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SQL Notes for Interview

This document provides an overview of SQL, covering its purpose, data types, basic commands, filtering, sorting, aggregate functions, grouping, joins, subqueries, set operations, views, indexes, constraints, transactions, normalization, stored procedures, functions, and triggers. It also includes common interview questions related to SQL concepts. The information is structured to assist with both interview preparation and general knowledge of SQL.

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2 views4 pages

SQL Notes for Interview

This document provides an overview of SQL, covering its purpose, data types, basic commands, filtering, sorting, aggregate functions, grouping, joins, subqueries, set operations, views, indexes, constraints, transactions, normalization, stored procedures, functions, and triggers. It also includes common interview questions related to SQL concepts. The information is structured to assist with both interview preparation and general knowledge of SQL.

Uploaded by

amykiaraout
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL NOTES FOR INTERVIEW & KNOWLEDGE PURPOSE

1. INTRODUCTION TO SQL

- SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to manage and manipulate relational databases.

- Common SQL databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Oracle, SQL Server.

2. SQL DATA TYPES

- INT, FLOAT, VARCHAR(n), TEXT, DATE, TIME, BOOLEAN

3. BASIC SQL COMMANDS

- SELECT: Retrieve data from a table.

Example: SELECT * FROM employees;

- INSERT: Add data to a table.

Example: INSERT INTO employees (name, age) VALUES ('John', 30);

- UPDATE: Modify existing data.

Example: UPDATE employees SET age = 31 WHERE name = 'John';

- DELETE: Remove data from a table.

Example: DELETE FROM employees WHERE name = 'John';

4. FILTERING DATA

- WHERE clause

Example: SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age > 25;

- Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT

- BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL


5. SORTING RESULTS

- ORDER BY

Example: SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY age DESC;

6. AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

- COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()

Example: SELECT AVG(age) FROM employees;

7. GROUPING DATA

- GROUP BY

Example: SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department;

- HAVING (for filtering grouped data)

8. JOINS

- INNER JOIN: Returns matching rows.

- LEFT JOIN: All from left, matched from right.

- RIGHT JOIN: All from right, matched from left.

- FULL OUTER JOIN: All rows from both tables.

Example:

SELECT a.name, b.salary

FROM employees a

INNER JOIN salaries b ON a.id = b.emp_id;

9. SUBQUERIES

- A query within a query.

Example:
SELECT name FROM employees

WHERE department_id = (SELECT id FROM departments WHERE name = 'Sales');

10. SET OPERATIONS

- UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, EXCEPT

11. VIEWS

- Virtual tables

Example: CREATE VIEW sales_view AS SELECT * FROM sales WHERE region = 'East';

12. INDEXES

- Improve query speed

Example: CREATE INDEX idx_name ON employees(name);

13. CONSTRAINTS

- NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, DEFAULT

14. TRANSACTIONS

- BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK

Ensures ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)

15. NORMALIZATION

- Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.

Normal Forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF

16. STORED PROCEDURES & FUNCTIONS


- Stored Procedure: A reusable SQL block.

Example:

CREATE PROCEDURE GetAllEmployees AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM employees END;

- Function: Returns a value.

17. TRIGGERS

- SQL code that runs automatically in response to events.

Example:

CREATE TRIGGER trg_after_insert

AFTER INSERT ON employees

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO log_table(action) VALUES('Insert on employees');

END;

18. COMMON INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

- Difference between WHERE and HAVING

- Difference between JOIN and UNION

- What is normalization? Explain types

- Explain ACID properties

- Indexing and its advantages

- How to handle NULL values in SQL

Good luck with your interview and learning!

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