PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
Overview
What is Electron Diffraction LEED & RHEED
LEED
History
RHEED
What is RHEED
Basic Principle
Basic principle
Instrumentation
Insrumentation
How to Use
Data collection
Examples
Examples
Comparison of LEED & RHEED Conclusion Refferences
Complication in LEED
Electron Diffraction
The phenomenon associated with the interference processes which occur when electrons are scattered by atoms in crystals to form diffraction patterns. Types of Electron Diffraction:Electron diffraction
Low Energy Electron Diffraction LEED
Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction RHEED
Transmission High Energy Electron Diffraction THEED
Electron Diffraction
Introduction to Low energy electron diffraction-LEED
LEED = Low Energy Electron Diffraction Incoming electron beam (< 500 eV) is perpendicular to sample
Low energy electron diffraction mainly used for surface characterization
Introduction to Reflection High energy electron diffraction-RHEED
RHEED = Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction Incoming electron beam (10~50keV) has glazing angle to sample
RHEED is an important method to achieve surface sensitivity
LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION LEED
What is LEED
Low-energy electron diffraction, is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of crystalline materials by bombardment with low energy electrons (20500eV) and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen. The pattern of spots contains information of surface structure and the spot intensity indicates reconstruction.
Fig: Schematic of a LEED
Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) = e in, e out (elastic)
History
1924: Discovered accidentally by Davisson and Kunsman during study of electron emission from a Ni crystal.
1927: Davisson and Germer found diffraction maxima for:
nl = D sinf
where D = surface spacing, l = electron wavelength
1934: Fluorescent screen developed by Ehrenburg for data imaging. 1960: UHV technology enabled LEED of clean surfaces.
Instrumentation of LEED
A sample holder with the prepared sample An electron gun A display system, usually a hemispherical fluorescent screen on which the diffraction pattern can be observed directly A sputtering gun for cleaning the surface A number of highly transparent grids are placed in front of the screen.
Grid 1: retarding voltage (selects only elastic electrons)
Grid 2: accelerating voltage (creates fluorescence on screen)
Information obtained from LEED
LEED is the principal technique for the determination of surface structures. It may be used in one of two ways: Qualitatively : where the diffraction pattern is recorded and analysis of the spot positions yields information on the size, symmetry and rotational alignment of the adsorbate unit cell with respect to the substrate unit cell. Quantitatively : where the intensities of the various diffracted beams are recorded as a function of the incident electron beam energy to generate so-called I-V curves which, by comparison with theoretical curves, may provide accurate information on atomic positions.
Structural Information by LEED
What is Real Space and Reciprocal Space?
Real Space (i.e. spacing of surface atoms in nm)
a
Reciprocal-Space (i.e. spacing of diffraction spots in nm1)
2 G a
larger real-space
Phys 661 - Baski Diffraction Techniques
smaller reciprocal-space
Substrate & over layer LEED pattern
Only Substrate
Substrate +Adsorbate
Intensity Measurement by LEED
Structure determination procedure
LEED pattern reflects the size and shape of the real space unit cell. But it says nothing about the positions of the atoms in the real space unit cell i.e the structure -------This is why surface structure determination by LEED requires the measurement and analysis of intensities.
STEPS
Images obtained in LEED
Complications and other aspects of LEED
Electron beam damage sensitive molecular adsorbates. Domain structure
If two domains with different structure coexist easy to distinguish. But sometimes difficulties exist (e.g., 3 domains of p(2x1) on fcc (111) = (2x2)
REFLECTION HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
RHEED
What is RHEED?
In order to extract surface structural information from the diffraction of high energy electrons, therefore, the technique has to be adapted and the easiest way of doing this is to use a reflection geometry in which the electron beam is incident at a very grazing angle - it is then known as Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) RHEED theory is very similar to LEED.
Basic Principle of RHEED
A high energy electron beam(1030Kev) is directed at the sample surface at a low incident angle(120). The electrons are diffracted by the crystal structure of the sample being investigated Then projected on a fluroscent screen mounted opposite the electron gun.
NB: The combination of grazing incidence and strong electron-substrate interactions reduces the penetration depth of incident electrons to a few monolayer's.
Fig:-Electrons hit the surface at different grazing angle
Instrumentation of RHEED
A sample holder with the prepared sample. An electron gun-The electron gun generates a beam of electrons which strike the sample at a very small angle. Photo-luminescent detector screen- which collect the diffracted electrons & form the regular pattern on the screen. although modern RHEED systems have some additional parts to optimize the technique.
Figure:- The most basic setup of a RHEED system.
Images obtained in RHEED
Graphene growth by molecular beam epitaxy : RHEED diagram (160 eV)
RHEED diagram : SiC surface structure evolution with Si dose
What, if any, advantages does RHEED offer over LEED?
In terms of the quality of the diffraction pattern absolutely none in RHEED. By using RHEED it is therefore possible to measure, and hence also to control, atomic layer growth rates(i.e to monitor the atomic layer-byatomic layer growth) in Molecular Beam Epitaxy(MBE) growth of electronic device structures -this is by far and away the most important application of the RHEED technique.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Range of elements
Destructive
LEED
RHEED
All
All
No, except in special cases Same as LEED. of electron-beam damage. 4-20. 2-100 .
Depth probed Detection limits Resolving power Lateral resolution
0.1ML; atomic positions to Same as LEED. 0.1 . Typically 200; best systems 5mm Typically 0.1mm; best systems ~10mm. No; need special instruments LEEM. Analysis of surface crystallography . <75K Same as LEED. 200mm x 4mm; best systems 0.3nm x 6 nm. No. Monitoring surface structure, in-situ growth . 50k-200k.
Imaging capability Main uses
Cost
LEED is (still) the most frequently used surface structural method
References
Surface Characterization By D.Brune & R. Hellborg. http://philiphofmann.net/surflec3/surflec014.html http://hpcrd.lbl.gov/~meza Optimization Methods for Simulation-Based Problems in Nano Science By Juan Meza, Michel van Hove, Zhengji Zhao (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) www.wikipedia.org
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