under the Skilled India Mission.

Uttar Pradesh government's efforts for health improvement --

1. The National Health Mission (NHM) was launched with the objective of providing accessible, affordable,
effective and reliable healthcare facilities in rural and urban areas of the country, especially to the poor and
vulnerable sections of the population.
2. Under One District One Medical College, the state government has set a target of establishing one medical
college in each district.
3. At present medical colleges have been opened in 45 districts.

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4. A provision of Rs 20 crore is proposed for the establishment of Uttar Pradesh Institute of Pharmaceutical
Research and Development.

Uttar Pradesh government's efforts to improve the standard of living-

The Government of Uttar Pradesh has launched several social welfare schemes, in which people living below the
poverty line are provided with facilities in the areas of financial assistance, housing, education, health, etc.
1. The government is ensuring door-to-door electricity connection and availability of power supply.
2. Under the Jal Jeevan Mission, the state government is providing safe and sufficient water through
individual household tap connections in rural areas.
3. Toilets are being constructed in every house by the state government.
4. Broadband connection is being extended to every village.
5. Accounts of each family have been opened under Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana so that financial
inclusion can be promoted.

Kaushal Satrang Yojana

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Mega job fairs will be organized in the employment office of each district of Uttar Pradesh state. Under this, special
training will be provided to 2.37 lakh people so that the youth can be made self-reliant.

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There are 7 schemes included under Kaushal Satrang Yojana –
1. CM Yuva Hub Scheme – Under this scheme, there is a provision to bring together the self-employment
schemes of all the departments and to set up 30000 startup units. With this scheme, unemployed youth will
be able to get suitable employment according to their qualifications.

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2. Chief Minister Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme Under this scheme, an honorarium of Rs 2500/- will
be given by the government for youth doing apprenticeship in any industry. Under this scheme, the central
government will bear Rs 1,500, the state government Rs 1,000 and the remaining amount will be borne by
the concerned industry. With this, unemployed people will also be able to get some amount during training.
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3. District Skill Development Scheme The list will be prepared through a committee constituted under the
chairmanship of DM in the district. Which will work for job registration for unemployed youth of Uttar
Pradesh.
4. Skill fortnight scheme at Tehsil level Under this scheme, information about skill development schemes
will be made available to the youth by a van.
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5. Providing employment through training For this scheme agreement has been made with IIT Kanpur and
IIM Lucknow which will play an important role in imparting training. In this, Arogya Mitras and cow herders
will be trained through various government departments. Along with this, out-of-school children will be
given admission in school as well as skill development training will also be provided.
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6. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) Under this scheme, certification will be done by providing a
certificate to artisans associated with traditional industries.
7. AMOU has been done with three placement agency So that better employment can be made available
to the youth. Through these schemes by the state government, unemployed youth can be trained and
enabled to get self-employment. So that they can easily bear the expenses of themselves and their
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families.

Benefits of UP Kaushal Satrang Yojana 2021

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1. Under this scheme all the unemployed youth of the state will be included.
2. Under Kaushal Satrang Uttar Pradesh 2021, skill training and employment opportunities will be provided to
the youth of UP.
3. Beneficiaries will be linked to this scheme by organizing employment fairs in the state.
4. All sections of the state will get the benefit of this scheme.
5. The salary received by the beneficiaries will be directly transferred to their bank account.
6. Under the Kaushal Vikas Yojana, the youth going through unemployment will get relief and there will be no
need to wander for jobs.

Youth should be trained through the Kaushal Satrang Yojana, which will lead to employment on the one hand and
on the other hand it will be easier to achieve the goals of Vision 2030 of the state..

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