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Complex Numbers Module

Complex numbers are defined as z = a + bi, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. Operations on complex numbers include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with alternative representations in polar and exponential forms. Applications span various fields such as engineering, signal processing, and quantum mechanics.

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2 views2 pages

Complex Numbers Module

Complex numbers are defined as z = a + bi, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. Operations on complex numbers include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, with alternative representations in polar and exponential forms. Applications span various fields such as engineering, signal processing, and quantum mechanics.

Uploaded by

rmrama1099
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTERNAL USE

COMPLEX NUMBERS
I. Introduction to Complex Numbers
A. Definition and Notation
Complex numbers extend the real number system by incorporating the imaginary unit,
denoted as i, where i² = -1. A complex number is expressed in the form:

z = a + bi

where:

- a is the real part (Re(z))

- b is the imaginary part (Im(z))

- i is the imaginary unit

B. Real and Imaginary Parts


For z = 3 + 4i:

- Real part: Re(z) = 3

- Imaginary part: Im(z) = 4

II. Operations on Complex Numbers


A. Addition and Subtraction
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a+c) + (b+d)i

(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a-c) + (b-d)i

B. Multiplication
(a + bi)(c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi²

Since i² = -1, we get: (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i

C. Division
To divide two complex numbers:

(a+bi) / (c+di)

Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator (c - di):

((a+bi)(c-di)) / ((c+di)(c-di))
INTERNAL USE

III. Polar and Exponential Form


A. Conversion Between Forms
A complex number can be written in polar form as:

z = r(cosθ + i sinθ)

where:

- r = |z| = sqrt(a² + b²) (modulus)

- θ = tan⁻¹(b/a) (argument)

B. Euler’s Formula
Euler’s formula states:

e^(iθ) = cosθ + i sinθ

So, the polar form can be rewritten as:

z = r e^(iθ)

IV. Complex Roots and Powers


A. De Moivre’s Theorem
For any integer n: (r e^(iθ))^n = r^n e^(i nθ)

B. Finding Complex Roots


The nth roots of a complex number are given by:

z_k = r^(1/n) e^(i(θ + 2πk)/n), where k = 0, 1, ..., n-1

V. Applications in Engineering and Mathematics


- Circuit Analysis: Used to represent impedance and phasors in AC circuits.

- Signal Processing: Fourier transforms analyze frequency components of signals.

- Quantum Mechanics: Describes wave behavior and potential flow in physics.

VI. Summary and Practice Problems


A. Summary
- Complex numbers consist of real and imaginary parts.

- Operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

- Polar and exponential forms provide alternative representations.

- De Moivre’s Theorem helps compute powers and roots.

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