Network Protocols

and
Communications

Malaka Pathirana
MSc – Cyber Security (Reading), BSc in IT, Cisco Certified CCNA Instructor
What is Communication?
Rule Establishment
▪ Protocols are necessary for effective
communication and include:
• An identified sender and receiver
• Common language and grammar
• Speed and timing of delivery
• Confirmation or acknowledgement
requirements

▪ Protocols used in network communications

also define:
• Message encoding
• Message delivery options
• Message Formatting and Encapsulation
• Message Timing
• Message Size
Message Encoding
Message Formatting and Encapsulation

Example: A personal letter contains the following elements:

• Identifier of the recipient’s location
• Identifier of the sender’s location
• Salutation or greeting
• Recipient identifier
• The message content
• Source identifier
• End of message indicator
Message Size
An overview of the segmenting process:
• The size restrictions of frames require the source host to
break a long message into individual pieces (or
segments) that meet the minimum and maximum size
requirements.

• Each segment is encapsulated in a separate frame with

the address information and is sent over the network.

• At the receiving host, the messages are de-

encapsulated and back together to be processed and
interpreted.
Message Timing

• Access Method
• Defines the technique that is used to store and retrieve data

• Flow Control
• Ensures that the transmitting device does not send more data to
the receiving device than it can handle

• Response Timeout
• An option that lets you decide how long you are willing to wait
for an operation in a Workstation client before your request for
that operation is cancelled (timed out) on a network
Message Delivery Options
Network Standards
 Я говорю
我只会说中文 только на
китайском

We both know English

Rules that Govern Communications
 What is a Networking Model?

• Networking models categorize and provide a structure for

networking protocols and standards

• Protocol –
A set of rules defining how network devices and software should
work

Protocol refers to logical rules about how devices should communicate, not
physical.
Network Protocols

• How the message is formatted or structured

• The process by which networking devices share

information about pathways with other networks

• How and when error and system messages are

passed between devices

• The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

Protocol Interaction
▪ Communication between a web
server and web client is an
example of an interaction
between several protocols:

• HTTP - an application protocol that

governs the way a web server and a web
client interact.
• TCP - transport protocol that manages the
individual conversations.

• IP – encapsulates the TCP segments into

packets, assigns addresses, and delivers
to the destination host.
• Ethernet - allows communication over a
data link and the physical transmission of
data on the network media.
 Networking Model

HTTP SSL NetBIOS ICMP PPP

HTTPS TLS PPTP IP Ethernet

DNS IPSec

FTP
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model

▪ The benefits of using a layered model include:

• Assisting in protocol design since protocols at each layer

have defined functions.
• Fostering competition because products from different
vendors can work together.
• Preventing technology changes in one layer from affecting
other layers.
• Providing a common language to describe networking
functions and capabilities.
OSI Model

• The OSI model is an option to standardize the network

communication

Network devices from various manufacturers and countries

can communicate with each other.
OSI
• The OSI model is an option to
standardize the network OSI Model
communication
Application Layer
• Network devices from various
manufacturers and countries will be Presentation Layer
able to communicate with each other.
Session Layer
• Open – Not developed for an individual
company Transport Layer
• A conceptual model that categorizes
Network Layer
and standardizes the different
functions in a network Data Link Layer
• Created by “International Organization
Physical Layer
for Standardization” (ISO)
• Functions are divided into 7 Layers
 Same-layer
Application Layer Application Layer
Interaction
Adjacent-layer interaction

Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

Encapsulation De-
Transport Layer Transport Layer
encapsulation

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

Activity
Discuss what happens in each and every
layer of the OSI model
Physical Layer (Layer 1):
This layer deals with the physical connection between devices and
the transmission of raw data bits over a communication channel.
It defines specifications such as voltage levels, data rates, and
physical connectors.
Devices at this layer include network interface cards, cables, and
hubs.

Data Link Layer (Layer 2):

The data link layer provides reliable data transfer across the
physical layer.
It establishes and terminates connections between adjacent
nodes and ensures error-free transmission of data frames.
It includes flow control, error detection, and error correction
mechanisms.
Ethernet switches and wireless access points operate at this layer.
Network Layer (Layer 3):
The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data
packets between different networks.
It determines the optimal path for data transmission based on
network conditions, addresses, and routing protocols.
IP (Internet Protocol) operates at this layer, along with routers.

Transport Layer (Layer 4):

The transport layer provides end-to-end communication between
devices on different hosts.
It ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data by segmenting and
reassembling data streams.
This layer handles flow control, error recovery, and congestion
control.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) are protocols at this layer.
Session Layer (Layer 5):
The session layer establishes, manages, and terminates
communication sessions between applications.
It provides synchronization, checkpointing, and recovery services
to ensure data integrity and reliability during communication.
This layer manages session establishment, maintenance, and
termination.
Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
The presentation layer is responsible for data translation,
encryption, and compression.
It ensures that data exchanged between systems is in a format the
application layer can understand.
Tasks include data encryption, decryption, character encoding, and
data compression.
Application Layer (Layer 7):
The application layer is the closest to the end-user and provides
network services directly to user applications.
It enables communication between software applications and
network services.
HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS protocols operate at this layer.
Protocol Data Units

▪ As application data is passed

down the protocol stack,
information is added at each
level. This is known as the
encapsulation process.
▪ The form that the data takes
at each layer is known as a
Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
• Data - application layer PDU
• Segment – Transport layer PDU
• Packet – Network layer PDU
• Frame – Data Link Layer PDU
• Bits – Physical Layer PDU
Creation of the Internet, Development of
TCP/IP
• The first packet-switching network and predecessor to today’s Internet was the
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), which came to life in
1969 by connecting mainframe computers at four locations.

• ARPANET was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense for use by universities
and research laboratories. Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) was the contractor
that did much of the initial development of the ARPANET, including creating the
first router known as an Interface Message Processor (IMP).

• In 1973, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf began work on TCP to develop the next
generation of the ARPANET. TCP was designed to replace ARPANET’s current
Network Control Program (NCP).

• In 1978, TCP was divided into two protocols: TCP and IP. Later, other protocols
were added to the TCP/IP suite of protocols including Telnet, FTP, DNS, and many
others.
Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication
Standards Organizations
IEEE
• 38 societies
• 130 journals
• 1,300 conferences each year
• 1,300 standards and projects
• 400,000 members
• 160 countries
• IEEE 802.3
• IEEE 802.11
The TCP/IP Reference Model
Benefits of Using a Layered Model
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models
Other Standards Organization

• The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

• The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

• The International Telecommunications Union

Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

• The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

(ICANN)

• The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Open Standards
• The Internet Society (ISOC)
• The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)
• The International Organization for Standards (ISO)
Moving Data in the Network
Communicating the Messages

• Segmenting message
benefits
• Different conversations
can be interleaved
• Increased reliability of
network communications

• Segmenting message
disadvantage
• Increased level of
complexity
Protocol Data Units (PDUs)

• Data
• Segment
• Packet
• Frame
• Bits
Accessing Local Resources
Communicating with Device / Same
Network
MAC and IP Addresses

ARP
Request
S1 R1

R1
192.168.1.1
11-11-11-11-11-11
PC1
192.168.1.110
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA

PC2
192.168.1.111 FTP Server
BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB 192.168.1.9
CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC
Default Gateway
Communicating Device / Remote Network
Thank You