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Python Programming Notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on Python programming, covering topics from basic syntax and data types to advanced concepts like OOP, error handling, and file management. It also includes practical examples, control flow structures, and common libraries used in various fields such as data science and web development. Additionally, it emphasizes good practices for writing clean and maintainable code.

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amantlesephiri71
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41 views4 pages

Python Programming Notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on Python programming, covering topics from basic syntax and data types to advanced concepts like OOP, error handling, and file management. It also includes practical examples, control flow structures, and common libraries used in various fields such as data science and web development. Additionally, it emphasizes good practices for writing clean and maintainable code.

Uploaded by

amantlesephiri71
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Python Programming Notes (Beginner to Advanced)

1. Basic Syntax and Structure


- Case-sensitive language.
- Code blocks are defined by indentation, not braces.
Example:
print("Hello, World!")

2. Variables and Data Types


- No need to declare variable types.
Example:
x=5 # int
name = "John" # str
is_happy = True # bool
price = 12.5 # float

3. Data Structures

Lists:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange")
print(fruits[1]) # banana

Tuples:
coordinates = (10, 20)
print(coordinates[0])

Sets:
unique_items = {1, 2, 3, 3}
unique_items.add(4)

Dictionaries:
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
print(person["name"])
person["age"] = 26

4. Operators
Arithmetic: + - * / % // **
Comparison: == != > < >= <=
Logical: and or not
Assignment: = += -= *= /=
Membership: in, not in
Identity: is, is not

5. Control Flow

if, elif, else:


age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("Adult")
elif age > 13:
print("Teen")
else:
print("Child")
for loops:
for i in range(5):
print(i)

while loops:
x=0
while x < 5:
print(x)
x += 1

break, continue, pass:


for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

6. Functions

def greet(name):
return "Hello " + name

print(greet("Amantle"))

Lambda:
square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5))

7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Class and Object:


class Car:
def __init__(self, brand):
self.brand = brand

def drive(self):
print(f"{self.brand} is driving")

my_car = Car("Toyota")
my_car.drive()

Inheritance:
class ElectricCar(Car):
def charge(self):
print("Charging...")

e_car = ElectricCar("Tesla")
e_car.drive()
e_car.charge()

8. Error Handling

try:
x=1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
finally:
print("Done")

9. File Handling

# Write
with open("file.txt", "w") as f:
f.write("Hello File")

# Read
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
content = f.read()
print(content)

10. Modules and Packages

import math
print(math.sqrt(16))

from datetime import datetime


print(datetime.now())

pip install requests

11. List Comprehension

squares = [x*x for x in range(5)]

12. Useful Built-in Functions

len(), type(), str(), int(), float(), sum(), min(), max(), input(), print()

13. Advanced Topics

Generators:
def count_up_to(n):
i=0
while i <= n:
yield i
i += 1

Decorators:
def decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function")
func()
print("After function")
return wrapper

@decorator
def greet():
print("Hello")
greet()

14. Common Libraries

Data Science: pandas, numpy, matplotlib, seaborn, scikit-learn


Web Dev: Flask, Django
Automation: selenium, pyautogui, os, shutil
APIs & Web: requests, httpx, beautifulsoup4, scrapy
Games: pygame
ML: tensorflow, keras, sklearn

15. Virtual Environments

python -m venv env


source env/bin/activate (macOS/Linux)
env\Scripts\activate (Windows)

16. Good Practices


- Use meaningful variable names.
- Follow PEP8.
- Comment your code.
- Write reusable functions.

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