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Topic 8 Implicit Differentiation

The document provides an overview of implicit differentiation and the chain rule in calculus, explaining how to differentiate composite functions and implicit functions. It includes examples and learning objectives, emphasizing the distinction between explicit and implicit functions. Additionally, it outlines the steps for performing implicit differentiation and offers practice problems.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views31 pages

Topic 8 Implicit Differentiation

The document provides an overview of implicit differentiation and the chain rule in calculus, explaining how to differentiate composite functions and implicit functions. It includes examples and learning objectives, emphasizing the distinction between explicit and implicit functions. Additionally, it outlines the steps for performing implicit differentiation and offers practice problems.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Calculus

Implicit
Differentiation
REVIEW: Chain Rule
Derivative of a Composite Function (Chain Rule)

The process in determining the derivative of a composite function is called the


chain rule of differentiation.

𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ′ 𝒙 = 𝒇′ 𝒈 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒈′(𝒙)
We can think of 𝒇(𝒙) as the outer function and 𝒈(𝒙) as the inner function.

To perform the chain rule of differentiation, we first


1) set u as the inner function,
2) determine the derivative of the outer function, and
3) multiply it to the derivative of the inner function 𝒖.
Chain Rule
Review:

Differentiate y = 8𝑥 − 1 6 .

𝒚′ = 𝟒𝟖 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟓
Derivatives of Implicit
Functions
The graph shown in
the picture is known
as the Folium of
Descartes. Descartes
first introduced it in
1638. The word folium
is a Latin word for
“leaf” since the graph
looks like a leaf.
6
Descartes criticized
Fermat's work and
challenged him to find
a tangent to the
Folium of Descartes.
Fermat solved the
problem easily, while
Descartes was unable
to do so.
7
How did Fermat solve it?

He used a technique called implicit differentiation to find


the derivative of the equation without writing 𝑦 explicitly in
terms of 𝑥.

In this lesson, we will use this method in finding the


derivatives of these types of equations.

8
Learning Objectives:

● Differentiate explicit and implicit functions.

● Use implicit differentiation in finding the derivatives of


implicit functions.
Explicit and Implicit Functions

An explicit function is a function defined by the


equation 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙). In other words, 𝑦 is isolated on one
side of the equation.

An implicit function is a function that is not written in


the form 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙). This means that 𝑦 can be found on
either or both sides of the equation together with 𝑥.
Implicit Differentiation

Implicit differentiation is a method of finding the


derivatives of implicit functions.

𝑑𝑦
In solving for , the differentiation taking place is with
𝑑𝑥
respect to 𝒙 . When we differentiate with similar
variables, we differentiate as it is.

𝒅 𝒅𝒙
In 𝑥 , the derivative is
2 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙.
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Implicit Differentiation

However, if we have different variables involved, we


apply the chain rule.

𝒅𝒚
If we differentiate 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥, we get
2
𝟐𝒚 .
𝒅𝒙
Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation

Example 1:
Find the derivative of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
Implicit Differentiation
To find the derivative of 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4 Step 2: Isolate
𝑑𝑦
.
by implicit differentiation, 𝑑𝑥

Step 1: Differentiate both sides of


the equation with respect to 𝒙.
𝑑𝑦
Write the derivative of 𝑦 as 𝑦′ or .
𝑑𝑥
Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
Example 2: Find if 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
Example 2: Find if 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥

Step 1: Differentiate both sides of the


equation with respect to 𝑥.

𝑑𝑦
Step 2: Isolate .
𝑑𝑥
Implicit Differentiation
Example 3: Differentiate 𝑦 3 + 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 12 with
respect to 𝑥.
Implicit Differentiation
Example 3: Differentiate Step 2: Isolate
𝑑𝑦
.
𝑦 3 + 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 12 with respect 𝑑𝑥

to 𝑥.

Step 1: Differentiate both sides of the


equation with respect to 𝑥.
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
If y is a function of x such that 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, find
3
.
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒚
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
If y is a function of x such that 3𝑥 + 𝑦
2 −2
= 7, find .
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝟑
= 𝟑𝒙𝒚
𝒅𝒙
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation

Differentiate 𝒚𝟒 − 𝟔𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 with


respect to 𝒙.

𝒅𝒚 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒚𝟑 − 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation

Differentiate y3 + y2 – 5y – x2 = –4 with respect to 𝒙.

𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation

Find the slope of the line tangent to the curve


𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚 at (1, 1).

𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑥
Differentiate 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 with respect to 𝒕 ( = 32)
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒚
and solve for
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒚
= 96
𝒅𝒕
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation
If the radius of a circle is increasing at a rate of 2.1 in
per second, at what rate is its area changing when
the radius is 4.5 in?

𝒅𝑨 𝟐
= 18.9𝝅 𝒊𝒏 /𝒔
𝒅𝒓
Let’s Try: Implicit Differentiation
A man, who is standing 5 meters above a shoreline, is
pulling up a boat that is 12 meters away from the
shoreline. How fast does the length of the rope
shorten if the boat approaches the coastline at 2
meters per second?
SPIN
Let’s Sum It Up!

● An explicit function is a function defined by the


equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). In other words, 𝑦 is isolated on
one side of the equation.

● An implicit function is a function that is not


written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). This means that 𝑦
can be found on either or both sides of the
equation together with 𝑥.
29
Let’s Sum It Up!

𝑑𝑦
● Implicit differentiation is used to find if 𝑦 is
𝑑𝑥
an implicitly defined function of 𝑥.
o Step 1: Differentiate both sides of the
equation with respect to 𝑥. Use chain rule in
differentiating 𝑦.
𝑑𝑦
o Step 2: Isolate .
𝑑𝑥

30
Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental
Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief
Approach. Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

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