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Evolution Languages

The document outlines the evolution of programming languages from Zuse's Plankalkül in 1945 to modern languages like C# and Python. It highlights key developments such as the introduction of high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and Java, as well as the emergence of object-oriented and functional programming paradigms. Additionally, it discusses various scripting languages and markup-programming hybrids that have shaped contemporary programming practices.

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2 views3 pages

Evolution Languages

The document outlines the evolution of programming languages from Zuse's Plankalkül in 1945 to modern languages like C# and Python. It highlights key developments such as the introduction of high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and Java, as well as the emergence of object-oriented and functional programming paradigms. Additionally, it discusses various scripting languages and markup-programming hybrids that have shaped contemporary programming practices.

Uploaded by

22d160
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evolution of Programming Languages

Zuse’s Plankalkül (1945)

• Developed by Konrad Zuse; not published until 1972, never implemented.


• Included bits as basic data type, complex types like arrays and records.
• Featured selection statements (no else clause), recursion, and mathematical relationships in
programs.
• Had innovative syntax and semantics for its time, with advanced problems like chess algorithms.

Pseudocodes and Early Programming (1940s - 1950s)

• Programming done in machine code with numeric instruction codes.


• Absolute addressing made modifications tedious.
• Used in early systems before high-level languages emerged.

Short Code (1949)

• Developed by John Mauchly for BINAC, later UNIVAC I.


• First interpreted high-level language; much slower than machine code.

Speedcoding (1953)

• Developed by John Backus for IBM 701.


• Floating-point operations, pseudoinstructions, I/O operations.
• Allowed auto-increment and limited user program space.

UNIVAC Compiling System & Cambridge Contributions

• Grace Hopper: developed pseudocode to machine code.


• David Wheeler: introduced relocatable address blocks.

IBM 704 & FORTRAN

• FORTRAN developed by John Backus, first high-level compiled language.


• FORTRAN I (1957): no explicit typing, focused on performance.
• FORTRAN II (1958): added subroutine compilation.
• FORTRAN IV, 77, 90, 95, 2003, 2008: evolved with types, recursion, modules, OOP, parallelism.

Functional Programming - LISP (1958)

• Developed for AI list processing.


• Atoms and lists as core data structures.
• All computation via functions and recursion.
• Scheme: smaller dialect with static scoping.
• Common Lisp: large, unified dialect for portability.

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ALGOL Series

• Designed for algorithm publication and scientific computing.


• ALGOL 58: data types, bracketed arrays, structured syntax.
• ALGOL 60: block structure, recursion, stack-dynamic arrays.

COBOL (1960)

• Designed for business applications.


• Influenced by FLOW-MATIC.
• English-like syntax, hierarchical records, macro facilities.

BASIC (1964)

• Easy-to-learn language for non-scientific users.


• First widely-used time-sharing language.

C (1972)

• Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs.


• General-purpose language with low-level access.

Ada

• Developed for the U.S. DoD.


• Features: packages, exception handling, generics, concurrency.

Smalltalk

• First true object-oriented language.


• All operations are messages sent to objects.

C++ (1980)

• Created by Bjarne Stroustrup.


• Adds OOP to C, supports overloading, multiple inheritance.

Java (1995)

• Derived from C++, removes pointers, uses garbage collection.


• Enforces OOP, no stand-alone functions.
• Uses interfaces instead of multiple inheritance.

Scripting Languages

• Perl (1987): system admin and text processing.


• JavaScript: browser-side scripting, dynamic content.
• PHP: server-side scripting, web forms, database access.
• Python: dynamically typed, OO scripting.

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C#

• Developed by Microsoft for .NET.


• Combines C++, Java, and Visual Basic.
• Simplified syntax, improved type safety.

Markup-Programming Hybrid Languages

• XSLT: transforms XML to other formats, supports logic.


• JSP: Java for server-side dynamic web pages.

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