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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) - In-Depth Summary: Private Protected Public

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that focuses on objects, encapsulating data and behavior for modular and maintainable code. The four core principles of OOP are encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism, which promote code reuse and flexibility. OOP is widely applied in various software development areas, including app development, game design, and enterprise systems.

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3 views5 pages

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) - In-Depth Summary: Private Protected Public

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that focuses on objects, encapsulating data and behavior for modular and maintainable code. The four core principles of OOP are encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism, which promote code reuse and flexibility. OOP is widely applied in various software development areas, including app development, game design, and enterprise systems.

Uploaded by

dogan.jonat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) – In-Depth Summary

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm centered around


objects, which bundle data and behavior together. It’s widely used in software
development for creating modular, reusable, and maintainable code, especially in
languages like Java, C++, Python, and C#.

🧱 Core Concepts of OOP


OOP is built on four fundamental principles:

1.​ Encapsulation​

○​ Wrapping data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data
into a single unit called an object.​

○​ Encapsulation restricts direct access to some of an object's components,


which protects the internal state and helps maintain integrity.​

○​ Access is typically controlled using access modifiers like private,


protected, and public.​

2.​ Abstraction​

○​ Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the essential
features to the user.​

○​ It simplifies interaction with objects by exposing only what’s necessary


through interfaces or abstract classes.​

3.​ Inheritance​

○​ A mechanism where a new class (subclass/child) inherits properties and


behaviors (methods) from an existing class (superclass/parent).​

○​ This promotes code reuse and establishes an “is-a” relationship.​

○​ Example: A Car class might inherit from a more general Vehicle class.​

4.​ Polymorphism​
○​ The ability for different classes to be treated as instances of the same class
through a common interface, often via method overriding or overloading.​

○​ It allows methods to perform differently based on the object that calls them,
enabling flexible and extensible code.​

🧩 How OOP Works in Practice


Objects are instances of classes, which serve as blueprints. Classes define:

●​ Attributes (fields): data stored in the object.​

●​ Methods (functions): operations or behaviors the object can perform.​

Example in Java:

java

CopyEdit

class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myDog = new Dog();

myDog.sound(); // Outputs: Dog barks

Here, Dog inherits from Animal and overrides the sound() method, demonstrating
inheritance and polymorphism.

📚 Benefits of OOP
●​ Modularity: Code is organized into objects and classes, making it easier to
manage and debug.​

●​ Reusability: Classes and objects can be reused across programs.​

●​ Maintainability: Encapsulation and abstraction make changes easier without


affecting unrelated parts.​

●​ Flexibility and scalability: Polymorphism enables easy extension and modification


of code.​

⚙️ Real-World Applications
OOP is widely used in:

●​ Desktop and mobile app development​


●​ Game development​

●​ Web applications and frameworks​

●​ GUI-based programs​

●​ Enterprise software systems​

🧠 OOP vs Procedural Programming


Aspect OOP Procedural Programming

Focus Objects and data Functions and procedures


encapsulation

Data Data is bundled with Data and functions are


handling methods separate

Code reuse Achieved through Achieved via functions


inheritance

Modularity High, with classes and Lower, based on functions


objects

🧩 Common OOP Terminology


●​ Class: Blueprint for creating objects.​

●​ Object: Instance of a class.​

●​ Method: Function defined inside a class.​


●​ Constructor: Special method to initialize objects.​

●​ Interface: Abstract type that defines methods without implementation.​

●​ Abstract Class: Class that cannot be instantiated and may contain abstract
methods.​

Final Thought

Mastering OOP principles helps you write clean, organized, and scalable code. It is one
of the most popular programming paradigms and is essential for modern software
development.

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