Unit 1: Revisiting AI Project Cycle & Ethical Frameworks for AI

AI PROJECT: An AI project involves using artificial intelligence technologies to solve

specific problems or achieve objectives, often encompassing areas like machine
learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics.

AI PROJECT CYCLE: The AI project cycle refers to the step-by-step process that an
organization or a person should follow to develop and deploy an artificial intelligence
(AI) project while solving a problem.

1. PROBLEM SCOPING : Under problem scoping, we look at various parameters

which affect the problem we wish to solve so that the picture becomes
clearer.

4 W CANVAS:

The 4W’s of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where, and Why. This W’s helps in
identifying and understanding the problem in a better and efficient manner.
❖ Who - “Who” part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who all are affected
directly and indirectly with the problem and who are called the Stake Holders.
❖ What - “What” part helps us in understanding and identifying the nature of the
problem and under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem you
have selected exists.
❖ Where - "Where” does the problem arise, situation, context, and location?
❖ Why - “Why” is the given problem worth solving?
 Problem Statement Template: The Problem Statement Template helps us to
summarize all the key points into one single template. So that in the future,
whenever there is a need to look back at the basis of the problem, we can take a
look at the Problem Statement Template and understand its key elements of it.

Data Acquisition:
Data acquisition refers to the process of collecting, measuring, and storing data from
various sources to train and improve AI models. This involves capturing raw data and
converting it into a format suitable for analysis and machine learning.

Testing Dataset: This data is used to evaluate the performance of the trained model.
Training Dataset: Training dataset is used to teach a model patterns and
relationships. It is larger than testing data set.
Data Features: Data Features refer to the type of data you want to collect.
For example : If an AI machine predict the salary of any employee, data features
would be salary amount, increment percentage, increment period, bonus, etc.
Data Acquisition Tools:
Surveys

Definition:
A survey is a method used to gather specific information from a sample of people. It is one of the
techniques used in the data acquisition stage of the AI project cycle.
Example:
A census survey conducted every year to analyze the population.
Note:
Surveys are often location-specific and target particular groups of people.

Web Scraping

Definition:
Web scraping is the process of collecting data from websites using programming and technology.
Use Cases:
Monitoring prices, gathering news, etc.
Example:
Using Python and the BeautifulSoup package to extract information from websites.

Sensors

Definition:
Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical properties and convert them into data. They are a
key component of IoT (Internet of Things).
Example:
A smart fire alarm uses a fire sensor to detect heat or flames and triggers the alarm automatically.

Cameras

Definition:
Cameras are used to capture visual information in the form of images or videos, which can then be used
as raw data for analysis.

Observations
Definition:
Observation involves carefully watching and noting behaviors, events, or patterns to collect data.
Example:
Scientists observing insects over long periods to gather data.
Note:
Observation is often time-consuming but can yield valuable insights.

API (Application Programming Interface)

Definition:
An API is a set of rules and tools that allow software applications to communicate with each other.
Analogy:
Just like a waiter takes your order in a restaurant and communicates it to the kitchen, an API takes your
request and sends it to the system, then brings the response back to you.

3. Data Exploration: The interpretation of some useful information out of the data acquired for
the project is known as Data Exploration. Data Exploration is the process of visualisation of
collected data in a graphical format for better understanding to build the aimed project.
Data Visualization Techniques:
1. Area Graph
2. Bar Charts
3. Pie Charts
4. Histogram
5. Line Graphs
6. Scatterplots
7. Flow Charts

4. MODELLING
After exploration of data, we need to look at different AI-enabled algorithms
which can suitable for the project. We go through several models and select
the ones which match the requirements. After choosing the model, we
implement it. This is known as the Modelling stage of AI Project cycle.
Modelling is the process of selecting and implementing the suitable AI-
enabled algorithms for the success of project.
1.Accuracy:
Accuracy is defined as percentage of the correct predictions out of all the
observations.
2. Precision:
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases
where
the prediction is true.
3.Recall:
Recall is defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly Identified.
4. F1 score:
The F1 score is a number between 0 and 1 and is the harmonic mean of precision
and recall

6. Deployment

Once the model is performing satisfactorily, it is deployed to a

production environment where it can start solving real-world problems.
Deployment might involve integrating the model with existing systems,
creating an application or service that uses the model, or leveraging the
insights via an offline context such as a report to management.
Ethical Frameworks for AI
1. Sector-based Frameworks:
These are frameworks tailored to specific sectors or industries. In the context of AI, one common
sector-based framework is Bioethics, which focuses on ethical considerations in
healthcare. It addresses issues such as patient privacy, data security, and the ethical use of AI in
medical decision-making. Sector-based ethical frameworks may also apply to domains such as
finance, education, transportation, agriculture, governance, and law enforcement.
2. Value-based Frameworks: Rights-based: Prioritizes the protection of human rights and dignity,
valuing human life over other considerations. It emphasizes the importance of respecting individual
autonomy, dignity, and freedoms. In the context of AI, this could involve ensuring that AI systems
do not violate human rights or discriminate against certain groups.

Value-based frameworks focus on fundamental ethical principles and values guiding decision-
making. It reflects the different moral philosophies that inform ethical reasoning. Value-based
frameworks are concerned with assessing the moral worth of actions and guiding ethical
behaviour. They can be further classified into three categories:

(i) Rights-based: Prioritizes the protection of human rights and dignity, valuing human life over
other considerations. It emphasizes the importance of respecting individual autonomy, dignity, and
freedoms. In the context of AI, this could involve ensuring that AI systems do not violate human
rights or discriminate against certain groups.
(ii) Utility-based: Evaluates actions based on the principle of maximizing utility or overall good,
aiming to achieve outcomes that offer the greatest benefit and minimize harm. It seeks to maximize
overall utility or benefit for the greatest number of people. In AI, this might involve weighing the
potential benefits of AI applications against the risks they pose to society, such as job displacement
or privacy concerns.

(iii) Virtue-based: This framework focuses on the character and intentions of the individuals
involved in decision-making. It asks whether the actions of individuals or organizations align with
virtuous principles such as honesty, compassion, and integrity. In the context of AI, virtue ethics
could involve considering whether developers, users, and regulators uphold ethical values
throughout the AI lifecycle.
Bioethics
Bioethics is an ethical framework used in healthcare and life sciences. It deals with ethical issues
related to health, medicine, and biological sciences, ensuring that AI applications in healthcare
adhere to ethical standards and considerations.
Principles of bioethics:
Respect for Autonomy.

Do not harm.

Ensure maximum benefit for all.

Give justice.