1. What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it

easy to build applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The major features of this
framework such as declarative templates, dependency injection, end to end
tooling, and many more other features are used to ease the development.

2. What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in which an
application is a tree of individual components.

Some of the major difference in tabular form

AngularJS Angular

It is based on MVC architecture This is based on Service/Controller

This uses use JavaScript to build the application Introduced the typescript to write the application

Based on controllers concept This is a component based UI approach

Not a mobile friendly framework Developed considering mobile platform

Difficulty in SEO friendly application development Ease to create SEO friendly applications

3. What is TypeScript?
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds
optional types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to
plain JavaScript. Angular built entirely in TypeScript and used as a primary
language. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeter(person: string) {

 return "Hello, " + person;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

The greeter method allows only string type as argument.

4. Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

The main building blocks of an Angular application is shown in the below
diagram

5. What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the below key components,

i. Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular application to

control HTML views.
ii. Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building blocks like
component, directives, services etc. An application is divided into logical
pieces and each piece of code is called as "module" which perform a single
task.
iii. Templates: This represent the views of an Angular application.
 iv. Services: It is used to create components which can be shared across the
entire application.
v. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular class.

6. What are directives?

Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing component
instance.

import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
}

Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow background as
below

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

7. What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app which
formed a tree of Angular components. These components are subset of
directives. Unlike directives, components always have a template and only one
component can be instantiated per an element in a template. Let's see a simple
example of Angular component

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
}
 8. What are the differences between Component and Directive?
In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-template.

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

Component Directive

To register a component we use @Component meta- To register directives we use @Directive

data annotation meta-data annotation

Directive is used to add behavior to an

Components are typically used to create UI widgets
existing DOM element

Component is used to break up the application into Directive is use to design re-usable
smaller components components

Only one component can be present per DOM Many directives can be used per DOM
element element

@View decorator or templateurl/template are

Directive doesn't use View
mandatory

9. What is a template?
A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding controls to
properties of an Angular component. You can store your component's template
in one of two places. You can define it inline using the template property, or you
can define the template in a separate HTML file and link to it in the component
metadata using the @Component decorator's templateUrl property. Using inline
template with template syntax,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
 })

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

10. What is a module?

Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is divided
into separate modules to separate the functionality of your application. Lets take
an example of app.module.ts root module declared with @NgModuledecorator
as below,

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }

The NgModule decorator has three options

i. The imports option is used to import other dependent modules. The

BrowserModule is required by default for any web based angular
application
ii. The declarations option is used to define components in the respective
module
iii. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to bootstrap in the
application
11. What are lifecycle hooks available?
Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a lifecycle
right from its initiation to the end of the application. The representation of

lifecycle in pictorial representation as follows,

The description of each lifecycle method is as below,

i. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property changes, then

this method is called.
ii. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the
directive/component after Angular first displays the data-bound properties
happens.
iii. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes that Angular
can't or won't detect on its own.
iv. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular projects
external content into the component's view.
v. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks
the content projected into the component.
vi. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular initializes the
component's views and child views.
vii. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the
component's views and child views.
viii. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular destroys the
directive/component.
12. What is a data binding?
Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define communication
between a component and the DOM, making it very easy to define interactive
applications without worrying about pushing and pulling data. There are four
forms of data binding(divided as 3 categories) which differ in the way the data is
flowing.

i. From the Component to the DOM: Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the
value of a property from the component

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>

Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed from the component

to the specified property or simple HTML attribute

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

ii. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding:

(event)=”function”: When a specific DOM event happens (eg.: click,
change, keyup), call the specified method in the component

<button (click)="logout()"></button>

iii. Two-way binding: Two-way data binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-

way data binding allows to have the data flow both ways. For example, in
the below code snippet, both the email DOM input and component email
property are in sync

<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

13. What is metadata?

Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the expected
behavior of the class. The metadata is represented by decorators

iii. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule

import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a component!');
}
}

@NgModule({
imports: [],
declarations: [],
})
export class MyModule {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a module!');
}
}

ii. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g. @Input and
@Output

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
})

export class MyComponent {

@Input()
title: string;
}

iii. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g. @HostListener

import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
@HostListener('click', ['$event'])
onHostClick(event: Event) {
// clicked, `event` available
}
}

iv. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class constructors, e.g.
@Inject

import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my-service';
 @Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
console.log(myService); // MyService
}
}

14. What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface to scaffold
and build angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs) modules. You need to
install using below npm command,

npm install @angular/cli@latest

Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while creating
angular projects

iv. Creating New Project: ng new

v. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng generate/g The
different types of commands would be,
o ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application
o ng generate component my-new-component: add a component to your
application
o ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your application
o ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your application
o ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your application
o ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
o ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your application

iii. Running the Project: ng serve

2. What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

TypeScript classes has a default method called constructor which is normally used
for the initialization purpose. Whereas ngOnInit method is specific to Angular,
especially used to define Angular bindings. Even though constructor getting
called first, it is preferred to move all of your Angular bindings to ngOnInit
 method. In order to use ngOnInit, you need to implement OnInit interface as
below,

export class App implements OnInit{

constructor(){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}

ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first ngOnChanges()
}
}

3. What is a service?
A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to various
modules. Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your application
and better modularity by allowing you to extract common functionality out of
components. Let's create a repoService which can be used across components,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';

@Injectable() // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency injection

to work
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}

fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories').map(res =>
res.json());
}
}

The above service uses Http service as a dependency.

4. What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design pattern in which a
class asks for dependencies from external sources rather than creating them
itself. Angular comes with its own dependency injection framework for resolving
dependencies( services or objects that a class needs to perform its function).So
you can have your services depend on other services throughout your
application.
5. How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

6. What is the purpose of async pipe?

The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the latest
value it has emitted. When a new value is emitted, the pipe marks the component
to be checked for changes. Let's take a time observable which continuously
updates the view for every 2 seconds with the current time.

@Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time = new Observable(observer =>
setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000)
);
}

7. What is the option to choose between inline and external

template file?
You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can define it
inline using the template property, or you can define the template in a separate
HTML file and link to it in the component metadata using
the @Componentdecorator's templateUrl property. The choice between inline
and separate HTML is a matter of taste, circumstances, and organization policy.
But normally we use inline template for small portion of code and external
template file for bigger views. By default, the Angular CLI generates components
with a template file. But you can override that with the below command,

ng generate component hero -it

8. What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

We use Angular ngFor directive in the template to display each item in the list.
For example, here we iterate over list of users,

<li *ngFor="let user of users">

{{ user }}
</li>
 The user variable in the ngFor double-quoted instruction is a template input
variable

9. What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view only under
specific circumstances. The Angular ngIf directive inserts or removes an element
based on a truthy/falsy condition. Let's take an example to display a message if
the user age is more than 18,

<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</p>

Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and removing
the paragraph element from the DOM. That improves performance, especially in
the larger projects with many data bindings.

10. What happens if you use script tag inside template?

Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it, which
removes the <script> tag but keeps safe content such as the text content of the
<script> tag. This way it eliminates the risk of script injection attacks. If you still
use it then it will be ignored and a warning appears in the browser console. Let's
take an example of innerHtml property binding which causes XSS vulnerability,

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

// For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script> <b>Syntax</b>';
}

11. What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a
convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly
braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a component
property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the corresponding
component property. Let's take an example,

<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>
 In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in
the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.

12. What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript expression.
Angular executes the expression and assigns it to a property of a binding target;
the target might be an HTML element, a component, or a directive. In the
property binding, a template expression appears in quotes to the right of the =
symbol as in [property]="expression". In interpolation syntax, the template
expression is surrounded by double curly braces. For example, in the below
interpolation, the template expression is {{username}},

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>

The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template expression

iii. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

iv. new
v. chaining expressions with ; or ,
vi. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)

13. What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target such as an
element, component, or directive. The template statements appear in quotes to
the right of the = symbol like (event)="statement". Let's take an example of
button click event's statement

<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The below JavaScript

syntax expressions are not allowed.

. new
i. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
ii. operator assignment, such as += and -=
iii. the bitwise operators | and &
 iv. the template expression operators

14. How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by the
direction of data flow. They are listed as below,

. From the source-to-view

i. From view-to-source
ii. View-to-source-to-view

The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,

Data direction Syntax Type

From the source-to- 1. {{expression}} 2. [target]="expression" Interpolation, Property,

view(One-way) 3. bind-target="expression" Attribute, Class, Style

From view-to- 1. (target)="statement" 2. on-

Event
source(One-way) target="statement"

View-to-source-to- 1. [(target)]="expression" 2. bindon-

Two-way
view(Two-way) target="expression"

15. What are pipes?

A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. For example,
let us take a pipe to transform a component's birthday property into a human-
friendly date using date pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
}
16. What is a parameterized pipe?
A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output. The
parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name with a colon ( : )
and then the parameter value. If the pipe accepts multiple parameters, separate
the values with colons. Let's take a birthday example with a particular
format(dd/mm/yyyy):

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date | 'dd/mm/yyyy'}}</p>` //
18/06/1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression, such as a string
literal or a component property.

17. How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the needs.
Let's take a birthday property which uses date pipe(along with parameter) and
uppercase pipes as below

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' |
uppercase}} </p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

18. What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-inn pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with the below
key characteristics,

. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe decorator, which

you import from the core Angular library For example,
 @Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})

ii. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform

method that accepts an input value followed by optional parameters and
returns the transformed value. The structure of pipeTransform would be as
below,

interface PipeTransform {
transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
}

iii. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that you'll use
within template expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.

template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe: someOtherValue}}`

19. Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of existing value.
For example, let us create a custom pipe for finding file size based on an
extension,

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}

Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,

template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
<p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
`

20. What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the value or the
parameters passed to a pipe. For example, any changes to a primitive input value
(String, Number, Boolean, Symbol) or a changed object reference (Date, Array,
Function, Object). An impure pipe is called for every change detection cycle no
matter whether the value or parameters changes. i.e, An impure pipe is called
often, as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.
21. What is a bootstrapping module?
Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you
bootstrap to launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is
commonly known as AppModule. The default structure of AppModule generated
by AngularCLI would be as follows,

/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

22. What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages
between publishers and subscribers in your application. They are mainly used for
event handling, asynchronous programming, and handling multiple values. In this
case, you define a function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a
consumer subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then receives notifications
until the function completes, or until they unsubscribe.

23. What is HttpClient and its benefits?

Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend services over
HTTP protocol using either XMLHttpRequest interface or the fetch() API. Angular
provides a simplified client HTTP API known as HttpClient which is based on top
of XMLHttpRequest interface. This client is avaialble
 from @angular/common/http package. You can import in your root module as
below,
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,

iii. Contains testability features

iv. Provides typed request and response objects
v. Intercept request and response
vi. Supports Observalbe APIs
vii. Supports streamlined error handling

24. Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?

Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient.

. Import HttpClient into root module:

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
// import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
HttpClientModule,
],
......
})
export class AppModule {}

ii. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It also defines get
method of HttpClient

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json';

@Injectable()
export class UserProfileService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }
}

getUserProfile() {
return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
}
 iii. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a component
called UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject
UserProfileService and invokes the service method,

fetchUserProfile() {
this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
.subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
id: data['userId'],
name: data['firstName'],
city: data['city']
});
}

Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs to be

subscribed in the component.

25. How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't may not return full response data because sometimes
servers also return special headers or status code which which are important for
the application workflow. Inorder to get full response, you should use observe
option from HttpClient,

getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
}

Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed HttpResponse

rather than just the JSON data.

26. How do you perform Error handling?

If the request fails on the server or failed to reach the server due to network
issues then HttpClient will return an error object instead of a successful reponse.
In this case, you need to handle in the component by passing error object as a
second callback to subscribe() method. Let's see how it can be handled in the
component with an example,

fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
}
 It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback instead of
displaying the raw error object returned from HttpClient.

27. What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in a
functional, reactive style using Observables. Many APIs such as HttpClient
produce and consume RxJS Observables and also uses operators for processing
observables. For example, you can import observables and operators for using
HttpClient as below,

import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';

28. What is subscribing?

An Observable instance begins publishing values only when someone subscribes
to it. So you need to subscribe by calling the subscribe() method of the instance,
passing an observer object to receive the notifications. Let's take an example of
creating and subscribing to a simple observable, with an observer that logs the
received message to the console.

Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);

// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification'),
};

// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a next value: 2
// => Observer got a next value: 3
// => Observer got a next value: 4
// => Observer got a next value: 5
// => Observer got a complete notification

29. What is an observable?

An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage
async code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need to
 rely on a popular Observable library called RxJS. The observables are created
using new keyword. Let see the simple example of observable,

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});

30. What is an observer?

Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications delivered by
an Observable. It has below structure,

interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}

A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable

notifications will be passed as a parameter for observable as below,

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);

Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer ignores
notifications of that type.
 31. What is the difference between promise and
observable?
Below are the list of differences between promise and observable,

Observable Promise

Declarative: Computation does not start until subscription so that they can be Execute immediately on
run whenever you need the result creation

Provide multiple values over time Provide only one

Subscribe method is used for error handling which makes centralized and Push errors to the child
predictable error handling promises

Provides chaining and subscription to handle complex applications Uses only .then() clause

45. What is multicasting?

Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple subscribers in a
single execution. Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature,

var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);

var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);

// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});

// This is, under the hood, `s

46. How do you perform error handling in observables?

You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the observer instead of
relying on try/catch which are ineffective in asynchronous environment. For
example, you can define error callback as below,
 myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
});

47. What is the short hand notation for subscribe method?

The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in line, for next,
error, and complete handlers is known as short hand notation or Subscribe
method with positional arguments. For example, you can define subscribe
method as below,

myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
);

48. What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?

The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and working
with observables.

i. Converting existing code for async operations into observables

ii. Iterating through the values in a stream
iii. Mapping values to different types
iv. Filtering streams
v. Composing multiple streams

49. What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating observables from
things such as promises, events, timers and Ajax requests. Let us explain each of
them with an example,

i. Create an observable from a promise

import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function

const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from Promise
data.subscribe({
next(response) { console.log(response); },
error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
});
 ii. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request

import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function

const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request
// Subscribe to create the request
apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status, res.response));

iii. Create an observable from a counter

import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function

const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter value
secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));

iv. Create an observable from an event

import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';

const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) => {
console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * ${e.clientY}`);
});

50. What will happen if you do not supply handler for

observer?
Normally an observer object can define any combination of next, error and
complete notification type handlers. If you don't supply a handler for a
notification type, the observer just ignores notifications of that type.

51. What are angular elements?

Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements(a web
standard for defining new HTML elements in a framework-agnostic way). Angular
Elements hosts an Angular component, providing a bridge between the data and
logic defined in the component and standard DOM APIs, thus, providing a way to
use Angular components in non-Angular environments.

52. What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the browser support of
angular elements is same as custom elements support. This feature is is currently
supported natively in a number of browsers and pending for other browsers.
 Browser Angular Element Support

Chrome Natively supported

Opera Natively supported

Safari Natively supported

Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to enable dom.webcomponents.en

Firefox
dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in older browsers

Edge Currently it is in progress

53. What are custom elements?

Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature which
extends HTML by allowing you to define a tag whose content is created and
controlled by JavaScript code. The browser maintains a CustomElementRegistry of
defined custom elements, which maps an instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML
tag. Currently this feature is supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and
available in other browsers through polyfills.

54. Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they are added to
the DOM, and are automatically destroyed when removed from the DOM. Once a
custom element is added to the DOM for any page, it looks and behaves like any
other HTML element, and does not require any special knowledge of Angular.

55. Explain how custom elements works internally?

Below are the steps in an order about custom elements functionality,

iv. App registers custom element with browser: Use the

createCustomElement() function to convert a component into a class that
can be registered with the browser as a custom element.
 v. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just like a
built-in HTML element directly into the DOM.
vi. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser creates an instance
of the registered class and adds it to the DOM.
vii. Instance provides content with data binding and change
detection: The content with in template is rendered using the component
and DOM data. The flow chart of the custom elements functionality would
be as
follows,

56. How to transfer components to custom elements?

Transforming components to custom elements involves two major steps,

. Build custom element class: Angular provides

the createCustomElement() function for converting an Angular component
(along with its dependencies) to a custom element. The conversion
process implements NgElementConstructor interface, and creates a
constructor class which is used to produce a self-bootstrapping instance of
Angular component.
i. Register element class with browser: It uses customElements.define() JS
function, to register the configured constructor and its associated custom-
element tag with the browser's CustomElementRegistry. When the browser
 encounters the tag for the registered element, it uses the constructor to
create a custom-element instance. The detailed structure would be as
follows,

57. What are the mapping rules between Angular

component and custom element?
The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML attributes and the
browser's event system. Let us describe them in two steps,

. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties

with corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example,
component @Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element
attribute my-input-prop.
i. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom Events, with the
name of the custom event matching the output name. For example,
component @Output() valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted as
custom element with dispatch event as "valueChanged".

58. How do you define typings for custom elements?

 You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from
@angular/elements. Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular
component, The simple container with input property would be as below,
@Component(...)
class MyContainer {
@Input() message: string;
}

After applying types typescript validates input value and their types,

const container = document.createElement('my-container') as NgElement &

WithProperties<{message: string}>;
container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows this should be a
string.
container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows there is no `greet`
property on `container`.

59. What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which components location in the
application is not defined at build time.i.e, They are not used in any angular
template. But the component is instantiated and placed in the application at
runtime.

60. What are the various kinds of directives?

There are mainly three kinds of directives.

. Components — These are directives with a template.

i. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM layout by
adding and removing DOM elements.
ii. Attribute directives — These directives change the appearance or
behavior of an element, component, or another directive.

61. How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the directive class file.
It creates the source file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the
respective test file(.spec.ts) and declare the directive class file in root module.
62. Give an example for attribute directives?
Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for DOM element.
You can create and apply the attribute directive using below steps,

. Create HighlightDirective class with the file

name src/app/highlight.directive.ts. In this file, we need to
import Directive from core library to apply the metadata
and ElementRef in the directive's constructor to inject a reference to the
host DOM element ,

import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
}
}

ii. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host element(for

example,)

<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

iii. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph element

ng serve

63. What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from one view to
the next as users perform application tasks. It borrows the concepts or model of
browser's application navigation.

64. What is the purpose of base href tag?

The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first child in
the tag inorder to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app folder is the
application root then you can set the href value as below

<base href="/">
65. What are the router imports?
The Angular Router which represents a particular component view for a given
URL is not part of Angular Core. It is available in library named @angular/router to
import required router components. For example, we import them in app module
as below,
import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

66. What is router outlet?

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as a placeholder
that marks the spot in the template where the router should display the
components for that outlet. Router outlet is used like a component,

<router-outlet></router-outlet>
<!-- Routed components go here -->

67. What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router control over
those elements. Since the navigation paths are fixed, you can assign string values
to router-link directive as below,

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

68. What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active RouterLink
bindings based on the current RouterState. i.e, the Router will add CSS classes
when this link is active and and remove when the link is inactive. For example,
you can add them to RouterLinks as below

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>
69. What is router state?
RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree knows about the
"consumed" URL segments, the extracted parameters, and the resolved data. You
can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the application using
the Router service and the routerState property.
@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
}

70. What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through the
Router.events property allowing you to track the lifecycle of the route. The
sequence of router events is as below,

iii. NavigationStart,
iv. RouteConfigLoadStart,
v. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
vi. RoutesRecognized,
vii. GuardsCheckStart,
viii. ChildActivationStart,
ix. ActivationStart,
x. GuardsCheckEnd,
xi. ResolveStart,
xii. ResolveEnd,
xiii. ActivationEnd
xiv. ChildActivationEnd
xv. NavigationEnd,
xvi. NavigationCancel,
xvii. NavigationError
xviii. Scroll
71. What is activated route?
ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated with a
component loaded in an outlet. It can also be used to traverse the router state
tree. The ActivatedRoute will be injected as a router service to access the
information. In the below example, you can access route path and parameters,

@Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id));
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments =>
segments.join('')));
// route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
}

72. How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You configures the
router with routes via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the result to
the AppModule's imports array.
const appRoutes: Routes = [
{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];

@NgModule({
imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
...
})
export class AppModule { }
73. What is the purpose of Wildcard route?
If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the router to throw
an error and crash the app. In this case, you can use wildcard route. A wildcard
route has a path consisting of two asterisks to match every URL. For example, you
can define PageNotFoundComponent for wildcard route as below

{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

74. Do I need a Routing Module always?

No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing Module (for
example, AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is simple and merge the
routing configuration directly into the companion module (for example,
AppModule). But it is recommended when the configuration is complex and
includes specialized guard and resolver services.

75. What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular applications in
various scenarios. This is a community driven project and available under
@angular/platform-server package. Recently Angular Universal is integrated with
Angular CLI.

76. What are different types of compilation in Angular?

Angular offers two ways to compile your application,

. Just-in-Time (JIT)
i. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)

77. What is JIT?

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in the browser
at runtime. JIT compilation is the default when you run the ng build (build only)
or ng serve (build and serve locally) CLI commands. i.e, the below commands
used for JIT compilation,

ng build
ng serve
78. What is AOT?
Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at build
time. For AOT compilation, include the --aot option with the ng build or ng serve
command as below,
ng build --aot
ng serve --aot

Note: The ng build command with the --prod meta-flag (ng build --prod)
compiles with AOT by default.

79. Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by the browser
directly. Due to that Angular applications require a compilation process before
they can run in a browser. For example, In AOT compilation, both Angular HTML
and TypeScript code converted into efficient JavaScript code during the build
phase before browser runs it.

80. What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,

. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled version of the

application. So it can render the application immediately without
compiling the app.
i. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML templates and
CSS style sheets within the application javascript which eliminates separate
ajax requests.
ii. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require
downloading the Angular compiler. Hence it dramatically reduces the
application payload.
iii. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template binding
errors during the build step itself
iv. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components into
JavaScript. So there won't be any injection attacks.
81. What are the ways to control AOT compilation?
You can control your app compilation in two ways

. By providing template compiler options in the tsconfig.json file

i. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators

82. What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general constraints,

. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of javascript features

i. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
ii. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
iii. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.

83. What are the two phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,

. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the source

i. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as places
restrictions on what it interprets.
ii. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses the
TypeScript compiler to validate the binding expressions in templates.

84. Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign values to the
decorator properties. For example, the following snippet is invalid:

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})

To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:

function getService(){
return new MyService();
}
 @Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
})

If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of the function.
When the compiler later interprets this node, it reports an error to turn the arrow
function into an exported function. Note: From Angular5 onwards, the compiler
automatically performs this rewriting while emitting the .js file.

85. What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall structure of a
decorator's metadata, represented as an abstract syntax tree(AST). During the
analysis phase, the AOT collector scan the metadata recorded in the Angular
decorators and outputs metadata information in .metadata.json files, one per .d.ts
file.

86. Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax in

AOT?
No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript features. If
an expression uses unsupported syntax, the collector writes an error node to the
.metadata.json file. Later point of time, the compiler reports an error if it needs
that piece of metadata to generate the application code.

87. What is folding?

The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the metadata.
Where as some of the non-exported members are folded while generating the
code. i.e Folding is a process in which the collector evaluate an expression during
collection and record the result in the .metadata.json instead of the original
expression. For example, the compiler couldn't refer selector reference because it
is not exported

let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})

Will be folded into inline selector

 @Component({
selector: 'app-root'
})

Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example, spread operator
on arrays, objects created using new keywords and function calls.

88. What are macros?

The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static methods
that return an expression in a single return expression. For example, let us take a
below macro function,
export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] {
return [value];
}

You can use it inside metadata as an expression,

@NgModule({
declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent)
})
export class TypicalModule {}

The compiler treats the macro expression as it written directly

@NgModule({
declarations: [TypicalComponent]
})
export class TypicalModule {}

89. Give an example of few metadata errors?

Below are some of the errors encountered in metadata,

. Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside

of the compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata
can produce this error. Let's see some of these examples,
i. 1. export class User { ... }
ii. const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in metadata
2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; // bracket
notation is not valid in metadata

iii. ** Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol:** The compiler

encountered a referenced to a locally defined symbol that either wasn't
exported or wasn't initialized. Let's take example of this error,
iv. // ERROR
v. let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized
 vi.
vii. @Component({
viii. selector: 'my-component',
ix. template: ... ,
x. providers: [
xi. { provide: User, useValue: username }
xii. ]
xiii. })
export class MyComponent {}

You can fix this by either exporting or initializing the value,

export let username: string; // exported

(or)
let username = 'John'; // initialized

xiv. Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not currently
support function expressions or lambda functions. For example, you
cannot set a provider's useFactory to an anonymous function or arrow
function as below.
xv. providers: [
xvi. { provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function() { ... } },
xvii. { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () => { ... } }
]

You can fix this with exported function

export function myStrategy() { ... }

export function otherStrategy() { ... }
... // metadata
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy },
{ provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },

xviii. Destructured variable or constant not supported: The compiler does

not support references to variables assigned by destructuring. For
example, you cannot write something like this:
xix. import { user } from './user';
xx.
xxi. // destructured assignment to name and age
xxii. const {name, age} = user;
xxiii. ... //metadata
xxiv. providers: [
xxv. {provide: Name, useValue: name},
xxvi. {provide: Age, useValue: age},
]

You can fix this by non-destructured values

import { user } from './user';

... //metadata
providers: [
 {provide: Name, useValue: user.name},
{provide: Age, useValue: user.age},
]

90. What is metadata rewriting?

Metadata rewriting is the process in which the compiler converts the expression
initializing the fields such as useClass, useValue, useFactory, and data into an
exported variable, which replaces the expression. Remember that the compiler
does this rewriting during the emit of the .js file but not in definition files( .d.ts
file).

91. How do you provide configuration inheritance?

Angular Compiler supports configuration inheritance through extends in the
tsconfig.json on angularCompilerOptions. i.e, The configuration from the base
file(for example, tsconfig.base.json) are loaded first, then overridden by those in
the inheriting config file.

{
"extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

92. How do you specify angular template compiler options?

The angular template compiler options are specified as members of
the angularCompilerOptions object in the tsconfig.json file. These options will
be specified adjecent to typescript compiler options.

{
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
 }
}

93. How do you enable binding expression validation?

You can enable binding expression validation explicitly by adding the compiler
option fullTemplateTypeCheck in the "angularCompilerOptions" of the project's
tsconfig.json. It produces error messages when a type error is detected in a
template binding expression. For example, consider the following component:

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

This will produce the following error:

my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does not exist on

type 'User'. Did you mean 'contact'?

94. What is the purpose of any type cast function?

You can disable binding expression type checking using $any() type cast
function(by surrounding the expression). In the following example, the error
Property contacts does not exist is suppressed by casting user to the any type.

template: '{{$any(user).contacts.email}}'

The $any() cast function also works with this to allow access to undeclared
members of the component.

template: '{{$any(this).contacts.email}}'

95. What is Non null type assertion operator?

You can use the non-null type assertion operator to suppress the Object is
possibly 'undefined' error. In the following example, the user and contact
properties are always set together, implying that contact is always non-null if user
is non-null. The error is suppressed in the example by using contact!.email.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
 template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through
{{contact!.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
contact?: Contact;

setData(user: User, contact: Contact) {

this.user = user;
this.contact = contact;
}
}

96. What is type narrowing?

The expression used in an ngIf directive is used to narrow type unions in the
Angular template compiler similar to if expression in typescript. So *ngIf allows
the typeScript compiler to infer that the data used in the binding expression will
never be undefined.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

97. How do you describe various dependencies in angular

application?
The dependencies section of package.json with in an angular application can be
divided as follow,

. Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their package

names begin @angular/.
i. Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be present for Angular
apps to run.
ii. Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript
implementation.
 98. What is zone?
A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks. Angular relies on
zone.js to run Angular's change detection processes when native JavaScript
operations raise events

99. What is the purpose of common module?

The commonly-needed services, pipes, and directives provided by
@angular/common module. Apart from these HttpClientModule is available
under @angular/common/http.

100. What is codelyzer?

Codelyzer provides set of tslint rules for static code analysis of Angular TypeScript
projects. ou can run the static code analyzer over web apps, NativeScript, Ionic etc.
Angular CLI has support for this and it can be use as below,
```javascript
ng new codelyzer
ng lint
```

101. What is angular animation?

Angular's animation system is built on CSS functionality in order to animate any
property that the browser considers animatable. These properties includes
positions, sizes, transforms, colors, borders etc. The Angular modules for
animations are @angular/animations and @angular/platform-browser and
these dependencies are automatically added to your project when you create a
project using Angular CLI.

102. What are the steps to use animation module?

You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your angular project,

i. Enabling the animations module: Import BrowserAnimationsModule to

add animation capabilities into your Angular root application module(for
example, src/app/app.module.ts).

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-
browser/animations';
 @NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
BrowserAnimationsModule
],
declarations: [ ],
bootstrap: [ ]
})
export class AppModule { }

ii. Importing animation functions into component files: Import required

animation functions from @angular/animations in component files(for
example, src/app/app.component.ts).

import {
trigger,
state,
style,
animate,
transition,
// ...
} from '@angular/animations';

iii. Adding the animation metadata property: add a metadata property

called animations: within the @Component() decorator in component
files(for example, src/app/app.component.ts)

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: 'app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['app.component.css'],
animations: [
// animation triggers go here
]
})

103. What is State function?

Angular's state() function is used to define different states to call at the end of
each transition. This function takes two arguments: a unique name like open or
closed and a style() function. For example, you can write a open state function

state('open', style({
height: '300px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'blue'
})),
104. What is Style function?
The style function is used to define a set of styles to associate with a given state
name. You need to use it along with state() function to set CSS style attributes.
For example, in the close state, the button has a height of 100 pixels, an opacity
of 0.8, and a background color of green.

state('close', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.8,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),

Note: The style attributes must be in camelCase

105. What is the purpose of animate function?

Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated and
compelling animations for your Angular single page web application.

import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from
'@angular/animations';

@Component({
selector: 'app-animate',
templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock mx-
auto"></div>`,
styleUrls: `.myblock {
background-color: green;
width: 300px;
height: 250px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin: 5rem;
}`,
animations: [
trigger('changeState', [
state('state1', style({
backgroundColor: 'green',
transform: 'scale(1)'
})),
state('state2', style({
backgroundColor: 'red',
transform: 'scale(1.5)'
})),
transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')),
transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms'))
])
]
})
 export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit {

@Input() currentState;

constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}
}

106. What is transition function?

The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that occur
between one state and another over a period of time. It accepts two arguments:
the first argument accepts an expression that defines the direction between two
transition states, and the second argument accepts an animate() function. Let's
take an example state transition from open to closed with an half second
transition between states.

transition('open => closed', [

animate('500ms')
]),

107. How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div>
`,
})
export class App {
constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {}
htmlSnippet: string =
this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()</script>");
}