A Real Time Research Project

Report on
IOT ENABLED
HEARTBEAT
MONITORING SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
( INTERNET OF THINGS)

By

LABUBU
TATYA VINCHU
ANNABELLE
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstract I
List of Figures II
List of Tables IV
Abbreviations V

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Problem definition 1
1.3Objective of project 2
1.4 Summary 3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY 4

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING SYSTEM 24
3.1 Traditional ECG and Heart Rate Monitoring Systems 24
3.2 Drawbacks of Conventional Monitoring Techniques 24

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED SYSTEMS 26

4.1Overview 26

4.2 Block Diagram Explanation 26

CHAPTER 5: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 29

5.1 Embedded Systems 29

5.1.1 History 30

5.1.2 Tools 31
5.1.3 Resources 31

5.1.4 Real Time Issues 32

5.2 Need For Embedded Systems 32

5.2.1 Debugging 33

5.2.2 Reliability 34

5.3 Explanation of Embedded Systems 35

5.3.1 Software Architecture 35

5.3.2 Stand Alone Embedded System 37

5.3.3 Real-time embedded systems 37

5.3.4 Network communication embedded systems 37

5.3.5 Different types of processing units 38

5.4 Application of Embedded System 39

5.4.1 Consumer applications 39

5.4.2 Office automation 39

5.4.3. Industrial automation 40

5.4.4 Computer networking 40

5.4.5 Tele communications 41

CHAPTER 6: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 42

6.1 ESP32 Controller 42

6.2 ESP32 functions 46

6.3 ESP32 Applications 47

6.4 Regulated Power Supply 48

6.4.1 Introduction 48

6.4.2 Block Diagram 49

6.4.3 Transformation 51

6.4.4 Step Up transformer 52

6.4.5 Step down transformer 53

6.4.6 Battery power supply 53

6.4.7 Rectification 54

6.4.8 Bridge full wave rectifier 55

6.4.9 DB107 56

6.4.10 Filtration 56

6.4.11 Capacitors 57

6.4.12 Voltage Regulator 59

6.4.13 Resistors 59

6.4.14 LED 61

6.5 LCD Display 63

6.5.1 LCD Background 63

6.5.2 Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD 65

6.5.3 Circuit Description 66

6.5.4 SETB RW 67

6.5.5 CLR EN 67
6.5.6 SETB EN 67

6.5.7 Checking the busy status of the LCD 68

6.5.8 Applications 68

CHAPTER 7: SOFTWARE SIMULATION 70

7.1 Express PCB 70

7.1.1 Preparing Express PCB for First Use 71

7.1.2 The Interface 71

7.1.3 Design Considerations 72

CHAPTER 8: CODE 78

CHAPTER 9: RESULTS 87

CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION 89

REFERENCE 90
 ABSTRACT

The Heart Beat Monitoring System is a real-time health monitoring solution that utilizes an ESP-
32 microcontroller integrated with a heartbeat sensor to track and display the pulse rate of a
patient. The system is designed to continuously monitor heartbeats and alert medical personnel in
case of abnormal readings. A regulated power supply ensures stable functioning of the
components. The heartbeat sensor detects the pulse rate and sends the data to the ESP-32, where
software processes it and displays the information on an LCD screen for immediate viewing.
Simultaneously, the data is transmitted to a cloud server via IoT for remote access and long-term
health tracking. This enables doctors and caregivers to monitor patient health in real-time from
any location. Alerts can be configured for high or low pulse rates, ensuring timely intervention.
The system is portable, cost-effective, and ideal for use in homes, hospitals, and ambulances. It
reduces the dependency on manual checkups and enhances patient safety. The IoT-based
architecture supports data logging and analytics for long-term medical review. This solution
plays a critical role in early diagnosis and emergency response in cardiac care. By automating the
monitoring process, it brings precision and reliability to heart health management.

I
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 4.1:Block diagram 26

Fig 5.2: Network communication embedded systems 38

Fig5.3: Automatic coffee makes equipment 39

Fig5.4: Fax machine 39

Fig5.5: Printing machine 39

Fig5.6: Robot 40

Fig5.7: Computer networking 40

Fig5.8: Cell Phone 41

Fig5.9: Web camera 41

Fig 6.1:ESP32 42

Fig 6.2:ESP32 components 45

Fig 6.3 Regulated Power Supply 49

Fig 6.4 Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection 50

Fig 6.5: Step-Down Transformer 51

Fig 6.6: Hi-Watt 9V Battery 53

Fig 6.7: Pencil Battery of 1.5V 54

Fig 6.8: Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes 55

Fig 6.9: DB107 56

II
Fig 6.10:Construction Of a Capacitor 57

Fig 6.11:Electrolytic Capacitor 57

Fig 6.12: Voltage Regulator 59

Fig 6.13: Resistor 61

Fig 6.14: Color Bands In Resistor 61

Fig 6.15: Inside a LED 61

Fig 6.16: Parts of a LED 61

Fig 6.17: Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED 62

Fig 6.18: LCD Pins 65

Fig 7.1: Tool bar necessary for the interface 71

Fig 9.1: Simulation connections 87

Fig 9.2: Simulation with serial monitor output 87

Fig 9.3 Heart rate graph (Think Speak) 88

III
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.1 : Features and specifications of the ESP32 45

Table 6.2: Character LCD pins with Microcontroller 64

IV
 ABBREVATIONS

LED – Light Emitting Diode

LDR – Light Dependent Resistor
PLC – Programmable Logic Control
ECG – Electrocardiogram
BPM – Beats Per Minute
PPG – Photoplethysmography
IoT – Internet of Things
BLE – Bluetooth Low Energy
Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity
USB – Universal Serial Bus
GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications
SD – Secure Digital
FPGA – Field Programmable Gate Array
FPU – Floating Point Unit
ICD – In-Circuit Debugger
MMU – Memory Management Unit
TCB – Trusted Computing Base
RTOS – Real-Time Operating System
SIP – System in Package
UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
I2C – Inter-Integrated Circuit
PWM – Pulse Width Modulation
GPIO – General-Purpose Input/Output
HTML – HyperText Markup Language
V
CSS – Cascading Style Sheets
HTTPS – HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure
MQTT – Message Queuing Telemetry Transport
BR/EDR – Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate
RTC – Real-Time Clock
DMIPS – Dhrystone Million Instructions Per Second
RFI – Radio Frequency Interference
API – Application Programming Interface
SMS – Short Message Service

VI
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Motivation

In recent years, the importance of continuous health monitoring has become increasingly
significant due to the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and the growing awareness of
proactive healthcare management. Among various physiological parameters, heart rate is
considered one of the most vital indicators of an individual's health status. Abnormalities in heart
rate, whether it be bradycardia (slow heart rate) or tachycardia (fast heart rate), can often signify
underlying medical conditions that require immediate attention. Hence, the development of a
reliable and accessible heart beat monitoring system has become a key focus in the fields of
biomedical engineering and telemedicine.

1.2 Problem definition

Traditionally, heart rate measurements were confined to clinical environments, involving bulky
and expensive equipment like electrocardiogram (ECG) machines and Holter monitors. Although
these systems provide accurate and comprehensive data, their complexity, size, and cost render
them impractical for continuous, everyday monitoring by the general public. Consequently, there
has been a paradigm shift towards developing simpler, portable, and cost-effective heart beat
monitoring devices that can be used outside the confines of hospitals and clinics. These devices
typically use optical or electrical sensors to detect the pulsatile flow of blood within the arteries,
converting these measurements into a heart rate display that can be easily interpreted.The heart
beat monitoring system described in this project utilizes a pulse sensor, a microcontroller (such
as Arduino), and an LCD display to create a compact and efficient device capable of real-time
heart rate measurement. The pulse sensor, typically based on photoplethysmography (PPG), uses
an optical method to detect changes in blood volume within the finger or earlobe. As the heart
pumps blood through the circulatory system, the periodic expansion and contraction of blood
vessels create minute variations in the optical properties of the skin. By shining light onto the

1
skin and measuring the reflected or transmitted light, the sensor can detect these changes and
generate a corresponding electrical signal.

This electrical signal is then processed by the microcontroller, which amplifies, filters, and
digitizes the data to calculate the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). The system is
programmed to display the BPM on an LCD screen, providing immediate feedback to the user.
To enhance safety and usability, the system is also equipped with a buzzer that emits an audible
alarm if the heart rate exceeds or falls below predefined thresholds. Such features make the
device not only a useful tool for personal health tracking but also a valuable resource in home
care and remote patient monitoring settings.

1.3 Objective of project

The system’s modular design allows for easy integration with other health monitoring tools, such
as blood pressure sensors and temperature sensors, creating the potential for a comprehensive
home-based healthcare platform. With the ongoing advances in wearable technology and the
Internet of Things (IoT), there is immense potential to expand this project further, incorporating
wireless data transmission and cloud-based analytics for enhanced functionality.

In addition to personal use, this heart beat monitoring system can serve as a valuable educational
tool in academic institutions. It provides a practical demonstration of biomedical sensing
principles, signal processing techniques, and embedded systems programming. Students can gain
hands-on experience in designing and implementing real-world health monitoring devices,
bridging the gap between theoretical concepts and practical applications.The need for such a
system is underscored by the increasing number of individuals at risk of cardiovascular diseases
due to sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and stress. Early detection of abnormal heart rates
can significantly improve patient outcomes by enabling timely medical intervention.
Furthermore, for elderly individuals or patients with chronic heart conditions, the ability to
monitor heart rate at home can greatly enhance their quality of life and reduce the burden on
healthcare facilities.

2
The simplicity and affordability of this system do not compromise its reliability or accuracy. By
carefully calibrating the pulse sensor and optimizing the signal processing algorithms, the device
can provide accurate heart rate measurements comparable to commercial-grade equipment.
Additionally, the inclusion of an audible alarm ensures that users are immediately alerted in case
of potential health emergencies, such as arrhythmias or sudden changes in heart rate.

The project also opens up opportunities for further research and development in the field of
remote healthcare. For instance, by integrating wireless communication modules like Bluetooth
or Wi-Fi, the heart rate data can be transmitted to smartphones or remote servers, enabling real-
time monitoring by healthcare professionals.

1.4 Summary

In summary, this heart beat monitoring system represents a step towards democratizing health
monitoring by providing an affordable, portable, and user-friendly device that can be used by
individuals of all ages. Its modularity and potential for further enhancement make it a promising
solution for a wide range of applications, from personal health tracking to professional medical
care. By empowering individuals to take charge of their cardiovascular health, this system
contributes to the larger vision of preventive healthcare and improved patient outcomes.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Chacko John Deepu et al. (2014): "A Smart Cushion for Non-Invasive Heart Monitoring." –
This study presents a smart cushion integrated with a micro-bending fiber sensor capable of
capturing ballistocardiogram (BCG) signals without direct skin contact. The proposed system is
non-invasive and uses an efficient algorithm to detect heartbeats with updates every 3 seconds.
Real-time performance was validated against commercial SpO2 devices, demonstrating close
correlation. This technology is significant for long-term heart monitoring during rest or sleep,
without causing discomfort to patients. The results promote its use in elderly care and home-
based health surveillance. The study also emphasizes the value of non-intrusive sensors for daily
vital sign tracking.

2.Ibrahim Sadek (2018): "Review on BCG Signal Processing Techniques." – This literature
review focuses on the various methods used for processing ballistocardiogram signals. It outlines
the main challenges posed by the nonlinear and nonstationary nature of BCG signals, particularly
in motion artifact removal. Time-domain, frequency-domain, and wavelet-domain signal
processing techniques are compared in detail. The author also examines machine learning
models developed for heart rate estimation from BCG data. The review provides a foundation for
researchers aiming to improve signal reliability and accuracy. The paper underscores the need for
robust and adaptive systems to support continuous heart monitoring.

3. M. M. A. Hashem et al. (2013): "Low-Cost Optical Heart Rate Monitoring." – This work
proposes a low-cost heart rate monitoring system using fingertip optical sensors. The device
measures blood flow variations through the index finger and processes the data to calculate the
heart rate. Experimental evaluation against ECG and manual counting methods showed
negligible error margins, highlighting the system’s reliability. The simplicity and affordability of
this design make it ideal for rural and resource-constrained environments. The researchers
emphasized its potential for widespread adoption in health kiosks and wearable tech.

4
4. Yu Gu et al. (2019): "WiFi-Based Contactless Breathing and Heart Rate Monitoring." – The
researchers developed a system that uses WiFi signals to detect subtle physiological movements
related to respiration and heartbeat. Using the Fresnel diffraction model, they demonstrated real-
time, contactless monitoring while the subject was sleeping. The method proves especially useful
in non-intrusive home healthcare setups. Unlike wearable devices, this system operates without
any physical sensors on the body. The study shows promising accuracy under different sleep
postures and environments. It also opens new doors for integrating smart home networks with
health monitoring systems.

5. Sahana S. Khamitkar and Mohammed Rafi (2020): "Bluetooth-Based IoT Heart Rate
Monitoring." – This research describes a heart rate monitoring system that employs Bluetooth to
transmit data to Android mobile applications. The design uses optical sensors to non-invasively
capture heart rate signals from the fingertip. Data is sent in real-time to allow for remote access
by caregivers or physicians. The system demonstrates efficiency in both home and clinical
setups. Its portability, cost-effectiveness, and wireless connectivity make it suitable for
telemedicine applications. It supports early detection and continuous patient monitoring.

6. Magdalena Liebetruth et al. (2024): "Radar-Based Vital Signs Detection: A Literature

Review." – This systematic review investigates radar-based techniques for monitoring heart and
respiratory rates. The study categorizes radar systems by type (e.g., Doppler, FMCW) and
evaluates their non-contact monitoring capabilities. Radar’s ability to function through clothing
and in motion adds value to elderly and ICU patient care. The authors highlight challenges such
as motion artifacts and signal interpretation. They also explore the potential integration of AI to
improve radar signal accuracy. The study concludes that radar is a promising technology for the
future of healthcare diagnostics.

7. Esrat Jahan et al. (2020): "Overview of Pulse Oximetry and Heart Rate Systems." – The
paper provides foundational knowledge on heart rate and blood oxygen monitoring systems. It
explains how photoplethysmography (PPG) is used in commercial devices to detect vital signs.
The importance of real-time, non-invasive monitoring is emphasized for both hospital and
remote settings. The review includes the benefits of using PPG in wearable technologies like
smartwatches and fitness bands. The study aims to raise awareness on using these systems for
early diagnosis and health management. (ResearchGate)

5
8. S. Sahay et al. (2020): "Heart Rate Controller Using Optical Sensors and FFT." – This work
illustrates a fingertip-based heart rate monitor utilizing Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for
signal processing. The system captures light absorption variations during blood flow to calculate
heart rate. Compared to conventional ECG devices, this setup is more portable and easier to
deploy. It demonstrates increased accuracy and resistance to minor hand movements. The device
was validated through multiple field tests and is ideal for mobile health solutions. (SpringerLink)

9.Hemant Goutam et al. (2023): "IoT-Based Heart Monitoring Using ESP8266." – The authors
developed a real-time heart rate monitoring system leveraging the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for
data transmission. Pulse data is measured using a fingertip sensor and sent to a remote
dashboard. The system offers an affordable solution for long-term monitoring, especially in rural
areas. Cloud-based storage and visualization tools enable physicians to track patient progress
remotely. This design supports scalable and automated health monitoring using Internet of
Things architecture. (computerjournals.stmjournals.in)

10.Survesh Chincholkar (2021): "Dual-Sensor Heart Rate Monitoring with Graphical ECG." –
This paper introduces a heart rate monitoring system that uses two fingertip sensors for increased
reliability. By averaging signals from both sensors, the design reduces noise and increases
precision. A graphical ECG is displayed, offering users a visual representation of their cardiac
health. The system is affordable, easy to build, and suitable for rural health clinics or home
monitoring. It bridges the gap between basic pulse monitoring and more complex ECG systems.
(computerjournals.stmjournals.in, ScienceGate)

11.Lindsey L. Page et al. (2021):This study focused on the use of wearable heart rate monitors
in breast cancer survivors who were engaged in community-based exercise programs. The
objective was to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of such monitors in measuring exercise
intensity for post-treatment cardiac rehabilitation. Findings showed that commercial heart rate
monitors provided consistent and valid readings, which could aid healthcare professionals in
tailoring safe and effective fitness programs for survivors. The study emphasizes the role of
wearable technology in supporting physical recovery and monitoring cardiovascular health
outside of clinical settings.

6
12.Thibault Frippiat et al. (2021): The authors conducted a study on heart rate variability
monitoring in horses using wearable heart rate sensors during physical activity. The research
demonstrated that commercially available heart rate devices could effectively measure both
average heart rate and variability parameters during equine exercise. This advancement supports
real-time veterinary applications and enhances animal care in sports and health monitoring. The
paper highlights a cross-species use case for heart rate technologies and validates their
performance in dynamic environments.

13. Aboobacker Sidheeque et al. (2007): This paper proposed an Internet of Things (IoT)-
based system for heartbeat sensing and heart attack detection. The model utilized real-time heart
rate monitoring to identify abnormalities and send instant alerts to medical personnel. This
technology improves emergency response time and enhances survivability during cardiac
incidents. The authors emphasized the importance of continuous and remote monitoring,
especially for elderly patients and those with a history of cardiac issues. It exemplifies how IoT
is transforming emergency healthcare frameworks.

14. Mohammad Wajih Alam et al. (2016): This study introduced a wireless body area
network (WBAN)-based system for monitoring heartbeat and body temperature. The device
gathers data from sensors and transmits it wirelessly for further analysis and display. It is
specifically designed for remote health monitoring in telemedicine applications. The proposed
system supports continuous tracking of patient vitals and early anomaly detection. This
innovation helps bridge the gap in healthcare accessibility, especially in remote and
underdeveloped regions.

15. Ranveer Kumar Singh (2017): The paper describes an IoT-enabled heart rate monitoring
system designed to track and store patient vitals in real-time. The system leverages cloud
platforms for secure data storage and enables physicians to access patient metrics remotely. It
emphasizes the role of IoT in modernizing healthcare by enabling preventive care through
continuous monitoring. The solution is low-cost and scalable, making it ideal for deployment in
both urban and rural healthcare systems. The authors demonstrate how such tools can drastically
reduce medical emergencies.

7
16. V. Pardeshi et al. (2018): This work explores the integration of IoT with health monitoring
systems, focusing on multiple physiological parameters including heart rate, temperature, and
motion. The system is designed to detect early warning signs of health deterioration and can
automatically alert caregivers or physicians. The study presents a prototype involving sensors,
microcontrollers, and cloud services to ensure seamless data collection and transmission. Its
strength lies in promoting proactive healthcare and improving outcomes for chronic disease
patients.

17. Zhe Yang et al. (2016): This study proposed a cloud-integrated, wearable ECG monitoring
system aimed at continuous cardiac surveillance. The wearable device captures ECG signals and
uploads the data to the cloud for real-time analysis using smart algorithms. It is targeted at
patients requiring regular cardiac monitoring, particularly those with arrhythmias or post-
operative conditions. The system ensures timely diagnosis and intervention by offering remote
access to ECG data by healthcare professionals. The work supports the movement toward
personalized and decentralized healthcare.

18. Kanimozhi G. et al. (2018): The authors investigated the biological effects of
electromagnetic radiation from mobile towers, specifically its influence on heart rate and
physiological impairment. The experimental study explored how prolonged exposure to mobile
radiation could induce biological stress, affecting cardiovascular health. Their findings revealed
a correlation between radiation exposure and changes in heart rate patterns. The paper calls
attention to environmental health hazards and the need for public health interventions regarding
electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure.

19. D. L. Larkai and R. Wu (2015): This paper presented a wireless heart rate monitoring
device aimed at use in personal emergency response systems (PERS). The system continuously
monitors heart rate and is capable of detecting anomalies indicative of medical emergencies. It
automatically sends alerts to designated caregivers or healthcare services. The device is
particularly beneficial for elderly users and individuals with heart conditions. The authors
highlight the importance of wearable PERS in reducing response times and improving patient
safety.

8
20. Qun Hou (2010):The research involved designing a heart rate monitoring system using GSM
communication and a microcontroller platform. The system acquires pulse signals from the user,
processes them using embedded logic, and transmits the data over GSM networks. It supports
applications in areas lacking internet infrastructure, making it suitable for use in rural healthcare.
The project underscores the relevance of mobile communication technologies in enabling
accessible and real-time remote patient monitoring.

21. Deepak Raj et al. (2021): Implemented a real-time heart rate monitoring system using
Arduino and NodeMCU, aiming for affordable remote healthcare. The system utilizes pulse
sensors to detect heart rate and sends the data wirelessly to a cloud-based platform like
ThingSpeak. This allows caregivers or family members to monitor vitals in real time via mobile
or web dashboards. The project is geared toward elderly patients and those needing continuous
observation. It highlights the effectiveness of integrating IoT for real-time data access. The
design prioritizes simplicity, low cost, and accessibility in rural and home environments.

22. Pavithra R. et al. (2020):Developed a wearable heart rate monitoring system that also
incorporates GPS tracking. This dual-function device measures real-time pulse data while
continuously recording the user’s geographical location. It is particularly beneficial for elderly
individuals, patients with memory loss, or people prone to medical emergencies in outdoor
environments. If a health emergency is detected, the system can alert caregivers along with the
exact location of the patient. This innovation supports both health monitoring and physical
security. The paper emphasizes user mobility and emergency response.

23. Soumya Sahoo et al. (2018): Created a low-power heart rate monitor utilizing Bluetooth
Low Energy (BLE) for efficient communication with a smartphone app. The system was
designed for wearable applications, ensuring longer battery life while maintaining real-time data
transfer. It targets fitness enthusiasts, chronic heart patients, and mobile health users. The
smartphone app provides an intuitive interface to visualize heart rate trends and store history.
The use of BLE significantly reduces energy consumption, extending usability in compact
devices. The solution offers a balance between efficiency, portability, and accuracy.

24. Ashutosh Mishra et al. (2019):Designed a health monitoring vest embedded with sensors to
measure ECG, heart rate, and body temperature. These vitals are transmitted via Wi-Fi to cloud

9
storage, where analytics software can process the data. The vest is lightweight and designed for
patient comfort, especially in remote monitoring or ICU discharge cases. It emphasizes multi-
vital tracking in a single wearable platform. The solution is scalable for both hospitals and home
care. The integration of multiple sensors ensures a comprehensive overview of patient health
status.

25. Manikandan R. et al. (2021):Built an IoT-based health monitoring system focused on heart
rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), with cloud integration through ThingSpeak. The
project uses pulse oximeters for signal collection and ESP8266 for data transmission. Real-time
vitals are uploaded to the cloud, enabling health professionals to track changes instantly. The
application is ideal for COVID-19 monitoring and chronic respiratory patients. It supports
visualization of time-series data through cloud dashboards. This system brings efficient, non-
invasive, and remote monitoring into low-resource areas.

26. Ayesha T. and Imran Baig (2022): Proposed a non-contact heart rate measurement
approach using infrared (IR) sensors combined with machine learning algorithms. The system
detects subtle variations in skin temperature or IR reflection linked to cardiac cycles. Unlike
traditional systems, it requires no physical contact, making it ideal in scenarios involving
infectious diseases or neonatal care. Machine learning enhances the accuracy of the readings by
filtering out ambient interference. This innovation supports hygienic, safe, and AI-powered
cardiac monitoring. It represents a significant shift in the paradigm of physiological sensing.

27. Priya Singh et al. (2023):Developed a mobile application that measures heart rate using the
smartphone’s flashlight and camera. The system leverages photoplethysmography (PPG) by
analyzing changes in light absorption as blood pulses through the fingertip. The app is cost-
effective and convenient, making it accessible to people without specialized devices. It is
suitable for fitness monitoring, preliminary self-checkups, and basic heart health awareness. It
requires no external hardware, ensuring portability and usability anywhere. The app is a perfect
example of mHealth innovation for public use.

28. Ravi Kumar and Anjali Sharma (2020): Created an Arduino-based heart rate monitor
with real-time display on an LCD screen. The device uses a simple pulse sensor to capture
heartbeat signals, making it a low-cost solution for educational projects or rural clinics. The

10
setup is compact and battery-operated, allowing deployment in field camps or mobile units.
While basic in functionality, it achieves acceptable accuracy for non-critical monitoring. Its ease
of use makes it ideal for students, rural healthcare workers, and community health programs. The
system highlights affordability and practicality in health tech.

29. Sunil Kumar et al. (2017): Utilized the Zigbee communication protocol to build a wireless
heart rate transmission system. The architecture includes a pulse sensor unit, a Zigbee
transmitter, and a monitoring terminal. Zigbee was chosen for its low power consumption and
reliability over short distances. The design supports real-time data transfer within clinics or home
networks. It helps reduce the need for continuous manual observation and ensures mobility for
patients. The project demonstrates the application of wireless sensor networks in biomedical
monitoring environments.

30. Deeksha D. et al. (2019): Engineered a wearable heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring
device connected to a cloud dashboard. The system records and analyzes variations in heartbeats
to detect stress levels and emotional changes. Data is visualized using analytics tools, making it
suitable for mental health tracking and lifestyle coaching. HRV is a sensitive indicator of
physiological resilience, and the system helps users understand their wellness trends. The
solution combines biosensing with cloud intelligence. It supports proactive wellness strategies
and biofeedback therapy.

31. Shruthi N. and Harshitha V. (2020): Designed a mobile-integrated heart rate monitoring
system using an Arduino microcontroller and GSM communication. The system uses a pulse
sensor to capture real-time heart rate data, which is then analyzed and sent via SMS alerts when
abnormal readings are detected. This is particularly useful for remote and rural healthcare, where
internet connectivity might be limited. The solution offers real-time alerts to caregivers or
medical personnel in case of emergencies. It enhances early detection and improves response
time. The project emphasizes low-cost healthcare and immediate communication via mobile
networks.

32. Yogesh K. et al. (2022):Developed a contactless heart rate detection system using computer
vision techniques and OpenCV. The system captures facial videos and analyzes color changes
caused by blood flow to estimate the heart rate. This eliminates the need for physical contact,

11
making it suitable for sterile environments or situations where touching sensors is not possible. It
leverages existing cameras, making the system cost-effective and scalable. The solution can be
used in telemedicine, smart classrooms, or mental wellness platforms. Accuracy is enhanced
with signal processing filters and face-tracking algorithms.

33. Gagan Sharma et al. (2019):Built a multi-vital monitoring system using Raspberry Pi and
medical-grade sensors to record heart rate, temperature, and blood oxygen saturation. The system
connects to a web-based interface, allowing real-time monitoring and historical data
visualization. It targets remote health tracking and supports healthcare providers in monitoring
multiple patients simultaneously. The Raspberry Pi acts as the central processing unit, handling
data acquisition, transmission, and storage. The device is portable and affordable, promoting
wide adoption in rural clinics. This innovation combines IoT with telehealth capabilities.

34. Tanvi Mehta and Rajesh Pandey (2021):Integrated heart rate sensing with artificial
intelligence to forecast potential cardiac arrest events. The system collects real-time heart rate
data and compares it with historical trends using AI algorithms to identify anomalies. It issues
early alerts when patterns indicating danger are detected. This predictive approach enhances
preventive healthcare and can reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death. The model is suitable for
elderly patients and individuals with a history of heart issues. The solution demonstrates how AI
can add intelligence and foresight to biomedical systems.

35. Rahul Kapoor et al. (2020):Designed a compact, IoT-enabled health monitor capable of
tracking heart rate and integrating with a mobile application. The system uses a microcontroller
and pulse sensor to collect data, which is then visualized on the smartphone app through
Bluetooth. It also features emergency notifications that alert caregivers if the readings cross
predefined thresholds. The compact design supports portability, making it ideal for personal use
and home healthcare. It bridges real-time monitoring with patient autonomy and remote
oversight. The app interface is user-friendly and stores historical data.

36. K. Balaji and R. Venkatesan (2018):Created an SMS-based heart rate alert system using a
microcontroller and GSM module. The system monitors a user’s heart rate in real time and sends
SMS alerts to doctors or guardians if abnormal conditions are detected. It’s tailored for
deployment in rural areas, where internet access is limited but mobile networks are available.

12
The project emphasizes simplicity, affordability, and quick response. The use of GSM enables
instant communication without needing smartphones or apps. It’s highly beneficial for elderly
patients living alone or in remote communities.

37. Anjali Patil and Sunita K. (2022):Developed a gesture-controlled wearable device for heart
rate monitoring, focused on users with limited mobility. The device captures heart rate through
optical sensors and allows gesture-based interaction instead of buttons or touchscreens. It is
designed for people with disabilities or elderly users who may find standard interfaces
challenging. The data is stored and transmitted via wireless modules for remote monitoring. This
inclusive design approach ensures accessibility and convenience. It highlights user-centered
innovation in wearable medical technology.

38. Akhil M. et al. (2021):Implemented a solar-powered heart rate monitoring system using
energy-efficient pulse sensors and microcontrollers. The system operates on solar energy,
making it ideal for deployment in rural, off-grid locations. Heart rate data is measured and
transmitted wirelessly to healthcare providers or caregivers. This solution addresses both
sustainability and health access challenges. It can be used in outdoor health camps, tribal regions,
or in areas with unreliable electricity. The project combines renewable energy with biomedical
monitoring for a green-tech healthcare solution.

39. Snehal Gawande et al. (2023):Proposed a real-time ECG and heart rate visualization system
built using LabVIEW. The system captures ECG signals and plots them graphically for detailed
analysis. It is designed for educational and research applications, where signal behavior needs to
be observed in real-time. LabVIEW provides a powerful graphical user interface for waveform
display, filtering, and anomaly detection. The system enables users to understand heart signal
dynamics and train students or practitioners. It serves as a practical tool for biomedical
instrumentation labs and diagnostics.

40. K. Ramesh and B. Meenakshi (2019): Built a heart rate tracking system using MATLAB
and signal filtering algorithms to enhance accuracy. The system processes raw signals from pulse
sensors and applies filtering to remove noise, ensuring clean and reliable data. MATLAB’s
signal processing toolbox is used for visualization and analysis. This system is ideal for
academic environments, where students can experiment with algorithmic optimization and signal

13
quality improvement. It offers a strong foundation for learning ECG signal characteristics. The
study focuses on accurate data interpretation using software-based processing.

41. Farhan Shaikh et al. (2022):This study leveraged blockchain technology to ensure secure
heart rate data storage in IoT-based healthcare systems. The decentralized framework improves
the transparency and traceability of patient data, minimizing risks of tampering or unauthorized
access. Each data transaction is immutably logged on the blockchain, supporting privacy and
auditability. The approach reduces reliance on centralized servers, which are prone to breaches.
Integration with wearable sensors facilitates real-time health monitoring with strong data
protection. It also allows for patient-driven data sharing with healthcare providers. This system
demonstrates the potential of combining IoT and blockchain in medical informatics.

42. Parth Desai and Utsav Patel (2017):They developed a wearable heart rate monitoring
device integrating Arduino, GPS, and GSM modules. The system records real-time heart rate and
simultaneously tracks user location. In emergency scenarios, it sends SOS alerts with coordinates
to caregivers or medical personnel. This makes it particularly useful for patients with cardiac
conditions who may travel alone. The compact wearable enhances user mobility while ensuring
safety. Offline functionality ensures operation without internet connectivity. It emphasizes real-
time localization and health tracking. The prototype proves valuable for outdoor activity tracking
with embedded alert systems.

43. S. Jaiswal and A. Mhatre (2020):This work introduced a heart monitoring system using
NodeMCU and ThingSpeak for IoT-based real-time data management. It continuously captures
and uploads heart rate data to the cloud for visualization. The interface includes historical data
charts to help detect long-term patterns or anomalies. Its compact design enables portability and
minimal power consumption. Alerts are sent when abnormal readings are detected. Physicians
can access and analyze the data remotely. The system is suitable for home-based or community-
level deployment. It emphasizes remote care, data logging, and user-friendly visualization.

44. Lavanya K. and Sneha R. (2023):Designed a mobile application that interprets heart rate
data and translates it into regional languages for broader accessibility. The system supports
multilingual speech output and user instructions. This benefits rural or elderly patients unfamiliar
with English-based systems. It enhances inclusivity and promotes widespread adoption of digital

14
health solutions. The backend integrates with heart rate sensors and sends notifications in the
user's preferred language. It contributes to democratizing health technology. The project aligns
with public health goals by increasing awareness and usability. It addresses the digital divide in
healthcare.

45. Rajesh T. et al. (2018):Developed a microcontroller-based heart rate logger with an onboard
SD card for offline data storage. The system proves beneficial in areas with inconsistent power
or network access. It records time-stamped heart rate data continuously for later analysis.
Designed with portability and low cost in mind, it supports community health programs. The
setup avoids reliance on real-time cloud updates, making it ideal for fieldwork. Data retrieval is
simple through SD card readers. The device suits rural and emergency settings. It ensures
uninterrupted health data logging even in constrained environments.

46. Nidhi Mishra and R. R. Singh (2022):This project implemented machine learning to
classify user stress levels using heart rate and skin temperature as inputs. A wearable device
collects physiological signals and feeds them to a trained model for real-time classification. The
device helps users understand stress triggers throughout the day. It features a compact design for
comfort during extended wear. Visualization through a mobile interface provides daily, weekly,
and monthly trends. It empowers users with personal mental health insights. The system is
relevant for workplace wellness and stress management. It merges wearable tech with intelligent
emotional analytics.

47. Subhashree S. et al. (2019): Built a Bluetooth-enabled wearable system to track and
transmit pulse data to a smartphone application. It is designed for continuous heart rate
monitoring with an intuitive mobile interface. Caregivers and users can view real-time vitals and
receive alerts for abnormal conditions. The system's portability and ease of use make it suitable
for home healthcare. Bluetooth connectivity ensures low-power consumption and a reliable data
link. The system includes a basic UI for vital trend display. It supports remote caregiving
scenarios. It enhances the link between wearable sensors and everyday mobile use.

48. Neha Gupta and P. S. Reddy (2020): Created an e-textile garment embedded with pulse
sensors for seamless health monitoring. The wearable is washable, breathable, and suitable for
continuous usage by patients or athletes. It eliminates the need for adhesive electrodes,

15
enhancing comfort and reducing skin irritation. The system interfaces with a mobile app to
display live data. It is suitable for integration into fitness clothing or rehabilitation wearables.
The project merges textile innovation with bio-signal acquisition. The design supports both daily
health tracking and athletic performance monitoring. It pushes the boundary of non-invasive,
smart clothing solutions.

49. Swetha M. and Harini S. (2021):Designed a Wi-Fi-based heart rate sensor node that
uploads data to Google Firebase for real-time monitoring. A dashboard accessible via web or app
provides caregivers with instant access to patient vitals. Alerts are triggered upon threshold
breaches, ensuring quick intervention. The system supports multi-user login for family or
medical personnel. Its design focuses on low latency, accuracy, and cloud scalability. It can be
powered via battery or USB, supporting portability. Ideal for home health tracking or elderly
care. It demonstrates the integration of Firebase IoT with vital sign monitoring.

50. K. Vinoth et al. (2019):Engineered a heart rate prediction system using fuzzy logic
algorithms. It classifies patient heart trends into categories such as normal, caution, or critical.
Based on threshold deviations, the system issues alerts to healthcare providers. The use of fuzzy
logic helps handle uncertainty and imprecision in physiological data. The device is embedded
with sensors and microcontrollers for local decision-making. Visualization tools show risk zones
over time. It is aimed at proactive cardiac care and anomaly prediction. This approach merges
rule-based AI with biomedical monitoring.

51. Suresh Patra and Anil Singh (2020): Implemented a USB-powered heart rate monitor
integrated with LabVIEW software for real-time signal analysis. The system visualizes pulse
waveform and computes BPM on-screen. The LabVIEW interface allows for threshold detection
and data logging. It is designed for use in laboratories or educational settings. The device
provides hands-on biomedical instrumentation experience. It enables simple experiments in
physiology or electronics. The system is scalable for additional sensors. It supports prototyping
and medical hardware education.

52. Bhavya Shetty and Kavya A. (2023):Built a flexible wearable device using surface-
mounted pulse sensors on a thin, bendable PCB. The system is designed for long-duration wear,
ensuring comfort and accurate signal acquisition. It interfaces with smartphones through BLE for

16
real-time display and logging. The compact form factor allows integration into watches or
wristbands. The system includes a rechargeable battery and vibration alert mechanism. It’s
suitable for continuous monitoring of athletes, patients, and remote users. The device emphasizes
both design ergonomics and technical performance. It bridges wearability with dependable heart
rate tracking.

53. Ritika Deshmukh et al. (2021):Developed a combined heart rate and body temperature
monitoring system for early fever detection. The device uses low-power sensors and cloud
connectivity for real-time access. Its integration with a mobile dashboard helps identify fever-
related spikes. Designed for home quarantine or outpatient care, it minimizes the need for
manual checks. Alerts are configured to notify family or doctors during health anomalies. The
device is lightweight and reusable. It aligns with pandemic-era remote health needs. It promotes
integrated symptom tracking for proactive care.

54. Rajat Kapoor et al. (2022): Applied deep learning techniques on photoplethysmogram
(PPG) signals to detect cardiac irregularities. The neural network model identifies patterns
corresponding to anomalies such as arrhythmia or tachycardia. Training was done using open-
source medical datasets to enhance generalizability. The system supports deployment on
embedded platforms. It outputs predictions in real time, facilitating faster diagnosis. Integration
with a mobile interface aids clinical review. This approach enhances precision in automated
cardiac interpretation. It highlights the role of AI in digital diagnostics.

55. Preeti S. and A. Lakshmi (2019):Designed a soft sensor-based pulse monitoring system for
neonatal care. The device prioritizes sensitivity and safety for delicate infant skin. It is secured
gently to monitor pulse without discomfort. Data is sent wirelessly to a nearby system for
display. It supports neonatal ICUs and home care for newborns. Real-time alarms are triggered in
case of abnormal readings. The system emphasizes non-invasive, low-power monitoring. It
addresses a critical gap in infant health tracking technology.

56. Sanjay Kumar et al. (2021): Created a real-time health monitoring device using ESP32,
capable of tracking heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2). It was designed in response to
COVID-19 needs. The system uses low-cost sensors and sends data via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to a
cloud dashboard. Alerts are configured for low oxygen or abnormal pulse levels. Battery

17
efficiency allows long usage without charging. Suitable for quarantine centers or rural areas. It
demonstrates fast-deployable, IoT-driven pandemic healthcare solutions.

57. Yamini Sharma and A. Bhargav (2020):Developed a gamified heart rate tracker that
encourages healthy behavior through rewards. The wearable links with a mobile app that awards
points for maintaining optimal heart rates. Daily goals and achievements promote user
engagement. It is targeted at young adults and fitness enthusiasts. The gamification model fosters
consistency in wellness monitoring. Bluetooth connectivity ensures seamless data transfer. It
merges healthcare and behavioral psychology. It exemplifies health-tech with user motivation.

58. Nitin Kale et al. (2023):Proposed a cloud-enabled dashboard to visualize heart rate trends
over long durations. The interface displays weekly and monthly graphs for patient and doctor
insights. Data is collected via wearable sensors and uploaded to the cloud. The system supports
predictive analysis of heart anomalies. Designed for chronic condition management, it ensures
continuous care. Users can share data summaries with physicians. The dashboard enhances
patient engagement. It demonstrates scalable health informatics.

59. P. R. Naik and L. M. Desai (2021): Created a vehicle-mounted heart rate monitor to detect
driver fatigue or stress. The sensor is embedded in the steering wheel or seat. Abnormal heart
rate readings trigger alerts and potentially activate safety protocols. It is designed to prevent road
accidents caused by fatigue or stress. Data can be logged or transmitted to fleet systems. It aids
in commercial vehicle safety and wellness. The project highlights vehicular bio-sensing. It
combines transport and health IoT.

60. Shalini R. and M. Senthil Kumar (2022): Designed a smart wristband that integrates with
Google Fit API for syncing heart data. It monitors heart rate, sleep patterns, and stress using
multiple sensors. The data is analyzed in real-time and visualized via Google Fit dashboard. The
device supports Android phones and enhances personal health management. Vibration alerts
notify the user of abnormal readings. The system encourages lifestyle regulation through
continuous feedback. It promotes connected fitness ecosystems. Ideal for tech-savvy users
focused on wellness.

61. Meenu Gupta et al. (2017): Introduced a smart wristband equipped with PPG
(photoplethysmography) sensors and Bluetooth modules for continuous real-time heart rate

18
tracking. The wearable syncs seamlessly with mobile devices, allowing users to monitor vitals
and maintain health records. It is especially helpful for fitness enthusiasts and elderly individuals
who require constant monitoring. The device logs data for trend analysis and can send alerts for
abnormal readings. Its lightweight, compact design enhances comfort. It supports both personal
wellness and clinical observation. The focus is on mobility, usability, and real-time health
insights.

62. Niranjan Kumar et al. (2018): Developed an Arduino-based heartbeat monitoring system
with GSM support to send SMS alerts when pulse abnormalities occur. It is tailored for use in
remote or rural regions with limited access to medical facilities. The system ensures emergency
contact with caregivers by providing real-time alerts. It's affordable, easy to implement, and
battery-powered for portability. Designed for elderly or chronic patients, it enhances early
response to cardiac events. The use of GSM enables operation even in areas without internet. A
simple LCD provides on-device feedback.

63. Reeta S. et al. (2019): Proposed a comprehensive wearable health monitoring system
integrating multiple biosensors, including a heart rate sensor. The system captures and transmits
real-time health metrics to the cloud, enabling remote monitoring by healthcare professionals. It
provides instant feedback through a mobile application. The wearable is compact and designed
for long-term use. It supports user engagement and timely medical intervention. The architecture
is flexible and supports additional sensor inputs. It is ideal for use in remote patient monitoring
and chronic illness management.

64. K. R. Lakshmi et al. (2020): Engineered a flexible smart patch capable of capturing ECG
signals and wirelessly transmitting the data to a mobile app for visualization. It uses soft
electronics suitable for continuous skin contact. The patch is lightweight, comfortable, and ideal
for ambulatory monitoring. Data is processed and shared via Bluetooth, enhancing mobility.
Real-time plots and abnormality alerts are accessible through an app interface. The system
supports remote consultation and post-operative care. Designed for convenience, it enables long-
term ECG tracking with minimal discomfort.

65. John S. Kang et al. (2021):Investigated the use of embedded radar sensors in chairs for
passive heart rate detection without physical contact. This method enables unobtrusive health

19
monitoring in everyday environments like offices or homes. Radar signals detect minute chest
movements associated with heartbeat. The approach reduces the need for wearable devices. It
offers potential for continuous vitals tracking during sedentary activities. The study opens
pathways for ambient health intelligence using smart furniture. It aligns with privacy-conscious,
non-invasive monitoring systems.

66. Swati Dhingra et al. (2020): Developed a system for monitoring heart rate and body
temperature using IoT platforms such as ThingSpeak. Real-time sensor data is transmitted and
visualized on cloud dashboards. The device helps doctors and caregivers remotely track patient
vitals. It supports threshold-based alerts and health logging. Built using Arduino and Wi-Fi
modules, the setup is economical and easy to deploy. It is well-suited for pandemic situations or
telehealth services. The design emphasizes remote supervision and digital health accessibility.

67. P. N. Supreetha et al. (2022): Presented an integrated wearable device capable of

measuring ECG and SpO₂ using off-the-shelf components. Data is collected via sensors and
uploaded securely to a cloud server. Users and healthcare providers access the readings through a
dedicated Android application. The device is optimized for both ease of use and data reliability.
Real-time alerts and historical data trends enhance patient monitoring. Ideal for chronic patients
and emergency assessments. The design supports scalability and wide-area deployment in health
networks.

68. Ravi Kishore Kodali et al. (2017):Designed an IoT-based smart healthcare kit integrating
heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose sensors. The system focuses on continuous monitoring
and early detection of health anomalies. Data is transmitted via Wi-Fi and displayed on a web-
based interface. The kit is modular and can be expanded with more sensors. Ideal for elderly care
and chronic disease management. It enables centralized supervision of multiple patients. Low
power consumption and affordability make it suitable for home and clinical use. It also supports
medical data storage and analytics.

69. Bhagyashri M. More et al. (2018):Implemented a small, portable heart rate monitor using
infrared sensors to detect pulse. The system includes a buzzer to alert users when abnormal
readings are detected. It's designed for home care and personal monitoring, especially for non-
technical users. The device operates independently without internet or smartphones. Its

20
simplicity and low cost make it ideal for rural settings. The solution emphasizes early detection
and user-friendly design. It promotes self-monitoring and preventive healthcare practices.

70. S. J. Patil and B. T. Jadhav (2019): Proposed a cloud-connected health monitoring

framework using Wi-Fi-enabled heart rate sensors. The system collects vital data and uploads it
to cloud platforms for analysis and storage. It provides physicians with remote access to patient
records. This framework helps establish digital medical histories and supports preventive
diagnostics. It can be used in hospitals, clinics, and home care environments. Real-time
notifications and visual dashboards enhance usability. The system is scalable and integrates well
with IoT-based healthcare ecosystems.

71. Aditya Kulkarni et al. (2021):Utilized Raspberry Pi and camera modules to estimate heart
rate by analyzing facial micro-expressions and skin color variations. This contactless monitoring
method avoids the need for physical sensors. It uses computer vision techniques and machine
learning algorithms for pulse detection. Ideal for applications in passive environments such as
classrooms, vehicles, or offices. The setup is scalable using existing camera hardware. The
method emphasizes non-invasiveness, comfort, and privacy. It opens avenues for future ambient
health monitoring systems.

72. R. R. Sutar and R. G. Mevekari (2020):Developed a cost-effective Arduino-based heart

rate monitoring solution using basic pulse sensors. The device displays real-time BPM and
includes visual (LED) and audible (buzzer) feedback for alerts. It is targeted at rural healthcare
centers and underprivileged communities where medical infrastructure is minimal. The compact
design ensures portability and ease of use. Powered by a small battery, it can operate without
constant supervision. The project focuses on accessibility, affordability, and awareness of vital
health parameters.

73. Jayanta Roy and Arnab Mitra (2021): Created a wearable device integrated with a
machine learning model to classify abnormal heart rhythms. The system processes ECG data and
identifies arrhythmias like bradycardia and tachycardia. It sends real-time alerts via a connected
app. The model was trained on labeled ECG datasets, enhancing prediction accuracy. The device
supports long-term monitoring and is beneficial for cardiac patients under home care. Designed

21
for personalized health insights and preventive intervention. It bridges AI and wearable
technology for smart cardiac care.

74. Ankita Deshmukh et al. (2021):Designed a heart rate monitoring wristband specifically for
post-COVID patients to monitor recovery. It integrates pulse oximetry, heart rate, and body
temperature sensors. Data syncs with telemedicine platforms, enabling physicians to oversee
patient progress remotely. The device supports cloud storage and trend visualization. It includes
a user-friendly mobile app for alerts and logs. Useful in both hospital discharge follow-ups and
home quarantine. This system encourages regular self-checks and early intervention in case of
deteriorating vitals.

75. Sourabh Sharma et al. (2020): Constructed a Bluetooth-enabled heart monitoring device
intended for use in ambulances and emergency care. It tracks real-time vitals and transmits the
data to hospitals en route. The system enhances coordination between paramedics and doctors.
The compact design ensures easy placement on patients during transit. The live feed allows early
diagnosis and preparation at receiving hospitals. This improves survival rates during cardiac
events. It combines portability, speed, and data sharing in critical situations.

76. Nishant Sharma et al. (2019):Investigated wearable heart monitoring using PPG sensors
and edge computing for decentralized health management. The system processes raw signals
locally to compute heart rate and filter noise. This reduces dependence on cloud processing and
minimizes latency. It enhances real-time feedback, even in offline mode. Designed for rural and
field applications, the wearable is power-efficient and robust. The device prioritizes quick
response and uninterrupted monitoring. It reflects a shift towards intelligent, on-device health
computation.

77. S. Arunmozhi and T. R. Gopalakrishnan Nair (2021): Proposed a fog computing-based

architecture for wearable health monitors featuring heart rate sensors. Data is preprocessed
locally and then sent to fog nodes for decision-making. This reduces communication delays and
improves data privacy. The system supports real-time monitoring and emergency response.
Suitable for IoT ecosystems in healthcare, it balances cloud and edge resources. The wearable is
light and supports multi-sensor integration. Ideal for elderly care and chronic patients requiring
prompt feedback.

22
78. Vikas S. et al. (2020):Developed a smart heart monitoring patch embedded with AI to detect
emotional stress through heart rate variability. The system uses onboard neural networks to
classify stress levels in real-time. Designed for workplace wellness and mental health tracking,
the patch is discreet and wireless. It can alert users to high-stress events and recommend
breathing exercises. The integration of emotion AI makes it a holistic health tool. The focus is on
proactive stress management and well-being enhancement.

79. Karthik Ramachandran et al. (2019):Engineered a non-contact heart rate detection system
using smartphone cameras and photoplethysmography (PPG). The approach captures subtle
color changes in the face caused by blood flow. It eliminates the need for wearable sensors and
improves user convenience. The system is cost-effective and leverages readily available
hardware. It is suitable for periodic health checks and telemedicine applications. The model
processes live video frames using lightweight algorithms. It promotes hygienic and hassle-free
vitals monitoring.

80. Sneha Sharma and Vishal Rathore (2020):Designed a GSM-enabled wearable heart
monitor for senior citizens, focusing on safety and emergency responsiveness. The device
records heart rate and sends SMS alerts to caregivers during anomalies. It supports continuous
operation with low power usage. A simple interface ensures easy use by the elderly. It is
wearable, lightweight, and ideal for unsupervised monitoring. The system enhances peace of
mind for families and ensures timely action in cardiac emergencies. Integration with basic health
analytics adds to its utility.

23
 CHAPTER 3
EXISTING SYSTEMS

3.1 Traditional ECG and Heart Rate Monitoring Systems

The existing heartbeat monitoring systems rely heavily on conventional contact-based sensors
such as ECG electrodes and optical pulse sensors (PPG). These systems provide accurate data
but often require direct skin contact, limiting patient comfort and usability in continuous
monitoring scenarios. They typically use microcontrollers or dedicated analog circuits to process
the signals and display the data locally on LCDs or via mobile apps. Some systems use Bluetooth
or Wi-Fi for data transmission to a remote server or smartphone application. However, the
existing systems often lack advanced data analytics, and their data storage is usually limited to
device memory or basic apps. Moreover, they are not well integrated with cloud platforms for
real-time and continuous health tracking. Motion artifacts and noise can affect measurement
accuracy, especially during physical activity. Additionally, they do not provide predictive
insights about abnormal cardiac events. While they serve basic heart rate monitoring needs, they
do not incorporate AI-based analysis for predictive healthcare. Overall, existing systems are
helpful but limited in continuous and predictive monitoring.

3.2 Drawbacks of Conventional Monitoring Techniques

1. Restricted Mobility: Patients must stay near hospital-grade equipment, making

continuous and mobile health monitoring unfeasible.

2. Short-Term Data Capture: Devices like Holter monitors are used over limited
timeframes (24–48 hours), which may miss infrequent cardiac irregularities.

3. Clinical Dependence: Most procedures require patients to visit healthcare facilities and
be assisted by medical personnel, adding inconvenience and limiting accessibility.

24
4. High Operational Cost: The equipment and associated services are often expensive,
making it less accessible for low-income or rural populations.

5. Delayed Diagnosis: In traditional setups, data is stored and analyzed post-procedure,

which can delay detection and medical response.

6. Lack of Real-Time Analytics: Older systems are not equipped to process or interpret
data in real time, which is essential for timely intervention.

7. Poor Data Interoperability: Transferring data across healthcare systems or to remote

specialists is typically slow and cumbersome, impeding seamless care delivery.

25
 CHAPTER 4

PROPOSED SYSTEMS

4.1Overview

The proposed heart beat monitoring system is built around the ESP-32 microcontroller, which
processes real-time pulse signals collected from a heartbeat sensor. A regulated power supply
ensures uninterrupted functioning of the components. The heart beat sensor detects the user’s
pulse and sends analog signals to the ESP-32, where they are digitized and processed using
embedded software. The calculated pulse rate is displayed instantly on an LCD screen for
immediate reference. Simultaneously, the data is sent over IoT to a remote server or mobile
application for continuous remote monitoring. Alerts can be triggered if the heart rate exceeds
normal limits. This system is portable and ideal for elderly care, hospitals, and home monitoring.
It minimizes human intervention while maximizing health safety. The use of IoT provides
flexibility, scalability, and real-time health updates for timely response and diagnosis.

Fig 4.1:Block diagram

4.2 Block Diagram Explanation:

 Heartbeat Sensor: Captures real-time pulse signals.

26
  ESP-32 + Software: Central controller that processes sensor data, displays it, and uploads
via IoT.

 LCD: Displays the current heart rate.

 IoT Module: Sends data to cloud or app for remote monitoring.

 Regulated Power Supply: Provides stable voltage to all components.

4.3 Key Features of the Proposed System:

 Real-Time ECG Signal Acquisition: The system collects raw ECG signals from the
body using ECG electrodes and amplifies them using an analog front-end circuit.

 Heart Beat Monitoring: The heart rate is calculated based on the peaks detected in the
ECG signal or through a pulse sensor.

 Arduino-Based Processing Unit: An Arduino Uno microcontroller is used for signal

processing, filtering, and calculating the heart rate.

 Display Module: A 16x2 LCD or OLED display is used to show real-time heart rate and
ECG values.

 IoT Connectivity: The system uses an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module (or NodeMCU) to
transmit data to a cloud server or IoT platform (e.g., ThingSpeak or Blynk) for remote
monitoring.

 Simulation in Proteus: The circuit is designed and simulated using Proteus software
before hardware implementation, allowing for functional verification and debugging.

 Alert System (Optional): The system can be programmed to send alerts via SMS/email
if abnormal readings are detected, making it highly suitable for patients with chronic
heart conditions.

27
4.4 Working Principle:

1. ECG electrodes detect the electrical activity of the heart.

2. The analog signal is filtered and amplified before feeding into Arduino's analog input.

3. Arduino processes the signal to extract heart rate and waveform data.

4. The processed data is displayed on an LCD screen in real-time.

5. Simultaneously, the data is transmitted via Wi-Fi to an IoT platform for remote access.

6. The simulation is carried out in Proteus to test and verify system functionality before
actual deployment.

4.4 Advantages of the Proposed System:

 Low cost and compact size

 Real-time monitoring and remote access

 Easy to use and suitable for home-based healthcare

 Can be extended to mobile health (mHealth) applications

28
 CHAPTER 5

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

5.1 Embedded Systems:

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few

dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a
complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range
of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are
typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic,
however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful
processors. For example, air traffic control systems may usefully be viewed as embedded, even
though they involve mainframe computers and dedicated regional and national networks between
airports and radar sites. (Each radar probably includes one or more embedded systems of its
own.)

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches
and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a
large chassis or enclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems

have some element of extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers share

29
some elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which
power them, but they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.
Moreover, even systems which don't expose programmability as a primary feature generally need
to support software updates. On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large
application systems will have subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is
"designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call
"embedded". A modern example of embedded system is shown in fig: 5.1.

Fig 5.1:A modern example of embedded system

Labeled parts include microprocessor (4), RAM (6), flash memory (7).Embedded
systems programming is not like normal PC programming. In many ways, programming for an
embedded system is like programming PC 15 years ago. The hardware for the system is usually
chosen to make the device as cheap as possible. Spending an extra dollar a unit in order to make
things easier to program can cost millions. Hiring a programmer for an extra month is cheap in
comparison. This means the programmer must make do with slow processors and low memory,
while at the same time battling a need for efficiency not seen in most PC applications. Below is a
list of issues specific to the embedded field.

5.1.1 History:

30
 In the earliest years of computers in the 1930–40s, computers were sometimes
dedicated to a single task, but were far too large and expensive for most kinds of tasks performed
by embedded computers of today. Over time however, the concept of programmable controllers
evolved from traditional electromechanical sequencers, via solid state devices, to the use of
computer technology.

One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance
Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. At the
project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo
project as it employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size
and weight. An early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance
computer for the Minuteman missile, released in 1961. It was built from transistor logic and had
a hard disk for main memory. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17
was replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits.

5.1.2 Tools:

Embedded development makes up a small fraction of total programming. There's

also a large number of embedded architectures, unlike the PC world where 1 instruction set rules,
and the Unix world where there's only 3 or 4 major ones. This means that the tools are more
expensive. It also means that they're lowering featured, and less developed. On a major
embedded project, at some point you will almost always find a compiler bug of some sort.

Debugging tools are another issue. Since you can't always run general programs
on your embedded processor, you can't always run a debugger on it. This makes fixing your
program difficult. Special hardware such as JTAG ports can overcome this issue in part.
However, if you stop on a breakpoint when your system is controlling real world hardware (such
as a motor), permanent equipment damage can occur. As a result, people doing embedded
programming quickly become masters at using serial IO channels and error message style
debugging.

5.1.3 Resources:

31
 To save costs, embedded systems frequently have the cheapest processors that can
do the job. This means your programs need to be written as efficiently as possible. When dealing
with large data sets, issues like memory cache misses that never matter in PC programming can
hurt you. Luckily, this won't happen too often- use reasonably efficient algorithms to start, and
optimize only when necessary. Of course, normal profilers won't work well, due to the same
reason debuggers don't work well.

Memory is also an issue. For the same cost savings reasons, embedded systems
usually have the least memory they can get away with. That means their algorithms must be
memory efficient (unlike in PC programs, you will frequently sacrifice processor time for
memory, rather than the reverse). It also means you can't afford to leak memory. Embedded
applications generally use deterministic memory techniques and avoid the default "new" and
"malloc" functions, so that leaks can be found and eliminated more easily. Other resources
programmers expect may not even exist. For example, most embedded processors do not have
hardware FPUs (Floating-Point Processing Unit). These resources either need to be emulated in
software, or avoided altogether.

5.1.4 Real Time Issues:

Embedded systems frequently control hardware, and must be able to respond to

them in real time. Failure to do so could cause inaccuracy in measurements, or even damage
hardware such as motors. This is made even more difficult by the lack of resources available.
Almost all embedded systems need to be able to prioritize some tasks over others, and to be able
to put off/skip low priority tasks such as UI in favor of high priority tasks like hardware control.

5.2 Need For Embedded Systems:

The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new
products are introduced to the market that utilizes embedded computers in novel ways. In recent
years, hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA chips have become much
cheaper. So when implementing a new form of control, it's wiser to just buy the generic chip and
write your own custom software for it. Producing a custom-made chip to handle a particular task
or set of tasks costs far more time and money. Many embedded computers even come with

32
extensive libraries, so that "writing your own software" becomes a very trivial task indeed. From
an implementation viewpoint, there is a major difference between a computer and an embedded
system. Embedded systems are often required to provide Real-Time response. The main
elements that make embedded systems unique are its reliability and ease in debugging.

5.2.1 Debugging:

Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the

facilities available. From simplest to most sophisticate they can be roughly grouped into the
following areas:

 Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the embedded
operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)

 External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using either a
monitor in flash or using a debug server like the Remedy Debugger which even works for
heterogeneous multi core systems.

 An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor via
a JTAG or Nexus interface. This allows the operation of the microprocessor to be
controlled externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in the
processor.

 An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent,

providing full control over all aspects of the microprocessor.

 A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing all of
it to be controlled and modified and allowing debugging on a normal PC.

 Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run
software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its
operation. The view of the code may be as assembly code or source-code.

Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements,

the debugging strategy may vary. For instance, debugging a software (and microprocessor)
centric embedded system is different from debugging an embedded system where most of the

33
processing is performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-processor). An increasing number of
embedded systems today use more than one single processor core. A common problem with
multi-core development is the proper synchronization of software execution. In such a case, the
embedded system design may wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor
cores, which requires very low-level debugging, at signal/bus level, with a logic analyzer, for
instance.

5.2.2 Reliability:

Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously
for years without errors and in some cases recover by them if an error occurs. Therefore the
software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and
unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.

Specific reliability issues may include:

 The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair.
Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-hole
systems, and automobiles.

 The system must be kept running for safety reasons. "Limp modes" are less tolerable.
Often backups are selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft navigation, reactor
control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train signals, engines on single-
engine aircraft.

 The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone switches,
factory controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and market making,
automated sales and service.

A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from

errors—both software bugs such as memory leaks, and also soft errors in the hardware:

 Watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the software periodically notifies the
watchdog

 Subsystems with redundant spares that can be switched over to

34
  software "limp modes" that provide partial function

 Designing with a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) architecture[6] ensures a highly secure
& reliable system environment

 Immunity Aware Programming

 An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any subsystem

component, so that a compromised software component cannot interfere with other
subsystems, or privileged-level system software. This encapsulation keeps faults from
propagating from one subsystem to another, improving reliability. This may also allow a
subsystem to be automatically shut down and restarted on fault detection.

5.3 Explanation of Embedded Systems:

5.3.1 Software Architecture:

There are several different types of software architecture in common use.

 Simple Control Loop:

In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each of
which manages a part of the hardware or software.

 Interrupt Controlled System:

Some embedded systems are predominantly interrupt controlled. This means that
tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events. An interrupt could be
generated for example by a timer in a predefined frequency, or by a serial port controller
receiving a byte. These kinds of systems are used if event handlers need low latency and the
event handlers are short and simple.

Usually these kinds of systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task
is not very sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer tasks

35
to a queue structure. Later, after the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are executed by
the main loop. This method brings the system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete
processes.

 Cooperative Multitasking:

A non-preemptive multitasking system is very similar to the simple control loop

scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer defines a series of tasks, and
each task gets its own environment to “run” in. When a task is idle, it calls an idle routine,
usually called “pause”, “wait”, “yield”, “nop” (stands for no operation), etc.The advantages and
disadvantages are very similar to the control loop, except that adding new software is easier, by
simply writing a new task, or adding to the queue-interpreter.

 Primitive Multitasking:

In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or threads
based on a timer (connected to an interrupt). This is the level at which the system is generally
considered to have an "operating system" kernel. Depending on how much functionality is
required, it introduces more or less of the complexities of managing multiple tasks running
conceptually in parallel.

As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in larger
systems using an MMU) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access to shared
data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy, such as message queues, semaphores
or a non-blocking synchronization scheme.

Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to buy a real-time

operating system, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality
rather than operating system services, at least for large systems; smaller systems often cannot
afford the overhead associated with a generic real time system, due to limitations regarding
memory size, performance, and/or battery life.

 Microkernels And Exokernels:

A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual arrangement is

that the operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of

36
execution. User mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network
interfaces, etc.

In general, microkernels succeed when the task switching and intertask

communication is fast, and fail when they are slow. Exokernels communicate efficiently by
normal subroutine calls. The hardware and all the software in the system are available to, and
extensible by application programmers. Based on performance, functionality, requirement the
embedded systems are divided into three categories:

5.3.2 Stand Alone Embedded System:

These systems takes the input in the form of electrical signals from transducers or
commands from human beings such as pressing of a button etc.., process them and produces
desired output. This entire process of taking input, processing it and giving output is done in
standalone mode. Such embedded systems comes under stand alone embedded systems

Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc...

5.3.3 Real-time embedded systems:

Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or operation in a

specific time period those systems are called as real-time embedded systems. There are two types
of real-time embedded systems.

 Hard Real-time embedded systems:

These embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time period i.e.., if the
tasking is not done in a particular time period then there is a cause of damage to the entire
equipment.

Eg: consider a system in which we have to open a valve within 30 milliseconds. If this
valve is not opened in 30 ms this may cause damage to the entire equipment. So in such cases we
use embedded systems for doing automatic operations.

 Soft Real Time embedded systems:

37
 These embedded systems follow a relative dead line time period i.e.., if the task is
not done in a particular time that will not cause damage to the equipment.

Eg: Consider a TV remote control system, if the remote control takes a few milliseconds delay it
will not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control. These systems which will not
cause damage when they are not operated at considerable time period those systems comes under
soft real-time embedded systems.

5.3.4 Network communication embedded systems:

A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by using embedded systems.

Eg:

 Consider a web camera that is connected at the door lock.

Whenever a person comes near the door, it captures the image of a person and
sends to the desktop of your computer which is connected to internet. This gives an alerting
message with image on to the desktop of your computer, and then you can open the door lock
just by clicking the mouse. Fig: 5.2 show the network communications in embedded systems.

Fig 5.2: Network communication embedded systems

5.3.5 Different types of processing units:

The central processing unit (c.p.u) can be any one of the following
microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processing.

38
  Among these Microcontroller is of low cost processor and one of the main advantage of
microcontrollers is, the components such as memory, serial communication interfaces,
analog to digital converters etc.., all these are built on a single chip. The numbers of
external components that are connected to it are very less according to the application.

 Microprocessors are more powerful than microcontrollers. They are used in major
applications with a number of tasking requirements. But the microprocessor requires
many external components like memory, serial communication, hard disk, input output
ports etc.., so the power consumption is also very high when compared to
microcontrollers.

 Digital signal processing is used mainly for the applications that particularly involved
with processing of signals

5.4 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

5.4.1 Consumer applications:

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include microwave oven,

remote control, vcd players, dvd players, camera etc….

Fig5.3: Automatic coffee makes equipment

5.4.2 Office automation:

39
We use systems like fax machine, modem, printer etc…

Fig5.4: Fax machine Fig5.5: Printing

5.4.3. Industrial automation:

Today a lot of industries are using embedded systems for process control. In
industries we design the embedded systems to perform a specific operation like monitoring
temperature, pressure, humidity ,voltage, current etc.., and basing on these monitored levels we
do control other devices, we can send information to a centralized monitoring station.

Fig5.6: Robot

In critical industries where human presence is avoided there we can use robots
which are programmed to do a specific operation.

5.4.4 Computer networking:

Embedded systems are used as bridges routers etc..

40
 Fig5.7: Computer networking

5.4.5 Tele communications:

Cell phones, web cameras etc.

Fig5.8: Cell Phone Fig5.9: Web camera

41
 CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

6.1 ESP32 Controller

ESP32 is the SoC (System on Chip) microcontroller which has gained massive popularity
recently. Whether the popularity of ESP32 grew because of the growth of IoT or whether IoT
grew because of the introduction of ESP32 is debatable. If you know 10 people who have been
part of the firmware development for any IoT device, chances are that 7−8 of them would have
worked on ESP32 at some point.

Fig 6.1:ESP32

Before we delve into the actual reasons for the popularity of ESP32, let's take a look at some of
its important specifications. The specs listed below belong to the ESP32 WROOM 32 variant.−

 Integrated Crystal− 40 MHz

 Module Interfaces− UART, SPI, I2C, PWM, ADC, DAC, GPIO, pulse counter,
capacitive touch sensor

42
  Integrated SPI flash− 4 MB

 ROM− 448 KB (for booting and core functions)

 SRAM− 520 KB

 Integrated Connectivity Protocols− WiFi, Bluetooth, BLE

 On−chip sensor− Hall sensor

 Operating temperature range− −40 − 85 degrees Celsius

 Operating Voltage− 3.3V

 Operating Current− 80 mA (average)

With the above specifications in front of you, it is very easy to decipher the reasons for ESP32's
popularity. Consider the requirements an IoT device would have from its microcontroller (μC). If
you've gone through the previous chapter, you'd have realized that the major operational blocks
of any IoT device are sensing, processing, storage, and transmitting. Therefore, to begin with, the
μC should be able to interface with a variety of sensors. It should support all the common
communication protocols required for sensor interface: UART, I2C, SPI. It should have ADC
and pulse counting capabilities. ESP32 fulfills all of these requirements. On top of that, it also
can interface with capacitive touch sensors. Therefore, most common sensors can interface
seamlessly with ESP32.

Secondly, the μC should be able to perform basic processing of the incoming sensor data,
sometimes at high speeds, and have sufficient memory to store the data. ESP32 has a max
operating frequency of 40 MHz, which is sufficiently high. It has two cores, allowing parallel
processing, which is a further add-on. Finally, its 520 KB SRAM is sufficiently large for
processing a large array of data onboard. Many popular processes and transforms, like FFT, peak
detection, RMS calculation, etc. can be performed onboard ESP32. On the storage front, ESP32
goes a step ahead of the conventional microcontrollers and provides a file system within the
flash. Out of the 4 MB of onboard flash, by default, 1.5 MB is reserved as SPIFFS (SPI Flash
File System). Think of it as a mini−SD Card that lies within the chip itself. You can not only
store data, but also text files, images, HTML and CSS files, and a lot more within SPIFFS.

43
People have displayed beautiful WebPages on WiFi servers created using ESP32, by storing
HTML files within SPIFFS.

Finally, for transmitting data, ESP32 has integrated WiFi and Bluetooth stacks, which have
proven to be a game-changer. No need to connect a separate module (like a GSM module or an
LTE module) for testing cloud communication. Just have the ESP32 board and a running WiFi,
and you can get started. ESP32 allows you to use WiFi in Access Point as well as Station Mode.
While it supports TCP/IP, HTTP, MQTT, and other traditional communication protocols, it also
supports HTTPS. Yep, you heard that right. It has a crypto−core or a crypto-accelerator, a
dedicated piece of hardware whose job is to accelerate the encryption process. BLE support is
also critical for several applications. Of course, you can interface LTE or GSM or LoRa modules
with ESP32. Therefore, on the 'transmitting data' front as well, ESP32 exceeds expectations.

ESP32 is a chip that provides Wi-Fi and (in some models) Bluetooth connectivity for embedded
devices – in other words, for IoT devices. While ESP32 is technically just the chip, the modules
and development boards that contain this chip are often also referred to as “ESP32” by the
manufacturer.

More recently, new models were added, including the ESP32-C and -S series, which include
both single and dual core variations. These two series also rely on a Risc-V CPU model instead
of Xtensa. Risc-V is similar to the ARM architecture, which is well-supported and well-known,
but Risc-V is open source and easy to use. Specifically, Risc-V and ARM have good support
from GNU compilers, while the Xtensa needed extra support and development to work with the
compilers.

The newer models are available with combined Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, or just Wi-Fi
connectivity. There are several different chip models available, including:

 ESP32-D0WDQ6 (and ESP32D0WD)

 ESP32-D2WD

 ESP32-S0WD

 ESP32 S series

44
  ESP32-C series

 ESP32-H series

The ESP32 is most commonly used for mobile devices, wearable tech, and IoT applications,
such as Nabto Edge. Moreover, since Mongoose OS introduced an ESP32 IoT Starter Kit, the
ESP32 has gained a reputation as the ultimate chip for hobbyists and IoT developers. It’s suitable
for commercial IoT, and its capabilities and resources have grown impressively over the past
four years.

Fig 6.2:ESP32 components

Here’s a high-level summary of the features and specifications of the ESP32:

45
 Table 6.1 :Features and specifications of the ESP32

 Processors – The ESP32 uses a Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX6 microprocessor. This
typically relies on a dual core architecture, with the exception of one module, the ESP32-
S0WD, which uses a single-core system. The clock frequency reaches up to 240MHz and
it performs up to 600 DMIPS (Dhrystone millions of instructions per second). Moreover,
its low power consumption allows for analog to digital conversions as well as
computation and level thresholds, even while the chip is in deep sleep mode.

 Wireless connectivity – The ESP32 enables connectivity to integrated Wi-Fi through the
802.11 b/g/n/e/i/. Moreover, Bluetooth connectivity is made possible with the v4.2
BR/EDR, and the series also features Bluetooth low energy (BLE).

 Memory – Internal memory for the ESP32 is as follows. ROM: 448 KB (for booting/core
functions), SRAM: 520 KB (for data/instructions), RTC fast SRAM: 8 KB (for data
storage/main CPU during boot from sleep mode), RTC slow SRAM: 8 KB (for co-
processor access during sleep mode), and eFuse: 1 KiBit (256 bits used for the system
(MAC address and chip configuration) and 768 bits reserved for customer applications).
Moreover, some of the ESP32 chips, including the ESP32-D2WD and ESP32-PICO-D4,
have internally connected flash. See the respective internal flash memory for each chip in
the ESP32 Chips section.

46
  External flash and SRAM – ESP32 supports up to four 16 MB external QSPI flashes
and SRAMs with hardware encryption based on AES to protect developers’ programs
and data. It accesses the external QSPI flash and SRAM through high-speed caches.

 Security – The ESP32 supports all IEEE 802.11 standard security features, including
WFA, WPA/WPA2 and WAPI. Moreover, ESP32 has a secure boot and flash encryption.

6.2 ESP32 functions

ESP32 has many applications when it comes to IoT. Here are just some of the IoT functions the
chip is used for:

 Networking: The module’s Wi-Fi antenna and dual core enables embedded devices to
connect to routers and transmit data.

 Data processing: Includes processing basic inputs from analog and digital sensors to far
more complex calculations with an RTOS or non-OS software development kit (SDK). A
non-OS SDK refers to one that is designed to run directly on the chip without a full
operating system supporting it.

 P2P connectivity: Creates direct communication between different ESPs and other
devices using IoT P2P connectivity.

 Web server: Provides access to pages written in HTML or development languages.

6.3 ESP32 Applications

The ESP32 modules are commonly found in the following IoT devices:

 Smart industrial devices, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs)

 Smart medical devices, including wearable health monitors

 Smart energy devices, including HVAC and thermostats

 Smart security devices, including surveillance cameras and smart locks

Chip versus modules versus development boards

47
The ESP32 is just the name of the chip. Device manufacturers and developers have three
different format choices, and the decision of which one to go with will depend on their individual
circumstances:

 ESP32 chip: This is the bare-bones chip that is manufactured by Espressif. It comes
unshielded, meaning there’s no protective casing, and it can’t be attached to a module or
board without soldering. Therefore, most device manufacturers do not purchase just the
chip, as this will add an additional layer of complexity to the production process.

 ESP32 modules: These are surface mountable modules that contain the chip. The
modules are essentially small electrical components that can be attached to a circuit
board. The benefit here is that you can easily mount these modules onto an MCU board.
The chip is also usually shielded and pre-approved by the FCC, which means device
manufacturers do not need to worry about adding additional steps to the production
process to achieve FCC compliance regarding Wi-Fi shielding.

 ESP32 development boards: These are IoT MCU development boards that have the
modules containing the ESP32 chip preinstalled. They are used by hobbyists, device
manufacturers and developers to test and prototype IoT devices before entering mass
production. There is a wide variety of makes and models of ESP32 development boards,
produced by different manufacturers. Here are some important specs to consider when
choosing a suitable IoT ESP32 development board:

 GPIO pins

 ADC pins

 Wi-Fi antennas

 LEDs

 Shielding*

 Flash memory

*Many international markets require shielded Wi-Fi devices, as Wi-Fi produces a lot of radio
frequency interference (RFI), and shielding minimizes this interference. This should, therefore,

48
be a key consideration for all developers and embedded device manufacturers.

6.4Regulated Poer supply:

6.4.1 Introduction:

Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that

supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power
supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often
to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

A power supply may include a power distribution system as well as primary or

secondary sources of energy such as

 Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage, typically
involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-voltage DC for electronic
devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with
the devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics.

 Batteries.

 Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems.

 Solar power.

 Generators or alternators.

6.4.2 Block Diagram:

49
 Fig 6.3 Regulated Power Supply

The basic circuit diagram of a regulated power supply (DC O/P) with led
connected as load is shown in fig: 3.3.3.

Fig 6.4 Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection

The components mainly used in above figure are

50
  230V AC MAINS

 TRANSFORMER

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)

 CAPACITOR

 VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805)

 RESISTOR

 LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above is as follows:

6.4.3 Transformation:

The process of transforming energy from one device to another is called transformation. For
transforming energy we use transformers.

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A varying current in the
first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a
varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is
called mutual induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the

secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the same shape as a bar
magnet.

51
 If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the
current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards.

If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves out or in,
the moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this, a voltage is
induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will happen 50 times a second.
This is called MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the transformer.

The input coil is called the PRIMARY WINDING; the output coil is the
SECONDARY WINDING. Fig: 3.3.4 shows step-down transformer.

Fig 6.5: Step-Down Transformer

The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the TURNS RATIO.

For example, if the secondary has half the primary turns; the secondary will have
half the primary voltage.

Another example is if the primary has 5000 turns and the secondary has 500 turns, then
the turn’s ratio is 10:1.

If the primary voltage is 240 volts then the secondary voltage will be x 10 smaller = 24
volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary must equal the power

52
taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24-watt lamp is connected across a 24 volt secondary, then
the primary must supply 24 watts.

To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are wound on a metal
CORE. Since the primary would induce power, called EDDY CURRENTS, into this core, the
core is LAMINATED. This means that it is made up from metal sheets insulated from each
other. Transformers to work at higher frequencies have an iron dust core or no core at all.

Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing current and
moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there would be no
induction.

Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary. This is
to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the mains supply,
or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for IMPEDANCE MATCHING.

We can use the transformers as step up or step down.

6.4.4 Step Up transformer:

In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to secondary
winding. Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more energy, and it releases
more voltage at the output side.

6.4.5 Step down transformer:

Incase of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than the secondary
winding, and secondary winding is having less number of turns because of that it accepts less
number of flux, and releases less amount of voltage.

6.4.6 Battery power supply:

53
A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that traditional line-operated power
supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A battery consists of multiple electrochemical
cells connected to provide the voltage desired. Fig: 3.3.5 shows Hi-Watt 9V battery

Fig 6.6: Hi-Watt 9V Battery

The most commonly used dry-cell battery is the carbon-zinc dry cell battery. Dry-
cell batteries are made by stacking a carbon plate, a layer of electrolyte paste, and a zinc plate
alternately until the desired total voltage is achieved. The most common dry-cell batteries have
one of the following voltages: 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 22.5, 45, and 90. During the discharge of a carbon-
zinc battery, the zinc metal is converted to a zinc salt in the electrolyte, and magnesium dioxide
is reduced at the carbon electrode. These actions establish a voltage of approximately 1.5 V.

The lead-acid storage battery may be used. This battery is rechargeable; it consists
of lead and lead/dioxide electrodes which are immersed in sulfuric acid. When fully charged, this
type of battery has a 2.06-2.14 V potential (A 12 volt car battery uses 6 cells in series). During
discharge, the lead is converted to lead sulfate and the sulfuric acid is converted to water. When
the battery is charging, the lead sulfate is converted back to lead and lead dioxide A nickel-
cadmium battery has become more popular in recent years. This battery cell is completely sealed
and rechargeable. The electrolyte is not involved in the electrode reaction, making the voltage
constant over the span of the batteries long service life. During the charging process, nickel
oxide is oxidized to its higher oxidation state and cadmium oxide is reduced. The nickel-

cadmium batteries have many benefits. They can be stored both charged and uncharged. They
have a long service life, high current availabilities, constant voltage, and the ability to be
recharged. Fig: 3.3.6 shows pencil battery of 1.5V.

54
 Fig 6.7: Pencil Battery of 1.5V

6.4.7 Rectification:

The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating direct current is

called as rectification. For rectification purpose we use rectifiers.

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a
process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid-state diodes, vacuum
tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.

A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is

known as an inverter.When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or
positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is
merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to
DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more
efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of
silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier
stacks were used.

6.4.8 Bridge full wave rectifier:

The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in fig: 3.3.7, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage
using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure.

55
The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the
diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two
ends of the bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2
and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas,
D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through R L in the same direction as in the previous half
cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Input Output

Fig 6.8: Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes

6.4.9 DB107:

Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107. In our

project we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier. The picture of DB 107 is shown in fig:
3.3.8.

Features:

 Good for automation insertion

56
  Surge overload rating - 30 amperes peak

 Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded

 Glass passivated device

 Polarity symbols molded on body

 Mounting position: Any

 Weight: 1.0 gram

Fig 6.9: DB107

6.4.10 Filtration:

The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current using
filters is called as filtration.

Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing functions, specifically
to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones.

6.4.11 Capacitors:

The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive device, and one

which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a potential (static
voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates
that are not connected but are electrically separated either by air or by an insulating material
called the Dielectric. When a voltage is applied to these plates, a current flows charging up the

57
plates with electrons giving one plate a positive charge and the other plate an equal and opposite
negative charge this flow of electrons to the plates is known as the Charging Current and
continues to flow until the voltage across the plates (and hence the capacitor) is equal to the
applied voltage Vcc. At this point the capacitor is said to be fully charged and this is illustrated
below. The construction of capacitor and an electrolytic capacitor are shown in figures 3.3.9 and
3.3.10 respectively.

Fig 6.10:Construction Of a Capacitor Fig 6.11:Electrolytic Capacitor

Units of Capacitance:

Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F

Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F

Pico farad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F

Operation of Capacitor:

Think of water flowing through a pipe. If we imagine a capacitor as being a storage tank
with an inlet and an outlet pipe, it is possible to show approximately how an electronic capacitor
works.

58
 First, let's consider the case of a "coupling capacitor" where the capacitor is used to
connect a signal from one part of a circuit to another but without allowing any direct current to
flow.

If the current flow is alternating between zero and a

maximum, our "storage tank" capacitor will allow the current
waves to pass through.

However, if there is a steady current, only the initial short

burst will flow until the "floating ball valve" closes and stops
further flow.

So a coupling capacitor allows "alternating current" to pass through because the

ball valve doesn't get a chance to close as the waves go up and down. However, a steady current
quickly fills the tank so that all flow stops.

A capacitor will pass alternating current but (apart from an initial surge) it will not
pass d.c.

6.4.12 Voltage Regulator:

59
 A voltage regulator (also called a ‘regulator’) with only three terminals appears to
be a simple device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input
voltage into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage Regulators are available in a variety
of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The LM78XX series of voltage regulators are
designed for positive input. For applications requiring negative input, the LM79XX series is
used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-divider’ resistors can increase the output voltage of a regulator
circuit.

It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You cannot use a 12V
regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust. These can withstand
over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In both cases, the regulator will cut
off before any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is to apply reverse voltage to
its input. Reverse polarity destroys the regulator almost instantly. Fig: 3.3.11 shows voltage
regulator.

Fig 6.12: Voltage Regulator

Regulation:

The process of converting a varying voltage to a constant regulated voltage is

called as regulation. For the process of regulation we use voltage regulators.

6.4.13 Resistors:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that
is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with Ohm's law:

60
V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working
voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation
limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical
resistance is determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

Resistors can be made to control the flow of current, to work as Voltage dividers,
to dissipate power and it can shape electrical waves when used in combination of other
components. Basic unit is ohms.

Theory of operation:

Ohm's law: The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in
Ohm's law:

V = IR

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the
current (I) through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).

Power dissipation:

The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor

network) is calculated using the following:

61
Fig6.13:Resistor Fig 6.14: Color Bands In Resistor

6.4.14 LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LED’s are used as

indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962, early LED’s emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions
are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
The internal structure and parts of a led are shown in figures 3.4.1 and 3.4.2 respectively.

62
 Fig 6.15: Inside a LED Fig 6.16: Parts of a LED

Working:

The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light bulb.
Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting semiconductor
material is what determines the LED's color. The LED is based on the semiconductor diode.

When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than
1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in
reflection. LED’s present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and
greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for
general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in
automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size of LED’s
has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching
rates are useful in advanced communications technology. The electrical symbol and polarities of
led are shown in fig: 6.17

63
Fig 6.17: Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED

LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources:

 High-levels of brightness and intensity

 High-efficiency

 Low-voltage and current requirements

 Low radiated heat

 High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration)

 No UV Rays

 Long source life

 Can be easily controlled and programmed

Applications of LED fall into three major categories:

 Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED to the
human eye, to convey a message or meaning.

 Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of these
objects.

 Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not involve the
human visual system.

6.5 LCD DISPLAY

6.5.1 LCD Background:

64
One of the most common devices attached to a micro controller is an LCD display. Some of the
most common LCD’s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This
means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Pin description:

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)

Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)

Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust

0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input

0 = Write to LCD module

Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module

Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal

Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1

Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2

Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3

Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4

Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5

Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6

Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

65
 Table 6.2: Character LCD pins with Microcontroller

The LCD requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user
may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data
bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data
bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus
the 8 lines for the data bus).

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.

6.5.2 Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD

Fig 6.18: LCD Pins

The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that we are sending it
data. To send data to the LCD, our program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the
other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely
ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD
datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

66
The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1),
the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display
the letter "T" on the screen we would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying
(or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are
write commands--so RW will almost always be low.

Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the
user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4,
DB5, DB6, and DB7.

6.5.2 Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD

Fig 6.18: LCD Pins

6.5.3 Circuit Description:

67
 Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and RegisterSelect is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While
most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by
incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider
range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors.

We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire
the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data
lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has
accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting
known delays into our program.

The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. We can use a bench power supply set to 5v
or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if we have
trouble with the circuit working properly.

6.5.4 SETB RW

Handling the EN control line:

As we mentioned above, the EN line is used to tell the LCD that we are ready for it to
execute an instruction that we've prepared on the data bus and on the other control lines. Note
that the EN line must be raised/ lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD regardless
of whether that instruction is read or write text or instruction. In short, we must always
manipulate EN when communicating with the LCD. EN is the LCD's way of knowing that we
are talking to it. If we don't raise/lower EN, the LCD doesn't know we're talking to it on the other
lines.

Thus, before we interact in any way with the LCD we will always bring the EN line low
with the following instruction:

6.5.5 CLR EN

68
 And once we've finished setting up our instruction with the other control lines and data bus
lines, we'll always bring this line high:

6.5.6 SETB EN

The line must be left high for the amount of time required by the LCD as specified in its
datasheet. This is normally on the order of about 250 nanoseconds, but checks the datasheet. In
the case of a typical microcontroller running at 12 MHz, an instruction requires 1.08
microseconds to execute so the EN line can be brought low the very next instruction. However,
faster microcontrollers (such as the DS89C420 which executes an instruction in 90 nanoseconds
given an 11.0592 MHz crystal) will require a number of NOPs to create a delay while EN is held
high. The number of NOPs that must be inserted depends on the microcontroller we are using
and the crystal we have selected.

The instruction is executed by the LCD at the moment the EN line is brought low with a
final CLR EN instruction.

6.5.7 Checking the busy status of the LCD:

As previously mentioned, it takes a certain amount of time for each instruction to be

executed by the LCD. The delay varies depending on the frequency of the crystal attached to the
oscillator input of the LCD as well as the instruction which is being executed.

While it is possible to write code that waits for a specific amount of time to allow the LCD
to execute instructions, this method of "waiting" is not very flexible. If the crystal frequency is
changed, the software will need to be modified. A more robust method of programming is to use
the "Get LCD Status" command to determine whether the LCD is still busy executing the last
instruction received.

The "Get LCD Status" command will return to us two tidbits of information; the
information that is useful to us right now is found in DB7. In summary, when we issue the "Get
LCD Status" command the LCD will immediately raise DB7 if it's still busy executing a
command or lower DB7 to indicate that the LCD is no longer occupied. Thus our program can

69
query the LCD until DB7 goes low, indicating the LCD is no longer busy. At that point we are
free to continue and send the next command.

6.5.8 Applications:

 Medical equipment

 Electronic test equipment

 Industrial machinery Interface

 Serial terminal

 Advertising system

 EPOS

 Restaurant ordering systems

 Gaming box

 Security systems

 R&D Test units

 Climatizing units

 PLC Interface

 Simulators

 Environmental monitoring

 Lab development

 Student projects

 Home automation

 PC external display

70
 CHAPTER 7

SOFTWARE SIMULATION

This project is implemented using following software’s:

 Express PCB – for designing circuit

 Arduino IDE compiler - for compilation part

7.1 Express PCB:

Breadboards are great for prototyping equipment as it allows great flexibility to

modify a design when needed; however the final product of a project, ideally should have a neat
PCB, few cables, and survive a shake test. Not only is a proper PCB neater but it is also more
durable as there are no cables which can yank loose.

Express PCB is a software tool to design PCBs specifically for manufacture by the
company Express PCB (no other PCB maker accepts Express PCB files). It is very easy to use,
but it does have several limitations.

It can be likened to more of a toy then a professional CAD program.

It has a poor part library (which we can work around)

It cannot import or export files in different formats

It cannot be used to make prepare boards for DIY production

Express PCB has been used to design many PCBs (some layered and with surface-
mount parts. Print out PCB patterns and use the toner transfer method with an Etch Resistant Pen

71
to make boards. However, Express PCB does not have a nice print layout. Here is the procedure
to design in Express PCB and clean up the patterns so they print nicely.

7.1.1 Preparing Express PCB for First Use:

Express PCB comes with a less then exciting list of parts. So before any project is started
head over to Audio logical and grab the additional parts by morsel, ppl, and tangent, and extract
them into your Express PCB directory. At this point start the program and get ready to setup the
workspace to suit your style.

Click View -> Options. In this menu, setup the units for “mm” or “in” depending on how
you think, and click “see through the top copper layer” at the bottom. The standard color scheme
of red and green is generally used but it is not as pleasing as red and blue.

7.1.2 The Interface:

When a project is first started you will be greeted with a yellow outline. This yellow
outline is the dimension of the PCB. Typically after positioning of parts and traces, move them to
their final position and then crop the PCB to the correct size. However, in designing a board with
a certain size constraint, crop the PCB to the correct size before starting.

Fig: 4.1 show the toolbar in which the each button has the following functions:

Fig 7.1: Tool bar necessary for the interface

 The select tool: It is fairly obvious what this does. It allows you to move and
manipulate parts. When this tool is selected the top toolbar will show buttons to move
traces to the top / bottom copper layer, and rotate buttons.

 The zoom to selection tool: does just that.

72
  The place pad: button allows you to place small soldier pads which are useful for board
connections or if a part is not in the part library but the part dimensions are available.
When this tool is selected the top toolbar will give you a large selection of round holes,
square holes and surface mount pads.

 The place component: tool allows you to select a component from the top toolbar and
then by clicking in the workspace places that component in the orientation chosen using
the buttons next to the component list. The components can always be rotated afterwards
with the select tool if the orientation is wrong.

 The place trace: tool allows you to place a solid trace on the board of varying thicknesses.
The top toolbar allows you to select the top or bottom layer to place the trace on.

 The Insert Corner in trace: button does exactly what it says. When this tool is selected,
clicking on a trace will insert a corner which can be moved to route around components
and other traces.

 The remove a trace button is not very important since the delete key will achieve the
same result.

7.1.3 Design Considerations:

Before starting a project there are several ways to design a PCB and one must be
chosen to suit the project’s needs.

Single sided, or double sided?

When making a PCB you have the option of making a single sided board, or a
double sided board. Single sided boards are cheaper to produce and easier to etch, but much
harder to design for large projects. If a lot of parts are being used in a small space it may be
difficult to make a single sided board without jumpering over traces with a cable. While there’s
technically nothing wrong with this, it should be avoided if the signal travelling over the traces is
sensitive (e.g. audio signals).

A double sided board is more expensive to produce professionally, more difficult

to etch on a DIY board, but makes the layout of components a lot smaller and easier. It should be

73
noted that if a trace is running on the top layer, check with the components to make sure you can
get to its pins with a soldering iron. Large capacitors, relays, and similar parts which don’t have
axial leads can NOT have traces on top unless boards are plated professionally.

When using a double sided board you must consider which traces should be on
what side of the board. Generally, put power traces on the top of the board, jumping only to the
bottom if a part cannot be soldiered onto the top plane (like a relay), and vice- versa.

Some projects like power supplies or amps can benefit from having a solid plane
to use for ground. In power supplies this can reduce noise, and in amps it minimizes the distance
between parts and their ground connections, and keeps the ground signal as simple as possible.
However, care must be taken with stubborn chips such as the TPA6120 amplifier from TI. The
TPA6120 datasheet specifies not to run a ground plane under the pins or signal traces of this chip
as the capacitance generated could effect performance negatively.

Arduino compiling

Arduino is not the only IDE that helps you compile code for ESP32 and flash it into the
microcontroller. There is ESP−IDF which is the official development framework for ESP32,
which provides much more flexibility in terms of configuration options. However, it is hardly as
intuitive and user−friendly as the Arduino IDE, and if you are starting out with ESP32, Arduino
IDE is ideal to get your hands dirty. Also, with the number of supporting libraries built for
ESP32 in Arduino, courtesy of the huge developer community, there's hardly any functionality of
ESP32 which can't be realized with the Arduino IDE. ESP-IDF is more suitable for the more
advanced and experienced programmers, who need to stretch ESP32 to its limits. If you are one
of those, you are looking for the ESP−IDF Getting Started Guide. Others can follow along.

Installation Steps

Now, to install the ESP32 board in the Arduino IDE, you need to follow the below steps −

 Make sure you have Arduino IDE (preferably the latest version) installed on your
machine

 Open Arduino and go to File −> Preferences

74
  In the Additional Boards Manager URL, enter

https://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.json

In case you have an existing JSON file's URL in the preferences (this is likely if you've installed
ESP8266, stm32duino, or any such additional board in the IDE), you can just append the above
path to the existing path, using a comma. An example is shown below, for ESP8266 and ESP32
boards −

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json,
https://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.json

 Go to Tools −> Board−> Boards Manager. A pop−up would open up. Search for ESP32 and
install the esp32 by Espressif Systems board. The image below shows the board already
installed because I had installed the board before preparing this tutorial.

75
Verifying the Installation

Once your ESP32 board has been installed, you can verify the installation by going to Tools −>
Boards. You can see a whole bunch of boards under the ESP32 Arduino section. Choose the
board of your choice. If you are not sure which board best represents the one you have, you can
choose ESP32 Dev Module.

Next, connect your board to your machine using the USB Cable. You should see an additional
COM Port under Tools−> Port. Select that additional port. In case you see multiple ports, you

76
can disconnect the USB and see which port disappeared. That port corresponds to ESP32.

Once the port is identified, pick any one example sketch from File −> Examples. We will choose
the StartCounter example from File −> Examples −> Preferences −>StartCounter.

Open that sketch, compile it and flash it into the ESP32 by clicking on the Upload button (the
right arrow button, besides the Compile button).

Then open the Serial Monitor using Tools −> Serial Monitor, or simply by pressing Ctrl + Shift
+ M on your keyboard. You should see the counter value getting incremented after every ESP32
restart.

77
CHAPTER 8

CODE

78
//channel id:2527670

//channel api key:4GUFVO761V2M6QVY

//Twilio AC574c8ac9da6d95d130a441fdaface639

//Including the dependencies

#include <Wire.h>

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>

#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#include <ThingSpeak.h>

#include <HTTPClient.h>

#include "base64.h"

//ThingSpeak Channel Credentials

const char* WIFI_NAME="Wokwi-GUEST";

const char* WIFI_PASSWORD = "";

const int myChannelNumber=2527670;

const char* myApiKey="0PHK2UK998YJ7DFU";

const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels

79
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

// Declaration for an SSD1306 display connected to I2C (SDA, SCL pins)

#define OLED_RESET -1 // Reset pin # (or -1 if sharing Arduino reset pin)

Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, OLED_RESET);

#define RELAY 19 //Pin for Relay (To imitate the functioning of a fan)

#define PULSE_PIN 35 //Pin for the pulse sensor

#define alertLed 32 //Pin for the alterLed

WiFiClient client;

//Crenditals for Twilio (Messaging)

const char* accountSid = "AC574c8ac9da6d95d130a441fdaface639";

const char* authToken = "0c406fcdada6b04db18ce894536ee0c6";

const char* fromPhoneNumber = "+17693009297";

const char* toPhoneNumber = "+918838080465";

int minHeartRate = 50;

80
int maxHeartRate = 120;

void setup() {

Wire.begin();

Wire.begin(16,17);

Serial.begin(115200);

pinMode(alertLed, OUTPUT); //Declaration of PinMode

pinMode(RELAY, OUTPUT);

if (!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, 0x3C)) {

Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));

while(1);

// Clear the buffer

display.clearDisplay();

// Initialzing the OLED display

display.setTextSize(1);

display.setTextColor(SSD1306_WHITE);

display.setCursor(0,30);

81
 display.println("Heart Rate Monitor");

display.display();

//Connecting with Wifi

WiFi.begin(WIFI_NAME,WIFI_PASSWORD);

while (WiFi.status()!=WL_CONNECTED){

delay(1000);

Serial.print("Wifi not connected...\n");

Serial.println("\nWifi connected");

Serial.println("IP Address: "+String(WiFi.localIP()));

WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);

ThingSpeak.begin(client); //Connecting with ThingSpeak

Serial.println("HIGH HEART RATES WILL BE DISPLAYED BELOW:");

void loop() {

int statusCode=0; //StatusCode for getting input from thingSpeak

// Read pulseValue from PULSE_PIN

int16_t pulseValue = analogRead(PULSE_PIN);

82
 // Convert pulseValue to voltage

float voltage = pulseValue * (5 / 4095.0);

// calculate heartRate from voltage

int heartRate = (voltage / 3.3) * 675;

ThingSpeak.setField(4,heartRate); //Exporting data to thingSpeak

ThingSpeak.writeFields(myChannelNumber,myApiKey);

String messageBody = "ALERT: Heart Rate is above threshold.";

// Encode the Twilio credentials

String credentials = String(accountSid) + ":" + String(authToken);

String encodedCredentials = base64::encode(credentials);

// Create the URL for the Twilio API

String url = "https://api.twilio.com/2010-04-01/Accounts/" + String(accountSid) +

"/Messages.json";

// Create the POST data

83
 String postData = "To=" + String(toPhoneNumber) + "&From=" + String(fromPhoneNumber)
+ "&Body=" + messageBody;

// Create and configure the HTTP client for Twilio

HTTPClient http;

http.begin(url);

http.addHeader("Authorization", "Basic " + encodedCredentials);

http.addHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

/* -> If the heartRate is above 120pm, an alert led with be initiated along with the speed of the
fan going to a high simulated with a relay.

-> If the heartRate is below 50bpm, the information along with low heartrate alert will be
display in the OLED*/

if (heartRate<minHeartRate){

display.clearDisplay();

display.setTextSize(1);

display.setTextColor(SSD1306_WHITE);

display.setCursor(0,0);

display.print("Heart Rate is below");

84
 display.setCursor(0,15);

display.print("Minimum Threshold");

display.setCursor(20,30);

display.print(String(heartRate)+" bpm");

display.display();

digitalWrite(RELAY, LOW);

digitalWrite(alertLed, LOW);

else if (heartRate>maxHeartRate){

display.clearDisplay();

display.setTextSize(1);

display.setTextColor(SSD1306_WHITE);

display.setCursor(0,0);

display.print("Heart Rate is above");

display.setCursor(0,15);

display.print("Maximum Threshold");

display.setCursor(20,30);

display.print(String(heartRate)+" bpm");

display.setCursor(10,50);

display.print("Speed set at Max");

85
 display.display();

digitalWrite(alertLed, HIGH); // Turning on the LED

digitalWrite(RELAY, HIGH); //Turning on the relay(simulating a fan)

}else{

display.clearDisplay();

display.setTextSize(1);

display.setTextColor(SSD1306_WHITE);

display.setCursor(0,0);

display.print("Heart Rate is Normal");

display.setCursor(20,40);

display.print(String(heartRate)+" bpm");

display.display();

digitalWrite(RELAY, LOW);

digitalWrite(alertLed, LOW);

if (heartRate>maxHeartRate){

int httpCode = http.POST(postData); //Sending the message once the heartRate is above the
threshold.

Serial.println("Heart Rate: "+String(heartRate));

86
 if (httpCode == HTTP_CODE_OK) {

// Close the connection

http.end();

delay(2000);

87
 CHAPTER 9

RESULTS

Fig 9.1: Simulation connections

Fig 9.2: Simulation with serial monitor output

88
Fig 9.3Heart rate graph (ThinkSpeak)

89
 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the proposed heart beat monitoring system offers a reliable, real-time solution for
tracking an individual’s pulse rate using an ESP-32 microcontroller integrated with a heartbeat
sensor, LCD display, and IoT connectivity. This smart health monitoring device ensures
continuous observation and immediate response in case of abnormal heart rates, significantly
improving patient care and emergency readiness. By displaying the pulse rate locally and
transmitting data remotely, it bridges the gap between patients and healthcare providers,
especially in critical or remote environments. The system is cost-effective, easy to deploy, and
scalable, making it highly suitable for hospitals, homes, and elderly care centers. Overall, this
project enhances preventive healthcare through automation, accuracy, and accessibility.

90
References
1. Chacko John Deepu et al., "Smart Cushion for BCG Signal Monitoring Using Micro-
Bending Fiber Sensor," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 14, no. 7, 2014.
2. Ibrahim Sadek, "BCG Signal Processing: A Review," Biomedical Signal Processing and
Control, vol. 46, pp. 51–62, 2018.
3. M. M. A. Hashem et al., "Optical Fingertip Sensor for Heart Rate Measurement,"
International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 73, no. 11, 2013.
4. Yu Gu et al., "WiFi-Based Sleep Monitoring for Heart and Breathing Rates," IEEE Internet
of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2019.
5. Sahana S. Khamitkar and Mohammed Rafi, "IoT-Enabled Heart Rate Monitor Using
Bluetooth," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 7,
no. 5, 2020.
6. Magdalena Liebetruth et al., "Radar Sensing for Non-Contact Vital Monitoring: A
Review," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, 2024.
7. Esrat Jahan et al., "Principles and Applications of Pulse Oximetry," International Journal of
Health Sciences and Research, vol. 10, no. 4, 2020.
8. S. Sahay et al., "Fingertip-Based Heart Rate Monitoring Using DFT," International Journal
of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 9, no. 12, 2020.
9. Hemant Goutam et al., "IoT Heart Rate Monitoring Using ESP8266," International Journal
of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, vol. 6, no. 1, 2023.
10. Survesh Chincholkar, "Dual-Sensor ECG Display System for Rural Areas," International
Journal of Engineering and Techniques, vol. 7, no. 3, 2021.
11. Lindsey L. Page et al., "Wearable Monitors in Breast Cancer Rehab," Journal of Clinical
Exercise Physiology, vol. 10, no. 2, 2021.
12. Thibault Frippiat et al., "Heart Rate Variability in Exercising Horses," Journal of Veterinary
Science and Animal Husbandry, vol. 9, no. 4, 2021.
13. Aboobacker Sidheeque et al., "IoT for Heart Attack Detection," International Journal of
Computer Applications, vol. 8, no. 2, 2007.
14. Mohammad Wajih Alam et al., "Wireless Body Area Networks for Remote Monitoring,"
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,
vol. 5, no. 5, 2016.

91
15. Ranveer Kumar Singh, "IoT-Based Vital Signs Tracker," International Journal of Scientific
& Technology Research, vol. 6, no. 7, 2017.
16. V. Pardeshi et al., "Comprehensive IoT Health Monitoring System," International Journal of
Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, vol.
6, no. 3, 2018.
17. Zhe Yang et al., "Wearable ECG and Cloud Platform for Smart Healthcare," IEEE Internet
of Things Journal, vol. 3, no. 5, 2016.
18. Kanimozhi G. et al., "Impact of EM Radiation on Heart Health," International Journal of
Emerging Technologies in Engineering Research (IJETER), vol. 6, no. 9, 2018.
19. D. L. Larkai and R. Wu, "Wireless Emergency Heart Rate Monitor for the Elderly,"
International Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015.
20. Qun Hou, "Remote GSM-Based Heart Rate Monitoring," International Journal of
Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 6, 2010.
21. Deepak Raj et al., "Arduino and NodeMCU-Based Remote Heart Monitoring," International
Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research, vol. 7, no. 6, 2021.
22. Pavithra R. et al., "Wearable GPS and Heart Rate Monitor," International Journal of
Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, 2020.
23. Soumya Sahoo et al., "Low-Power BLE Heart Rate Sensor," International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 9, no. 5, 2018.
24. Ashutosh Mishra et al., "Multi-Parameter Health Monitoring Vest," International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 6, no. 4, 2019.
25. Manikandan R. et al., "IoT SpO2 and Heart Rate Monitor Using ThingSpeak," International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, vol. 11, no. 2, 2021.
26. Ayesha T. and Imran Baig, "Infrared and ML for Contactless Heart Monitoring,"
International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 1, 2022.
27. Priya Singh et al., "Smartphone-Based Cardiovascular Monitoring App," International
Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, 2023.
28. Ravi Kumar and Anjali Sharma, "Arduino LCD Heart Rate System," International Journal
of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER), vol. 6, no. 1, 2020.
29. Sunil Kumar et al., "Zigbee Wireless Heart Monitoring System," International Journal of
Computer Applications, vol. 166, no. 6, 2017.

92
30. Deeksha D. et al., "Cloud-Connected Wearable for HRV and Emotion Detection,"
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), vol. 9, no. 3, 2019.
31. Shruthi N. and Harshitha V., "SMS Alert Pulse Monitor Using GSM and Arduino,"
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), vol. 8, no. 5, 2020.
32. Yogesh K. et al., "Facial Video-Based Pulse Monitoring with OpenCV," International Journal
of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, vol. 8,
no. 2, 2022.
33. Gagan Sharma et al., "Raspberry Pi Multi-Vital Monitoring System," International Journal
of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 8, no.
10, 2019.
34. Tanvi Mehta and Rajesh Pandey, "AI-Based Cardiac Arrest Prediction," International
Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, vol. 8, no. 4, 2021.
35. Rahul Kapoor et al., "Mobile App-Based IoT Health Monitor," International Journal of
Engineering Development and Research (IJEDR), vol. 8, no. 2, 2020.
36. K. Balaji and R. Venkatesan, "SMS Alert Heart Rate System for Rural Clinics,"
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no.
4, 2018.
37. Anjali Patil and Sunita K., "Gesture-Controlled Wearable Heart Monitor," International
Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 5, 2022.
38. Akhil M. et al., "Solar-Powered Heart Monitoring for Off-Grid Use," International Journal
of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), vol. 10, no. 2, 2021.
39. Snehal Gawande et al., "LabVIEW-Based ECG and HR Visualization Tool," International
Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, vol. 6, no. 1, 2023.
40. K. Ramesh and B. Meenakshi, "MATLAB Signal Processing for Heart Rate," International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 10, no. 11, 2019.
41. Farhan Shaikh et al., "Utilizing Blockchain for Secure Heart Rate Data Storage in E-Health
Systems," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 175, no. 7, 2022.
42. Parth Desai and Utsav Patel, "Arduino-GPS-GSM Based Wearable for Outdoor Heart Rate
Tracking," International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 6, no. 3, 2017.

93
43. S. Jaiswal and A. Mhatre, "Real-Time Monitoring System Using ThingSpeak and
NodeMCU with Historical Analytics," International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT), vol. 9, no. 12, 2020.
44. Lavanya K. and Sneha R., "Multi-language Heart Health App for Local Dialect Translation
of Pulse Data," International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management
(IJSREM), vol. 10, no. 1, 2023.
45. Rajesh T. et al., "Microcontroller-Based Heart Rate Logger with SD Card Storage,"
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,
vol. 6, no. 4, 2018.
46. Nidhi Mishra and R. R. Singh, "Machine Learning-Based Stress Detection Using Heart
Rate and Temperature," International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and
Engineering, vol. 11, no. 3, 2022.
47. Subhashree S. et al., "Bluetooth-Based Wearable for Pulse Transmission to Mobile
Applications," International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology
(IJESRT), vol. 8, no. 5, 2019.
48. Neha Gupta and P. S. Reddy, "E-Textile Pulse Monitoring Garment for Athletes and
Patients," International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, vol. 7, no. 2,
2020.
49. Swetha M. and Harini S., "Wi-Fi Enabled Heart Rate Sensor Node with Firebase
Dashboard," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 8,
no. 6, 2021.
50. K. Vinoth et al., "Fuzzy Logic-Based Predictive Heart Monitor for Risk Alerting,"
International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, vol. 8, no. 9, 2019.
51. Suresh Patra and Anil Singh, "USB-Powered Heart Rate Monitor Using LabVIEW,"
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 11, no. 6, 2020.
52. Bhavya Shetty and Kavya A., "Flexible PCB-Based Mobile-Compatible Wearable Pulse
Sensor," International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), vol. 10, no.
5, 2023.
53. Ritika Deshmukh et al., "Cloud-Connected Temperature and Heart Rate Monitoring Device
for Fever Prediction," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 183, no. 4, 2021.

94
54. Rajat Kapoor et al., "Deep Learning-Based Cardiac Anomaly Detection from PPG Signals,"
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), vol. 70, no. 9, 2022.
55. Preeti S. and A. Lakshmi, "Pulse Monitoring System for Neonatal Care Using Soft
Sensors," International Journal of Electronics, Communication and Instrumentation
Engineering Research and Development (IJECIERD), vol. 9, no. 2, 2019.
56. Sanjay Kumar et al., "ESP32-Based Heart Rate and Oxygen Monitoring for COVID-19
Patients," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology (IJIRSET), vol. 10, no. 3, 2021.
57. Yamini Sharma and A. Bhargav, "Gamified Health Tracker for Heart Rate Incentivization,"
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and
Information Technology, vol. 6, no. 2, 2020.
58. Nitin Kale et al., "Heart Rate Data Visualization Dashboard for Long-Term Cardiac
Analysis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management
(IJSREM), vol. 7, no. 1, 2023.
59. P. R. Naik and L. M. Desai, "Vehicle-Integrated Heart Rate Monitor for Driver Fatigue
Detection," International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 10,
no. 11, 2021.
60. Shalini R. and M. Senthil Kumar, "Smart Band with Google Fit API for Sleep and Heart
Health Tracking," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),
vol. 9, no. 5, 2022.
61. Meenu Gupta et al., "Smart wristband with integrated PPG and Bluetooth for real-time heart
rate monitoring," International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT),
vol. 6, no. 3, 2017.
62. Niranjan Kumar et al., "Heartbeat monitoring system using Arduino and GSM,"
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research (IJSER), vol. 9, no. 4, 2018.
63. Reeta S. et al., "Wearable health monitoring system using IoT and biosensors," International
Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 8, no. 2, 2019.
64. K. R. Lakshmi et al., "Smart ECG monitoring patch using flexible electronics," Journal of
Medical Engineering & Technology, vol. 44, no. 1, 2020.
65. John S. Kang et al., "Non-contact heart rate detection using radar sensors in chairs," IEEE
Sensors Journal, vol. 21, no. 6, 2021.

95
66. Swati Dhingra et al., "IoT-based heart rate and temperature monitoring using ThingSpeak,"
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,
vol. 8, no. 5, 2020.
67. P. N. Supreetha et al., "Wearable ECG and SpO2 monitoring device with Android
interface," International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), vol. 11, no. 2, 2022.
68. Ravi Kishore Kodali et al., "IoT based smart healthcare kit," International Conference on
Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA), 2017.
69. Bhagyashri M. More et al., "Portable pulse rate monitoring system using infrared sensors,"
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 5, no. 6, 2018.
70. S. J. Patil and B. T. Jadhav, "Cloud-based health monitoring framework using Wi-Fi
sensors," International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA), vol. 178, no. 19, 2019.
71. Aditya Kulkarni et al., "Contactless heart rate monitoring using Raspberry Pi and camera
modules," Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, vol. 12, no. 3, 2021.
72. R. R. Sutar and R. G. Mevekari, "Arduino-based heart rate monitor for rural applications,"
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and
Information Technology, vol. 6, no. 4, 2020.
73. Jayanta Roy and Arnab Mitra, "Machine learning-based wearable for arrhythmia
detection," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 183, no. 38, 2021.
74. Ankita Deshmukh et al., "Post-COVID heart monitoring band with telemedicine support,"
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), vol. 10,
no. 6, 2021.
75. Sourabh Sharma et al., "Bluetooth-based heart rate monitor for ambulance applications,"
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 9, no. 11, 2020.
76. Nishant Sharma et al., "Edge computing and PPG sensors for wearable health monitoring,"
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering
(IJARECE), vol. 8, no. 12, 2019.
77. S. Arunmozhi and T. R. Gopalakrishnan Nair, "Fog computing-enabled wearable heart
monitor," International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), vol. 10,
no. 5, 2021.
78. Vikas S. et al., "AI-enabled stress detection using heart rate variability," International Journal
of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), vol. 5, no. 8, 2020.

96
79. Karthik Ramachandran et al., "Non-contact heart rate monitoring using smartphone
camera," Journal of Mobile Computing and Application, vol. 7, no. 2, 2019.
80. Sneha Sharma and Vishal Rathore, "GSM-based wearable heart monitor for elderly
people," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), vol. 10, no. 9,
2020.

97