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Lecture 7 8 Weeks Correlation and Regression

The document explains correlation as a relationship between two variables, represented by ordered pairs, and introduces the correlation coefficient (r) as a measure of the strength and direction of this relationship. It details the range of r from -1 to 1, indicating strong positive, strong negative, or no correlation. Additionally, it discusses residuals in regression analysis and provides an example of predicting a test score based on TV watching hours using a regression equation.

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6 views7 pages

Lecture 7 8 Weeks Correlation and Regression

The document explains correlation as a relationship between two variables, represented by ordered pairs, and introduces the correlation coefficient (r) as a measure of the strength and direction of this relationship. It details the range of r from -1 to 1, indicating strong positive, strong negative, or no correlation. Additionally, it discusses residuals in regression analysis and provides an example of predicting a test score based on TV watching hours using a regression equation.

Uploaded by

waleedhassan1166.pk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Correlation and

Regression

1
Correlation
A correlation is a relationship between two variables.
The data can be represented by the ordered pairs (x,
y) where x is the independent (or explanatory)
variable, and y is the dependent (or response)
variable.
y

x
Example: 2 4 6

x 1 2 3 4 5 –2
y –4 –2 –1 0 2
–4
2
Correlation Coefficient
The correlation coefficient is a measure of the
strength and the direction of a linear relationship
between two variables. The symbol r represents the
sample correlation coefficient. The formula for r is

n  xy   x  y 
r .
n  x   x  n  y   y 
2 2 2 2

The range of the correlation coefficient is 1 to 1. If x


and y have a strong positive linear correlation, r is
close to 1. If x and y have a strong negative linear
correlation, r is close to 1. If there is no linear
correlation or a weak linear correlation, r is close to 0.

3
Linear Correlation
y
y

r = 0.91 r = 0.88

x
x
Strong negative correlation
Strong positive correlation
y
y
r = 0.42
r = 0.07

x
x
Weak positive correlation
Nonlinear Correlation
4
Residuals
After verifying that the linear correlation between two
variables is significant, next we determine the equation
of the line that can be used to predict the value of y for
a given value of x.
Observed
y
y-value

d2 For a given x-value,


d1
d = (observed y-value) – (predicted y-value)

Predicted d
3
y-value
x
Each data point di represents the difference between
the observed y-value and the predicted y-value for a
given x-value on the line. These differences are called
residuals. 5
Regression equation
Example continued:
Using the equation ŷ = –4.07x + 93.97, we can predict
the test score for a student who watches 9 hours of TV.

ŷ = –4.07x + 93.97
= –4.07(9) + 93.97
= 57.34

A student who watches 9 hours of TV over the weekend


can expect to receive about a 57.34 on Monday’s test.

6
Linear Correlation
y y
As x increases, As x increases,
y tends to y tends to
decrease. increase.

x x
Negative Linear Correlation Positive Linear Correlation
y y

x x
No Correlation Nonlinear Correlation
7

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