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Chp.6 Tissue

The document provides detailed notes on plant tissues, focusing on meristematic and permanent tissues. It describes the types of meristematic tissues (apical, lateral, intercalary) and their functions, as well as various types of permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, along with their roles in plant support and storage. Additionally, it covers epidermis and stomata, and complex permanent tissues such as xylem and phloem, highlighting their functions in water and food conduction.

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4 views25 pages

Chp.6 Tissue

The document provides detailed notes on plant tissues, focusing on meristematic and permanent tissues. It describes the types of meristematic tissues (apical, lateral, intercalary) and their functions, as well as various types of permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, along with their roles in plant support and storage. Additionally, it covers epidermis and stomata, and complex permanent tissues such as xylem and phloem, highlighting their functions in water and food conduction.

Uploaded by

rahulmore13789
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Rahul Sir's notes

PROF.RAHUL MORE
XI BIOLOGY
Rahul Sir's notes
Rahul Sir's notes
Meristematic tissue
• The growth of plants occurs only in certain
specific regions. This is because the dividing
tissue, also known as meristematic tissue, is
located only at these points.

• Depending on the region where they are


present, meristematic tissues are classified as
 Apical

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 Lateral

 Intercalary
TYPES OF MERISTEM(POSITION)
• Apical meristem:
 Present at the growing tips of stems and roots
and increases the length of the stem and the
root.

• Lateral meristem:
 The girth of the stem or root increases due to
cambium.

Rahul Sir's notes


• Intercalary meristem:
 The meristem at the base of the leaves or
internodes (on either side of the node) on twigs.
Characteristics
• As the cells of this tissue are very active,
they have dense cytoplasm, thin
cellulose walls and prominent nuclei.

• They lack vacuoles.

• New cells produced by meristem are


initially like those of meristem itself, but
as they grow and mature, their

Rahul Sir's notes


characteristics slowly change and they
become differentiated as components of
other tissues.
PERMANENT TISSUE
• Meristematic tissue take up a specific role and lose the ability to divide.
As a result, they form a permanent tissue. This process of taking up a
permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation.

• Cells of meristematic tissue differentiate to form different types of


permanent tissue.

Rahul Sir's notes


Rahul Sir's notes
Parenchyma
• Living cells, Basic packing tissue.

• Unspecialized cells with thin cell walls.

• Loosely packed, so that large spaces between cells


(intercellular spaces) are found in this tissue.

• Function:
• This tissue provides support to plants and also
stores food.

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 The parenchyma of stems and roots also stores
nutrients and water.
• Chlorenchyma: It contains chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis.

• Aerenchyma: In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in


parenchyma to give buoyancy to the plants to help them float.

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Collenchyma
• Living cell, elongated and irregularly thickened
at the corners.

• There is very little intercellular space.

• Flexible tissue, allows easy bending in various


parts of a plant (leaf, stem) without breaking.

• Found in leaf stalks below the epidermis.

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• Function:
 It also provides mechanical support to plants.
Sclerenchyma
• Dead tissue makes the plant hard and stiff.

• Long and narrow as the walls are thickened


due to lignin (cement chemical for hardens).

• No internal space inside the cell.

• Found in stems, around vascular bundles, in


the veins of leaves, in the hard covering of
seeds and nuts and husk of a coconut.

Rahul Sir's notes


• Function:
 It provides strength to the plant parts.
Epidermis
• Outermost, single layer of cells.

• In dry habitats, the epidermis may be thicker since protection against


water loss is critical. It protects all the parts of the plant.

• Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant often secrete a waxy,
water-resistant layer on their outer surface. This aids in protection
against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.

Rahul Sir's notes


• Cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer without intercellular
spaces. Most epidermal cells are relatively flat. Often their outer and
side walls are thicker than the inner wall.
• Epidermal cells of the roots, whose function is water absorption (bear long hair-
like parts) that greatly increase the total absorptive surface area.

• In desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical


substance with waterproof quality) on its outer surface.

• As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue undergoes certain changes.

• A strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis of the stem.

• Cells on the outside are cut off from this layer. This forms the several-layer
thick cork or the bark of the tree. Cells of cork are dead and compactly

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arranged without intercellular spaces

• They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them
impervious to gases and water.
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Rahul Sir's notes
Stomata
• Small pores in the epidermis of the leaf are
called stomata.

• Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped


cells called guard cells.

• They are necessary for exchanging gases with


the atmosphere.

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• Transpiration (loss of water in the form of water
vapour) also takes place through stomata.
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
• They are made of more than one type of cells. All these cells coordinate
to perform a common function.

• Vascular or conductive tissue is a distinctive feature of the complex


plants, one that has made possible their survival in the terrestrial
environment.

Rahul Sir's notes


Xylem
• Water conducting tissue.

• The cells have thick walls, and many of


them are dead cells.

• It consist of 4 parts

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Xylem
• Tracheids and vessels:
 They are tubular structures.

 This allows them to transport water and


minerals vertically.

• Xylem parenchyma:
 It stores food and helps in the sideways
conduction of water.

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• Fibres:
 Supportive in function.
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Phloem
• Food conducting tissue.

• Phloem is unlike xylem in that materials


can move in both directions in it.

• It consist of 4 parts

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Phloem
• Sieve tubes and companion cells:
 They are tubular cells with perforated
walls.

• Phloem parenchyma:
 It transports food from leaves to other
parts of the plant.

• Phloem fibres:

Rahul Sir's notes


 Living cells, supportive in function.
Rahul Sir's notes
Rahul Sir's notes

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