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Microprocessor

The document is a comprehensive guide on embedded systems, covering fundamentals, microcontroller architecture, input/output subsystems, memory addressing, and processor architectures. It details the characteristics and application areas of embedded systems, particularly focusing on the 8051 microcontroller. Additionally, it discusses modern embedded processors and their key features across various industries.

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3 views3 pages

Microprocessor

The document is a comprehensive guide on embedded systems, covering fundamentals, microcontroller architecture, input/output subsystems, memory addressing, and processor architectures. It details the characteristics and application areas of embedded systems, particularly focusing on the 8051 microcontroller. Additionally, it discusses modern embedded processors and their key features across various industries.

Uploaded by

allahabibi21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comprehensive Embedded Systems Compendium

Embedded Systems Expert


May 28, 2025

Contents
1 Embedded Systems Fundamentals 1
1.1 Definition and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Microcontroller Architecture 2
2.1 8051 Core Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Special Function Registers (SFRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Input/Output Subsystems 2
3.1 Signal Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2 8051 Pin Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4 Memory Addressing 3
4.1 Bit vs Byte Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

5 Processor Architectures 3
5.1 Microprocessor vs Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.2 Modern Embedded Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1 Embedded Systems Fundamentals


1.1 Definition and Characteristics
An embedded system is a dedicated computing system with three key attributes:
• Dedicated Functionality: Single-purpose design (e.g., microwave controller)

• Real-Time Operation: Deterministic timing requirements


• Resource Constraints: Limited memory (KB-MB), power (mW-W), and processing

1.2 Application Areas

Industry Representative Applications


Automotive Engine control units (ECUs), ADAS, infotainment
Medical Patient monitors, infusion pumps, pacemakers
Industrial PLCs, motor drives, CNC machines
Consumer Smart appliances, wearables, gaming consoles
Aerospace Flight control, satellite systems, avionics
IoT Smart sensors, gateways, edge devices

Table 1: Embedded Systems Across Industries

1
2 Microcontroller Architecture
2.1 8051 Core Architecture

2×16-bit Timers

128B RAM 8-bit CPU 4KB ROM

UART

4×8-bit I/O

Figure 1: 8051 Microcontroller Architecture

2.2 Special Function Registers (SFRs)

Mnemonic Address Function


ACC E0h Accumulator for arithmetic operations
B F0h Multiplication/division register
PSW D0h Program Status Word
SP 81h Stack
(Flags:Pointer
CY,AC,OV,P)
P0-P3 80h,90h,A0h,B0h I/O Port registers

Table 2: Key 8051 SFRs

3 Input/Output Subsystems
3.1 Signal Conversion

0-5V 8-bit 8-bit 0-5V


Sensor ADC MCU DAC Actuator

e.g., MCP3008 e.g., MCP4921

Figure 2: Signal Conversion Chain

2
Pin Name Function
30 ALE Address Latch Enable (demuxes P0)
29 PSEN Program Store Enable (external ROM)
31 EA/VPP Internal/External memory selection
9 RST Reset (active high, 2 machine cycles)

Table 3: Critical 8051 Control Pins

Feature Bit Addressing Byte Addressing


Address Range 20h-2Fh (16 bytes) 00h-FFh (256 bytes)
Access Granularity Individual bits Complete bytes
Example Instruction SETB 25h.3 MOV A, 40h
Typical Use Flag manipulation Data transfer

Table 4: Addressing Mode Comparison

3.2 8051 Pin Functions

4 Memory Addressing
4.1 Bit vs Byte Addressing

5 Processor Architectures
5.1 Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

ROM

Microprocessor I/O Microcontroller Timer

RAM
RAMMicroprocessor SystemROM Microcontroller

I/O Chip

Figure 3: Architectural Differences

5.2 Modern Embedded Processors

Family Manufacturer Key Features Applications


ARM Cortex-M ARM Ltd. 32-bit RISC, low power IoT, automotive
PIC Microchip 8/16/32-bit variants Industrial control
AVR Microchip 8-bit RISC, low cost Consumer electronics
ESP32 Espressif Wi-Fi/BLE, dual-core Smart devices
RISC-V Various Open ISA, customizable Research, edge AI

Table 5: Contemporary Embedded Processors

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