INTRODUCTION

Internet
Origins:
1960s
U.S. Department of Defence (DoD) became interested in developing a
new large-scale computer network
The purposes of this network were communications, program sharing,
and remote computer access for researchers working on defence-
related contracts.
The DoD’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded the
construction of the first such network. Hence it was named as
ARPAnet.
The primary early use of ARPAnet was simple text-based
communications through e-mail
 Internet

Late 1970s and early 1980s

BITNET, which is an acronym for Because It’s
Time NETwork, began at the City University of
New York.
It was built initially to provide electronic mail and
file transfers.
CSNET is an acronym for Computer Science
NETwork. Its initial purpose was to provide
electronic mail.
 Internet
1990s
NSFnet which was created in 1986 replaced ARPAnet
by 1990.
It was sponsored by the National Science Foundation
(NSF).
By 1992 NSFnet, connected more than 1 million
computers around the world.
In 1995, a small part of NSFnet returned to being a
research network. The rest became known as the
Internet.
 What Is the Internet?
The Internet is a huge collection of computers connected in a
communications network.
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) became
the standard for computer network connections in 1982.
Rather than connecting every computer on the Internet directly to every
other computer on the Internet, normally the individual computers in an
organization are connected to each other in a local
Network.
One node on this local network is physically connected to the Internet.
So, the Internet is actually a network of networks, rather than a network
of computers.
Obviously, all devices connected to the Internet must be uniquely
identifiable.
 Internet Protocol Addresses
The Internet Protocol (IP) address of a machine connected to the
Internet is a unique 32-bit number.
IP addresses usually are written (and thought of) as four 8-bit
numbers, separated by periods.
The four parts are separately used by Internet-routing computers to
decide where a message must go next to get to its destination.
Although people nearly always type domain names into their
browsers, the IP works just as well.
For example, the IP for United Airlines (www.rvce.edu.in) is
127.0.0.1. So, if a browser is
pointed at http://172.16.34.63, it will be connected to the United
Airlines Web site.
Domain Name
 HTTP
HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• generic, stateless protocol
• governs the transfer of files across a network
• developed at CERN (Central European Research
Network), they also came up with the name WWW
• supports access to SMTP,FTP and other protocols
• was designed to support hypertext
 HTTP
• Exchanged information, can be static or dynamic
• Every resource, accessible over the Web has a
URL(Uniform resource locator)
• HTTP mechanism is based on client/server model
typically using TCP/IP sockets
 World Wide Web

HTTP Server Client

Apache Mozilla Firefox
MS IIS MS Internet Explorer
HTTP

HTML data
 Web Browsers

- Mosaic - NCSA (Univ. of Illinois), in early 1993 - First to use a GUI, led
to explosion of Web use - Initially for X-Windows, under UNIX, but was
ported to other platforms by late 1993

- Browsers are clients - always initiate, servers react (although

sometimes servers require responses from the clients)

- Most requests are for existing documents, using HyperText Transfer

Protocol (HTTP)

- But some requests are for program execution, with the output being
returned as a document
 The Internet and the WWW
The WWW is one service running over the Internet -
Before the WWW
The Internet was used by scientists, researchers, large
(usually governmental) organisations
Commerce on the Internet was almost unknown
The WWW is now the major conduit to the Internet
and the major vehicle for e-commerce, but this is not
what it was designed for!
 Hypertext
“Non-linear reading and writing”
Ted Nelson

A page
of text
A page
of text A page
of text
A page
of text A page
of text
A page
of text A page
of text
A page
of text A page
of text
A page
of text

A page
of text A page
of text
A page
of text A page
A page of text
of text
A page
of text
Application Servers Vs Web Servers
Web Server Application Server
A Web server handles the HTTP protocol While an application server exposes
business logic to client applications
When the Web server receives an HTTP through various protocols like HTTP,
request, it responds with an HTTP TCP-IP etc.
response, such as sending back an
HTML page. All the web servers mainly deals with
sending HTML for displaying to a Web
To process a request, a Web server may browser.
respond with a static HTML page or
image, send or redirect, or delegate The application server is used to run
the dynamic response generation to business logic or dynamically
some other program such as CGI generating presentation code.
scripts, JSPs (JavaServer Pages),
servlets, ASPs (Active Server Pages),
server-side JavaScripts, or some
other server-side technology.
 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

“MIME, stand for Multi-purpose Internet mail

Extensions, is a freely available specification that
offers a way to interchange text in languages with
different character sets,and multimedia e-mail
among many different computer system that use
Internet mail standards.”
 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

MIME extends the format of Internet mail to allow non-

US-ASCII textual messages, non-textual messages,
multipart message bodies, and non-US-ASCII
information in message headers.
 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

In 1992, a new standard was defined by an Internet

engineering task force working group in RFC1521
& 1522 called MIME.
MIME is an extension to the Internet mail standard,
known as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
that allows mail messages containing different type
of multimedia information to be sent across the
network this includes, but is not limited to, word-
processor documents, spreadsheets, programs,
graphics, audio, and motion picture files, as well as
links that enable users to retrieve information from
remote databases from within a mail message.
 Static vs. dynamic pages
most Web pages are static
 contents (text/links/images) are the same each time it is accessed
e.g., online documents, most homepages
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is used to specify text/image format

as the Web moves towards online services and e-commerce, Web pages
must also provide dynamic content
 pages must be fluid, changeable (e.g., rotating banners)
 must be able to react to the user's actions, request and process info, tailor services

e.g., amazon.com, www.thehungersite.com

this course is about applying your programming skills to the development

of dynamic Web pages and applications
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 Client-side programming
can download program with Web page, execute on client machine
 simple, generic, but insecure

JavaScript
 a scripting language for Web pages, developed by Netscape in 1995
 uses a C++/Java-like syntax, so familiar to programmers, but simpler
 good for adding dynamic features to Web page, controlling forms and GUI
 see www.creighton.edu/~davereed/Memory

Java applets
 can define small, special-purpose programs in Java called applets
 provides full expressive power of Java (but more overhead)
 good for more complex tasks or data heavy tasks, such as graphics
 see www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc107.F03/Labs/MontePI.html

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 Server-side programming
can store and execute program on Web server, link from Web page
 more complex, requires server privileges, but secure

CGI programming
 programs can be written to conform to the Common Gateway Interface
 when a Web page submits, data from the page is sent as input to the CGI program
 CGI program executes on server, sends its results back to browser as a Web page
 good if computation is large/complex or requires access to private data

Active Server Pages, Java Servlets, PHP, Server Side Includes

 vendor-specific alternatives to CGI
 provide many of the same capabilities but using HTML-like tags

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 Web Programmer’s Toolbox

HTML/XHTML
CSS
XML
JavaScript
PHP

Web application frameworks - Ruby on Rails,

TurboGears, CakePHP, ASP.NET
 HTML/XHTML

Describes the general form and layout of documents

An HTML document is a mix of content and controls
Controls are tags and their attributes

Tags often delimit content and specify something about

how the content should be arranged in the document
Attributes provide additional information about the content
of a tag
 CSS

A language for defining stylesheets that was

developed for HTML
Provide the means to control and change
presentation of HTML documents
Style sheets allow you to impose a standard
style on a whole document, or even a whole
collection of documents
 XML

A meta-markup language
Used to create a new markup language for
a particular purpose or area
Because the tags are designed for a
specific area, they can be meaningful
No presentation details
A simple and universal way of representing
data of any textual kind
 JavaScript

A client-side HTML-embedded scripting

language
Only related to Java through syntax
Dynamically typed and not object-oriented
Provides a way to access elements of
HTML documents and dynamically change
them
 PHP

A widely used server-side scripting

language
Similar to JavaScript
Great for form processing and database
access through the Web
Free software released under the PHP
License