Calling Functions From SQL

!!

Pankaj Jain
!
@twit_pankajj
 Why Call Functions From SQL?

! !
Parallel Query
Increases Efficiency Extends SQL
Execution
of SQL
 Where Can They Appear?

▪ Select List of a Query

! !
SELECT UPPER('test') FROM dual;
!
! SELECT emp_id,
get_dept_name(emp_dept_id)
! FROM employee;

!
▪ Conditions !
SELECT count(*)
□ WHERE FROM employee
WHERE get_dept_name(emp_dept_id) = 'IT';
□ HAVING
!
! UPDATE employee
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SET emp_loc = ‘WA’
WHERE get_dept_name(emp_dept_id) = 'IT'; This Space
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 Where Can They Appear?

▪ INSERT Statement
□ VALUES INSERT INTO employee (emp_id,
emp_name,
emp_dept_id )
! VALUES ( 5,
‘John',
! get_dept_id('IT'));

!
!
▪ Update Statement
!
□ SET Clause UPDATE employee
SET emp_dept_id = get_dept_id('IT')
! WHERE emp_id = 10;
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 Where Can They Appear?

!
▪ Others
□ ORDER BY

□ GROUP BY

□ CONNECT BY / START WITH

!
SELECT count(*),
get_dept_name(emp_dept_id),
FROM employee
GROUP BY get_dept_name(emp_dept_id);

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 !
Where Can !
DEFAULT Value of a Column
They !
CHECK Constraint Clause
Not Appear? !

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 Restrictions

Formal Parameter &

Schema or Package Formal Parameter in IN
Return Value Built-in
Level Function Mode
Datatype

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 Select Statement
Restrictions Cannot Alter System or Session
Cannot Run a DML Statement
No Transaction Statements
!
SELECT emp_id,
get_dept_name(emp_dept_id)
!
FROM employee;

CREATE OR REPLACE
FUNCTION get_dept_name(p_dept_id in NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS
CURSOR cur_get_dept_name IS
SELECT dept_name
FROM departments
WHERE dept_id = p_dept_id;
l_dept_name departments.dept_name%TYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cur_get_dept_name;
FETCH cur_get_dept_name INTO l_dept_name;
CLOSE cur_get_dept_name;
! UPDATE employee SET emp_dept_id = p_dept_id WHERE emp_id = 10;
! COMMIT;
RETURN l_dept_name;
END get_dept_name; Do Not Place Anything in
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ORA-14551: cannot perform a DML operation inside a query Note: Warning will not appear
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ORA-14552: cannot perform a DDL, commit or rollback inside a query or DML
 DML Statement
Restrictions Cannot Alter System or Session
No DML for Parallelized DML Statement
DML on the Same Table
No Transaction Statements
UPDATE employee
SET emp_dept_id = get_dept_id('IT') !
WHERE emp_id = 10;
!
CREATE OR REPLACE
!
FUNCTION get_dept_id(p_dept_name in VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER AS
CURSOR cur_get_dept_id IS
SELECT dept_id
FROM departments
WHERE dept_name = p_dept_name;
l_dept_id departments.dept_id%TYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN cur_get_dept_id;
FETCH cur_get_dept_id INTO l_dept_id;
CLOSE cur_get_dept_id;
! UPDATE employee SET emp_dept_id = p_dept_id WHERE emp_id = 10;
! COMMIT;
RETURN l_dept_id;
END get_dept_id; Do Not Place Anything in
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ORA-04091: table EMPLOYEE is mutating, trigger / function may not see it during Slide Show view.
 Deterministic Functions

Required for
Same Result for Function Based
Optimization
Same Input Indexes &
Technique
Values Materialized
Views

Package Spec Type

Schema Function
Function Specification
 Deterministic Functions

! SELECT emp_id,
! emp_sal,
!
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_tier(p_sal NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER AS
get_tier(emp_sal) tier
FROM employee
l_return NUMBER; ORDER BY emp_sal;
BEGIN
IF p_sal < 40000 THEN
EMP_ID EMP_SAL TIER
l_return := 1;
——————————————
ELSIF p_sal < 60000 THEN
20 40000 2
l_return := 2;
50 40000 2
ELSE
10 70000 3
l_return := 3;
60 70000 3
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('p_sal '||p_sal);
RETURN l_return; !
EXCEPTION p_sal 40000
WHEN OTHERS THEN p_sal 40000
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); p_sal 70000
RAISE; p_sal 70000
END get_tier;

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 Deterministic Functions

! SELECT emp_id,
! emp_sal,
!
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_tier(p_sal NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER DETERMINISTIC AS
get_tier(emp_sal) tier
FROM employee
l_return NUMBER; ORDER BY emp_sal;
BEGIN
IF p_sal < 40000 THEN
EMP_ID EMP_SAL TIER
l_return := 1;
——————————————
ELSIF p_sal < 60000 THEN
20 40000 2
l_return := 2;
50 40000 2
ELSE
10 70000 3
l_return := 3;
60 70000 3
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('p_sal '||p_sal);
RETURN l_return; !
EXCEPTION p_sal 40000
WHEN OTHERS THEN p_sal 70000
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
RAISE;
END get_tier;

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 PARALLEL_ENABLE

!
! ALTER TABLE employee PARALLEL 3;
!
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_tier(p_sal NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER PARALLEL_ENABLE AS
l_return NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT degree
IF p_sal < 40000 THEN
FROM user_tables
l_return := 1;
WHERE table_name='EMPLOYEE';
ELSIF p_sal < 60000 THEN
l_return := 2;
ELSE
l_return := 3;
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('p_sal '||p_sal); SELECT /*+ parallel (employee,4) */
RETURN l_return; emp_id,
EXCEPTION emp_sal,
WHEN OTHERS THEN get_tier(emp_sal) tier
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); FROM employee
RAISE; ORDER BY emp_sal;
END get_tier;

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 PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES

▪ Prior to Oracle8i

▪ Use DETERMINISTIC & PARALLEL_ENABLE Instead

Option Meaning

WNDS Write No Database State

RNDS Read No Database State

WNPS Write No Package State

RNPS Read No Package State

TRUST Restrictions Assumed True Do Not Place Anything in

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 PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES

!PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (Function_Name,WNDS [, WNPS]

[, RNDS] [, RNPS] [, TRUST]);
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE hr_mgmt AS
!
FUNCTION get_tier(p_sal NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;
PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (get_tier, WNDS,WNPS,RNDS,RNPS);
!
FUNCTION get_diff(p_in NUMBER, p_in2 NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER;
PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES (get_diff, WNDS,RNDS);
!
END hr_mgmt;

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY hr_mgmt AS

!
FUNCTION get_tier(p_sal NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
BEGIN
UPDATE employee…..
…..
END hr_mgmt;
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PLS-00452: Subprogram 'GET_TIER’'violates its associated pragma during Slide Show view.
 Benefits
!
Restrictions
Summary !
Deterministic
!
Parallel Enable

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