Study material for class xii

1
 CONTENTS

S.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. ELECTROSTATICS 3

2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY 27

3. MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF 43

ELECTRIC CURRENT

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND 65

ALTERNATING CURRENT

5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 84

6. RAY OPTICS 93

7. WAVE OPTICS 113

8. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER 127

9. ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 137

10. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION 153

11. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS 172

12. DIFFERENCES TYPE QUESTIONS 178

13. IMPORTANT PROBLEMS 183

14. QUESTION BANK 184

2
 (Mar 23)

2. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. ( July 22 )

Gauss’s law states that if a charge Q is enclosed by an arbitrary closed surface, then the total electric flux

ΦE through the closed surface is

4. What is the general defiinition of electricdipole moment? Mention its direction.

The magnitude of electric dipole moment is equal to the product of the magnitude of one of the charges

and the distance between them. (i.e.) p = q 2a. Its direction is from –q to +q.

3
 ( Sep 21, Mar 24)

U= q1q2

4πε0r

4
16. What is dieleectric strength?
 The maximum electric field the dielectric can withstand before it breaks down is called dielectric strength.
 The dielectric field strenght of air is 3 x 105 Vm-1

5
 Mar 20, May 22
17. What is corona discharge (or) action at points?
 The electric field near the edge is very high and it ionizes the surrounding air.
 The positive ions are repelled at the sharp edge and negative ions are attracted towards the
sharp edge.
 This reduces the total charge of the conductor near the sharp edges.
 This is called action at points or corona discharge.

18. The electric field lines never intersect. Justify.

 If two lines cross at a point then there will be two different field vectors at that point.
 If a charge is placed in the intersection point, then it has to move in two different directions at
the same time which is physically impossible. Hence electric field lines do not intersect.

19. Why is it safer to sit inside a car than standing under a tree during lightning?

 The metal body of the car provided electrostatic shielding since the electric field inside is zero.
 During lightning the electric discharge passes through the body of the car.

20. What is meant by quantization of charges?

The charge q on any object is equal to an integral multiple of this fundamental unit of charge e.

q = ne

Here n is any integer (0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4………..). This is called quantisation of electric charge.

6
 ( Jun 23)

U = ½ ε0E2

(Mar 23)

E = F / q0

7
3 MARK - QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS :

1. Distinguish between Coulomb force and Gravitational force. (Mar 23, June 24, Mar 25)

COULOMB FORCE (OR) GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
Coulomb force can be attractive or repulsive Gravitational force between two masses is
depending on the nature of charges. always attractive.
Electrostatic force is directly proportional to Gravitational force is directly proportional to the
the product of the magnitude of two point product of two masses.
charges.
Electrostatic force between two charges Gravitational force is independent of the nature
depends on nature of the medium in which of the medium.
the two charges are kept at rest.
If the charges are in motion yet another force Gravitational force between two masses is the
(Lorentz force) comes into play in addition to same whether two masses are at rest or in
Coulomb’s force. motion.
Value of constant k = 9 x 109 Nm2C-2 Gravitational constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2
Since k >> G ,Coulomb force is always Since G << k gravitational force is always
greater in magnitude than gravitational force smaller than Coulomb force
for smaller size objects

8
9
The total torque on the dipole
τ = OA x (-qE) + OB x qE
τ = OA (-qE) sinθ + OB qE sinθ

(Mar 23)

10
 (Sep 21, July 22)

The capacitance is directly proportional to the area of the plates and inversely proportional to
the distance between the plates.

11
 ( Sep 20, Mar 24)

9. Obtain an expression for electrostatic potential Energy of a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Potential energy of dipole in uniform electric field:

(i) Let a dipole of moment p⃗ is placed in a uniform electric

field ⃗E
(ii) Here the dipole experiences torque, which rotate the
dipole along the field.
(iii) To rotate the dipole from θ′ to θ against this torque,
work has to be done by an external torque (𝝉ext) and
it is given by,

12
 θ θ
W = ∫ τext dθ = ʃ pE sinθ dθ
′
θ θ
θ
= pE [−cosθ] = -pE { cos θ – cos θ }
θ
This work done is stored as electrostatic potential energy of the dipole. Let the initial

angle be θ′ = 900, then U = W = pE [cos 900 − cos θ]

U = -pE cos θ = p . E

If θ = 1800, then potential energy is maximum If θ = 00,

then potential energy is minimum

10. Write down the properties of electric charges.

(i) Electric charge:

Most objects in the universe are made up of atoms which in turn are made up of
protons, neutrons and electrons.
(ii) Conservation of charges:
“ The total electric charge in the universe is constant and charges charge can neither
be created nor be destroyed”. In any physical process, the net change in charge
will always be zero. When one object is rubbed with another object, charges get
transferred from one another.
Eg: Glass rod rubbed with silk cloth.
Glass rod – positively charged; silk cloth – negatively charged.
(iii) Quantisation of charges:
The charge q on any object is equal to an integral multiple of the fundamental
charge e.
q = ne where n is an integer. (0,± 1, ± 2,...)

11. Write down the properties of equipotential surfaces.

 The work done to move the charge between any two points A and B lie on the same equipotential surface,
work done is zero.
 The electric field is normal to an equipotential surface.
 If the field is not normal then there is a component of the field parallel to the surface.
 Then work must be done to move a charge between two points on the same surface. This is a
contradiction.

12. Write short notes on microwave oven.

Microwave oven works on the principle of torque acting on an electric dipole. The food we
consume has water molecules which are permanent electric dipoles. Oven produces microwaves
that are oscillating electromagnetic fields and produce torque on the water molecules. Due to this torque
on each water molecule, the molecules rotate very fast and produce thermal energy. Thus, heat
generated is used to heat the food.

13
13. Derive an expression for the electric field due to two infinitely plane charged sheets.
The magnitude of the electric field due to an infinite charged plane sheet is σ/ 2ε0 and
it points perpendicularly outward if σ > 0 and points inward if σ < 0.

At the points P2 and P3, the electric field due to both plates are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction . As a result, electric field at a point outside the plates is zero. But between the plates, electric
fields are in the same direction i.e., towards the right and the total electric field at a point P1 is
σ / 2 ε0 + σ / 2 ε0 = σ / ε0

14. Obtain an expression for electric field due to an charged infinite plane sheet. Electric field
due to charged infinite plane sheet:

Consider an infinite plane sheet of

uniform surface charge density ‘𝜎’

Let ‘P’ be a point at a distance ‘r’ from the

sheet. Let ‘E’ be the electric field at ‘P’. Here
the direction of electricfield is
perpendicularly outward from the sheet.
Consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface of
length ‘2r’ and area of cross section ‘A’.The
electric flux through plane surface ‘P’ The
electric flux through the curved surface, The
total electric flux through the plane surface ‘P’

14
Here n is the outward unit vector normal to the plane.

(Aug 21, Mar 24)

15
The direction of E is in the direction of p .

16
17
 (May 22,
June 24)

Neglecting a2 / r2 since
a << r

18
Neglecting a2 / r2 since
a << r

19
(May 22) (Mar 20)

20
 ( Mar 20, Mar25 )

21
 (July 22, June 23

22
 (Sep 20)

Since εr > 1, the electric field E < Eo. Hence the new potential difference is

Since εr > 1, we have C > Co. Thus insertion of the dielectric increases the capacitance.

Since εr > 1 we get U < Uo

(ii) When the battery remains connected to the capacitor

Since εr> 1 we have U > Uo.

23
OTHER BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Explain in detail Coulomb’s law and its various aspects.
2. Discuss the various aspects of electric field.
3. Obtain an expression for the potential energy due to the collection of three point charges
separated by a finite distance.
4. Discuss the various properties of conductors in electrostatic equilibrium.
5. Explain the properties of electrostatic induction.
6. Explain dielectrics in detail and how electric field is induced inside the dielectric.
7. Explain in detail how charges are distributed in a conductor, and the principle behind the lightning
conductor.

24
25
26
1. Electric current is a scalar quantity. Why?
In general current is defined as the scalar product of current density and area vector.
I = J. A
Even though current has a particular direction and magnitude they will not obey vector laws. So
current is a scalar quantity.

2. Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility.

S.No. Drift velocity Mobility

1. The average velocity acquired by the The magnitude of the drift velocity per unit
electrons inside the conductor when it electric field.
is subjected to an electric field.

2. vd = ( -eτ / m ) E μ = vd / E
3. Its unit is ms-1 Its unit is m2V-1s-1

3. Define current density and give its unit.

 The current density is defined as the current per unit area of cross section of the
conductor. J = I / A
 Its unit is A 𝑚−2.

4.Give the microscopic form of ohm’s law.

 Current density is directly proportional to the applied electric field.
 J =𝝈 E Here J - current density. σ - Conductivity, 𝐸 - Electric field.

5. Give the macroscopic form of ohm’s law.

 The macroscopic form of ohm’s law is V=IR.
 Here ‘V’ - Potential difference, ‘I’ - Current and ‘R’ - Resistance.

6. What are ohmic and non-ohmic materials?

S.No. Ohmic materials Non-ohmic materials
1. V-I graph is a straight line V-I graph is non linear
2. Obey Ohm’s law Doesn’t obey Ohm’s law
3. They have constant resistance. They do not have constant resistance.
Eg: All metals Eg: Diode

7.Define electrical resistivity and give its unit. (May 22)

 Electrical resistivity of a material is defined as the resistance offered to current flow by a
conductor of unit length having unit area of cross section.
 ρ = RA / l
 Its unit is Ω m (ohm meter).

27
 8. (a) Define temperature co-efficient of resistivity.
 It is defined as the ratio of increase in resistivity per degree rise in temperature to its resistivity
at T0.
 Its unit is per ℃.
α = ρT – ρ0 = 1 ∆ρ
ρ0 (T – T0) ρ0 ∆T

8. b) . Define temperature coefficient of resistance.

It is defined as the ratio of increase in resistance per degree rise in temperature to
its resistance at T0.
It’s unit is per ° C
α = RT – R0 = 1 ∆R
R0( T – T0) R0 ∆T

9. What is known as superconductivity?

 The resistance of certain material becomes zero below certain temperature .
 The materials which exhibit this property are called superconductors.
Eg: Mercury at 4.2 K
 The property of conducting current with zero resistance is called superconductivity.

10. What is electric energy and electric power ? ( 3 MARKS)

Electric energy:
 Work has to be done by a cell to move the charge from one end to the other end of the conductor
and this work done is called electric energy.(OR) Electric energy is obtained by multiplying the
power and the duration of the time when it is ON.
 Its SI unit is joule (J). Its practical unit is kilowatt hour (kWh). Moreover
1 kWh=3.6× 106J.

Electric power:
 The rate at which the electrical potential energy is delivered is called electric power.
 Its SI unit is watt(W). Its practical unit is horse power(H.P). Moreover 1 H.P = 746W.

(3 MARKS)

28
 ( 3 MARKS)

r = ε–V R
V

(July22)

29
20. What is Peltier effect? (Sep 21)
When an electric current is passed through a circuit of a thermocouple, heat is
evolved at one junction and absorbed at the other junction. This is known as Peltier
effect.

21. State the applications of seeback effect. ( July22, Mar 24) ( 3 MARKS)
 Seeback effect is used in thermo electric generators . These generators are used in power plants to
convert waste heat into electricity.
 It is used in automobiles as automotive thermoelectric generators for increasing fuel efficiency.
 It is used in thermocouples and thermopiles to measure the temperature difference between the
two objects.

22. Why nichrome is used as heating element in electric heaters?

i) It has a high specific resistance.
ii) It has high melting point.
iii) It can be heated to very high temperature without Oxidation.

23. Differentiate Joule heating effect and peltier effect. ( 3 MARKS)

24. Define electric current and give its unit.

 The electric current in a conductor is defined as the rate of flow of charges through a
given cross sectional area.
 The SI unit of current is ampere (A). i = dq / dt

5 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS :

1. Describe the microscopic model of current and obtain general form of ohm’s law.(OR) Derive
the relation between current and drift velocity. (May22, Mar 23)

30
31
 R is directly proportional to length and inversely proportional to Area.
R = V / I. The resistance is the ratio of potential difference across the given conductor
to the current passing through conductor.

LIMITATIONS:

Materials for which the current versus voltage graph is a straight line through the origin, are
said to obey Ohm’s law and their behaviour is said to be ohmic as shown in figure(a).Materials
or devices that do not follow Ohm’s law are said to be non-ohmic. These materials have more
complex relationships between voltage and current. A plot of I versus V for a non-ohmic material
is non-linear and they do not have a constant resistance.

32
(Sep 21,
June 24)

(May 22)

33
34
(Statement alone) (Sep 20, Aug 21, Mar 23, Mar 25)

35
 (Sep 20, July 22, June 23

 Applying Kirchoff’s voltage rule to loop ABCDA,

I1P + I3Q – I4S – I2R = 0 …….. (4)

36
 (Mar 24)

37
38
 (Mar 20, Mar 22, June 24, Mar 25)

39
 (1) / (2) gives R + r = l1
R l2

1 + r = l1
R l2

r = l1 - 1
R l2

r = R l1 - 1
l2

Substituting R, 𝒍𝟏, 𝒍𝟐 in equation (3) the internal resistance of a cell can be calculated.

40
41
42
43
 (Mar 24)

13. Is an ammeter connected in series or parallel in a circuit? Why?

Ammeter is connected in series in a circuit.
The reistance offered by the ammeter is small. So when we connect ammeter in
series, the ammeter will not change appreciably the current in the circuit.

14. Why is the path of a charged particle not a circle when its velocity is not perpendicular
to the magnetic field?
If a charged particle moves in a region of uniform magnetic field such that its velocity is not
perpendicular to the magnetic field then the velocity of the particle split up into two components. One
component is parallel to the field while the other component is perpendicular to the field. The component
of velocity parallel to the field remains unchanged and the component perpendicular to the field keeps
changing due to Lorentz force. Hence the path of the particle is not a circle it is a helical around the
field lines.

44
 (Mar 25)

Or Motor Rule (June 23)

z
(Mar 24)

( May 22, Mar 24)

45
 ( July 22)

25. State Ampere’s circuital law. ( Sep 21, Mar 23, June 24)

The line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop is μ0 times net current enclosed by the loop.

where Ienclosed is the net current linked by the closed loop C.

26. Define magnetic field.

The magnetic field B at a point is defined as a force experienced by the bar magnet of unit pole strength.

B = F / qm Its unit is N A-1 m-1

27. What is magnetic susceptibility?

Magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetization (M) induced in the
material due to the magnetizing field. (H)
χ = M
H

28. What is magnetic permeability?

The magnetic permeability can be defined as the measure of ability of the material to allow the passage
of magnetic field lines through it or measure of the capacity of the substance to take magnetization or the
degree of penetration of magnetic lines through the substance.

46
.

47
48
 ( Mar 23)

( Mar 20)

49
9) Compare dia, para and ferro magnetism. ( Sep 20)

Dia magnetism Para magnetism Ferro magnetism

 Zero magnetic  It has net magnetic  It has net magnetic
moment if the moment but random moment in a domain
magnetising field is alignment if the but they are randomly
absent. magnetising field is aligned if the
absent. magnetising field is
absent.
 If the magnetising  Aligned with the field.  Aligned with the field.
field is present,
aligned opposite to
the field.  When placed in a non  When placed in a non
 When placed in a uniform magnetic field, uniform magnetic field
non uniform which tends to move the ferro magnetic
magnetic field, the material from materials have a
which tends to weaker part to stronger tendency to move
move the material part of the external from weaker to
from stronger part field. stronger part of the
to weaker part of field.
the external field.  Eg:Al,Pt,Cr,O2  Eg: Iron, Nickel,
Cobalt.
 Eg: Bismuth,  Magnetic susceptibility  Magnetic
copper and water. is positive and small. susceptibility is
 Magnetic positive and large.
susceptibility is  Relative permeability is
negative. greater than unity.  Relative permeability
is very large.
 Relative  The magnetic field
permeability is lines are attracted into  The magnetic field
slightly less than the paramagnetic lines are strongly
unity. materials when placed attracted into the
 The magnetic field in a magnetic field. ferromagnetic
lines are repelled or  Susceptibility is materials when placed
expelled by it when inversely proportional in a magnetic field.
placed in a to temperature.
magnetic field.  Susceptibility is
inversely proportional
 Susceptibility is to temperature.
temperature
independent.

10. Write down the Features of magnetic Lorentz force. ( May 22, Mar 25)

Fm = q(v X B)
 Fm is directly proportional to the magnetic field B.
 Fm is directly proportional to velocity v of the moving charge..
 Fm is directly proportional to sine of the angle between the velocity and magnetic field.
 Fm is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge q.
 The direction of Fm is always perpendicular to v and B as Fm is the cross product
of v and B.
 The direction of Fm on negative charge is opposite to the direction of Fm on positive charge.
 If velocity v of the charge q is along magnetic field B then Fm = 0.
50
11.Explain about the motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
 Consider a charged particle of charge q having mass m entering into a uniform magnetic field B.
 v – velocity
 F – force acts on charge q
 Charged particle moves in a circular path.
 F = q(v x B)

 Net force Σ Fi = Fm = qvB

 Lorentz force acts as centripetal force for the particle.

qvB = mv2 / r
r = mv / qB = p /qB ( since p = mv)
 Time taken by the particle to complete circular motion
T = 2πr / v
T = 2πm / Bq is called the cyclotron period.
 The reciprocal of time period f = 1 / T = Bq / 2πm – is called as cyclotron frequency (or) gyro
frequency.
 In terms of angular frequency ω = 2πf = qB /m

12. Write the similarities and differences between electric and magnetic field.

SIMILARITIES:

 obey inverse square law, so they are long range fields.

 obey the principle of superposition and are linear with respect to source.

 In magnitude, E α q and B α Idl

51
13. Write the properties of a bar magnet.
1. A freely suspended bar magnet will always point along the north-south direction.
2. A magnet attracts or repels another magnet or magnetic substances towards
itself. The attractive or repulsive force is maximum near the end of the bar
magnet. When a bar magnet is dipped into iron filling, they cling to the ends of
the magnet.
3. When a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece behaves like a magnet with poles at its ends.
4. Two poles of a magnet have pole strength equal to one another.
5. The length of the bar magnet is called geometrical length and the length between two magnetic
poles in a bar magnet is called magnetic length. Magnetic length is always slightly smaller than
geometrical length. The ratio of magnetic length and geometrical length is 5/6.
Magnetic length = 5 /6 = 0.833
Geometric length

14. Increasing the number of turns or increasing the current sensitivity does not
necessarily increase voltage sensitivity. Why?
Current sensitivity = NBA/ K
Voltage sensitivity = NBA / KRg
Hence on increasing the number of turns the current sensitivity increases. But
voltage sensitivity may or may not increase because of similar changes in the
resistance of the coil which may also increase due to increase in temperature.

15. What is resonance condition in a cyclotron?

The important condition in cyclotron operation is that when the frequency f at which the
positive ion circulates in the magnetic field must be equal to the constant frequency of the
electrical oscillator fosc . This is called resonance condition.
fosc = qB
2πm

52
(r2 – l2 )2 ≈ r4

53
Equatorial

54
 ( Mar 23)

 The kinetic energy of the charged particle is KE = ½ mv2 = q2B2r2 / 2m

55
( Sep 21, May 22, June 23, June 24)

(Mar 24)

56
57
( Sep 20)

58
 (July 22)

9. Obtain a force between two long parallel current carrying conductors. Hence define ampere.
( Mar 20)

Let two long straight parallel current carrying conductors separated by a distance r be

kept in air medium as shown in Figure Let I1 and I2 be the electric currents passing through the conductors

A and B in same direction (i.e. along z - direction) respectively. The net magnetic field at a distance r due to

current I1 in conductor A is

59
Lorentz force on the element dl of conductor B is

Hence the force per unit length of the conductor B due to current in the conductor A is

60
OTHER BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:

1. What happened to the domains in a ferro magnetic material in the presence of external magnetic field?
2. Discuss Earth’s magnetic field in detail.
3. What is tangent law? Discuss in detail.
4. Derive an expression for torque on a current carrying coil in a magnetic field. (Mar 25)
5. Explain the construction and working of a Moving coil Galvanometer.

61
62
63
64
( Sep 20, June 23, Mar 25)

Or generator rule. ( May 22)

( Sep 21, July 22,June 24)

( Mar 23)

65
66
25. Define self inductance.
 Self inductance or simply inductance of a coil is defined as the flux linkage with the coil when 1 A current
flows through it.
L = NφB
i
 Inductance of a coil is also defined as the opposing emf induced in the coil when the rate of change of current
through the coil is 1 As-1.
L = - ε / (di/dt)

26. Define inductive reactance and capacitive reactance.

The resistance offered by the inductor in the circuit is called inductive reactance
XL. Its unit is ohm.
XL = ωL
The resistance offered by the capacitor in the circuit is called capacitive reactance
XC.
XC = 1 / ωC

27. What for an inductor is used? Give examples.

Inductor is used to store energy in a magnetic field when an electric current flows
through it. Eg: coils, solenoids, toroids.

67
 ( Mar 24)

68
 ( Mar 23, Mar 25)

69
 (Aug 21, June 23)

70
 ( Mar 20, July 22, Mar 25)

71
 ( June 23)

72
2. Show mathematically that the rotation of a coil in a magnetic field over one
rotation induces an alternating emf of one cycle. ( Mar 20, June 24)

 Consider a rectangular coil of N turns kept in a uniform magnetic field B . The coil
rotates with an angular velocity ω about an axis perpendicular to the field.
 The component (B sin ωt) parallel to the plane has no role in electromagnetic induction.

 The flux linkage with a coil

𝑁𝜙𝐵 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 ( ∵ 𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡)

73
 ( Sep 20, Mar 22)

74
 Sep 21, Mar 23

From phasor diagram, the phase angle between v and i is found out from the following relation

75
5. Obtain the expression for average power of AC over one cycle Discuss its special cases.
 Power of a circuit is defined as the rate of consumption of electrical energy in that circuit.

76
6. Show that the mutual inductance between a pair of coils is same. (M12 = M21) ( July 22)

 Consider two coils which are placed close to each other.

 i1 – current in coil 1
 φ21 – flux linked with each turn of the coil 2.

77
 Mar 20,
7. Find out the phase relationship between voltage and current in a pure inductor circuit.
Mar 24
AC circuit containing pure Inductor:

78
Consider a circuit containing a pure inductor of inductance L connected across an alternating
voltage source v = Vm sinωt

Back emf ε =−L di

dt

By applying Kirchoff ’s loop rule to the purely inductive circuit, we get

v + ε= 0
Vm sin ωt = L di
dt
di = Vm sin ωt dt
L

Integrating both sides, we get i = Vm ʃ sin ωt dt

L
i = Vm ( - cos ωt) + constant
Lω

where Vm / ωL = Im , the peak value of the alternating current in the circuit. It is evident that the
current lags behind the voltage by π / 2 in an inductive circuit.

79
Inductive reactance (XL) :

In pure inductive circuit, ‘𝜔 𝐿’ is the resistance offered by the inductor and it is called
inductive reactance (XL). Its unit is ohm (Ω)

XL = 𝝎 𝑳 = 2πfL

OTHER BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:

1. Establish the fact that the relative motion between the coil and the magnet induces an emf in the coil
of a closed circuit.
2. Give an illustration of determining direction of induced current by using Lenz’s law.
3. Show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
4. Explain the standard construction details of AC generator.
5. How are the three different emfs generated in a three-phase AC generator? Show the graphical
representation of these three emfs.
6. Explain the generation of LC oscillations in a circuit containing an inductor of inductance L and a
capacitor of capacitance C.
7. Compare the electromagnetic oscillations of LC circuit with the mechanical oscillations of block-
spring system qualitatively to find the expression for angular frequency of LC oscillator.

80
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS:

1. A graph between the magnitude of the magnetic flux linked with a closed loop and time is given in
the figure. Arrange the regions of the graph in ascending order of the magnitude of induced emf in
the loop.

ANS: ε = dφ / dt = slope of region in graph

(i) Region ab slope = 2 /1 = 2 V
(ii) Region bc slope = 0/2 = 0 V
(iii) Region cd slope = 1/1= 1 V
(iv) Region de slope = 1/3 = 0.33 V
Ascending order of induced emf is bc,de,cd and ab.

ANS: By right hand rule the magnetic field of the current in the wire acts on the loop in direction perpendicular
to the plane of the paper and inwards. By Lenz’s law the induced current should oppose the decrease in flux
that it should also produce inward flux. So the induced current flows in clockwise direction in coil 1 and
anticlockwise direction in coil 2.

3. A flexible metallic loop abcd in the shape of a square is kept in a magnetic field with its plane
perpendicular to the field. The magnetic field is directed into the paper normally. Find the direction
of the induced current when the square loop is crushed into an irregular shape as shown in the figure.

81
 ANS: As the loop changes from square to irregular shape its area decreases. Hence magnetic flux
linked with it decreases. According to Lenz’s law, the induced current produced in opposite to the
magnetic flux. So induced current flows in clockwise direction. i.e., along abcda.

ANS: Current induced in the coil will oppose the approach of magnet. The left face of the coil act as south pole
and right face of coil act as north pole. For this current in the coil will be anticlockwise direction as seen from
left, the plate A of capacitor will be +ve and plate B
will be –ve.

5. In series LC circuit, the voltages across L and C are 180° out of phase. Is it correct? Explain.
ANS: Yes. In a series resonant circuit, current is taken as reference phasor. Voltage across L leads the
current by 90° and voltage across C lags behind the current by 90°. Therefore the voltage across L and C
are 180° out of phase.

6. When does power factor of a series RLC circuit become maximum?

ANS: Power factor cos φ = R / z
Maximum power factor is 1 when z = R i.e., when circuit is purely resistive.

82
83
84
 ( May 22)

( Mar 24)

3. What are Fraunhofer lines? Write its use. (Mar 23)

The dark lines in the solar spectrum are known as Fraunhofer lines. It is used to identify the elements
present in the Sun’s atmosphere.

( Sep 21 , June 24)

(July 22)

(iv) X-rays : It is used in detecting fractures in bones, diseased organs, formation of bones and stones.
It is also used to detect faults, cracks, flaws and cracks in finished metal products.
85
86
 (Sep 20,July 22. Mar 23, June 24, Mar 25)

(Mar 22)

(Jun 23, Mar 25)

87
 (Mar 20, Aug 21, Jun 23, June 24)

the existence of electromagnetic waves.

88
4. Explain the importance of Maxwell’s correction.
 Earth receives radiations from the sun and other stars.
 Radiations travel through empty space where there are no electric charges and no electric current.
 If Ampere’s law alone is true there will not be any radiation.
 Ampere’s law ensures that time varying electric field or displacement current can also produces a
magnetic field . So ic = 0 in empty space. So id = 0

So ʃ B.dl = µ0ε0 dφE

dt
 Due to thermal excitation of atoms time varying electric field is produced which
produces time varying magnetic field.
 According to Faraday’s law time varying magnetic field again produces time varying
electric field.
 The coupled time varying electric field and magnetic field travel through empty space with the speed of
light and is called electromagnetic wave.
 Even though Maxwell initially started with purely symmetry argument, his correction term explains
one of the important aspects of the universe, namely the existence of electromagnetic waves.

5. Discuss the source of electromagnetic waves.

Any stationary charge produces only electric field. When the charge moves with uniform velocity, it
produces steady current which gives rise to magnetic field (not time dependent, only space dependent)
around the conductor in which charge flows. If the charged particle accelerates, it produces magnetic
field in addition to electric field. Both electric and magnetic fields are time varying fields. Since the
electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves is
perpendicular to the planes containing electric and magnetic field vectors.
Any oscillatory motion is also an accelerated motion. So, when the charge oscillates (oscillating
molecular dipole) about their mean position , it produces electromagnetic waves.
Suppose the electromagnetic field in free space propagates along z-direction and if the electric field vector
points along x-axis, then the magnetic field vector will be mutually perpendicular to both electric field and
the direction of wave propagation. Thus

89
where Eo and Bo are amplitudes of oscillating electric and magnetic field, k is a wave number, ω is the
angular frequency of the wave and k (unit vector, here it is called propagation vector) denotes the direction of
propagation of electromagnetic wave.
Note that both electric field and magnetic field oscillate with a frequency (frequency of electromagnetic
wave) which is equal to the frequency of the source (here, oscillating charge is the source for the production
of electromagnetic waves). In free space or in vacuum, the ratio between Eo and Bo is equal to the speed of
electromagnetic wave and is equal to speed of light c.

In any medium, the ratio of Eo and Bo is equal to the speed of electromagnetic wave in that medium. Thus

Further, the energy of electromagnetic waves comes from the energy of the oscillating charge.

8. Explain the Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s circuital law. Mar 24

90
 between the equations.

where the total current enclosed by the surface becomes the sum of conduction current and displacement
current. Therefore i = ic + id . This equation is known as Ampere – Maxwell law.

91
92
93
3.State the laws of reflection.
 The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface are all coplanar.

 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

i = r

4. State the laws of refraction.

 The incident ray, refracted ray and normal to the refracting surface are all coplanar.

 The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence in the first medium to the sine of the angle of
refraction in the second medium is equal to the refractive index n2 of the second medium to the
refractive index n1 of the first medium.

n1 sin i = n2 sin r

94
 (Sep 20, Aug 21)

(Mar 23)

(Sep 21, June 24 )

June 23

95
 (Sep 20)

18. What is optical path? (Mar 23, Mar 25)

Optical path of a medium is defined as the distance d light travels in vacuum in the same time it
travels a distance d in the medium.
d v=d/t
t=d/v
Medium of refractive index n In vacuum c = d / t, t = d / c
d = nd
d/v=d/c d = (c / v) d
Vacuum of refractive index 1
d = nd
96
19. Define angle of deviation.
The angle between the incident ray and deviated ray of light is called angle of
deviation.
d = 2α

20. Define angle of deviation due to refraction.

The angle between the incident and deviated light when light travels from rarer to
denser medium or from denser to rarer medium is called angle of deviation due to
refraction.
d = i – r ( from rarer to denser)
d = r – i (from denser to rarer)

21. Define relative refractive index.

The term (n2 / n1) is called relative refractive index of second medium with respect
to the first medium.
n21 = n2 / n1
(Aug 21)
22. What is critical angle?
The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction is
90° is called critical angle.
(OR) The angle of incidence for which the refracted ray graces the boundary between
two media is called critical angle.

23. Write short notes on prisms making use of total internal reflection.
Prisms can be designed to reflect light by 90° (or) by 180° by making use of total
internal reflection.

24. What is Snell’s window?

When the light entering the water from outside is seen from inside the water, the view is
restricted to a particular angle equal to the critical angle. The restricted illuminated circular
area is called Snell’s window.

25. What are primary focus and secondary focus of a lens?

 A point where a point source kept produces a parallel emergent rays to the principal axis after
passing through the lens.
 A point where all the parallel rays travelling close to the principal axis converge to form an image on
the principal axis after passing through lens.

26. What is angle of minimum deviation?

The minimum value of angle of deviation is called angle of minimum deviation D.

27. What is dispersion?

Dispersion is the splitting of white light into its constituent colours.

97
98
99
 (Mar 22 , June 24)
Or derive the relation between focal length and radius of curvature

4. What are the Cartesian sign conventions for spherical mirrors?

 The incident light is taken as if it is travelling from left to right.
 All the distances are measured from the pole of the mirror.
 The distances measured to the right of pole along the principal axis are taken as positive.
 The distances measured to the left of the pole along the principal axis are taken as negative.
 Heights measured upwards perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as positive and the heights
measured downwards are taken as negative.

5. What are the sign conventions followed for lenses?

 The sign of focal length is not decided on the direction of measurement of the focal length from
the pole of the lens as they have two focal lengths, one to the left and another to the right.
 The focal length of the thin lens is taken as positive for a converging lens and negative for a
diverging lens.

100
 6. Obtain the equation for critical angle.

For critical angle of incidence the Snell’s law in product form is n1 sin i = n2 sin r

when i = ic, r = 90°

Hence n1 sin ic = n2 sin 90°
n1 sin ic = n2
sin ic = n2 / n1 ( n2 =1;n1 = n)
sin ic = 1 / n (or) ic = sin-1 (1 / n)

7. Obtain the equation for the equivalent focal length of lenses in contact. (Mar 24)

---------- (1) ------------(2)

(1) + (2)

8. Write the characteristics of the images formed by a plane mirror.

 The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect and laterally inverted.
 The size of the image is equal to the size of the object.
 The image distance behind the mirror is equal to the object distance in front of the mirror.
 If an object is placed between two mirrors inclined at an angle θ then the number of images
n formed is given in the table below.

101
 (Mar 20, June 24)

m= f–v

102
 (Sep 20, Sep 21, May 22)

The eqn. for refraction at a n2 - n1 = (n2 – n1)

Single spherical surface is v u R

Significance: It tells the lens manufacturers what curvature is needed for a material of particular refractive
index.

103
 (Jun 23)

104
 (July 22, Mar 23, Mar 25)

The value of v is found to be 2.99792 x 108 ms-1.

105
( Sep 20, Mar 24)

106
6. Derive the equation for acceptance angle and numerical aperture of optical fibre.

To ensure the critical angle incidence in the core-cladding boundary inside the optical fibre, the light
should be incident at a certain angle called acceptance angle at the end of the optical fibre while entering
into it.

107
7. Obtain the equation for lateral displacement of light passing through a glass slab.
When a ray of light enters a slab it travels from rarer medium (air) to denser medium (glass). This
results in deviation of the ray towards the normal. When the light ray leaves the slab it travels from denser
medium (glass) to rarer medium (air) resulting in deviation of the ray away from the normal. After the
two refractions the light ray emerges in the same direction as that of the incident ray on the glass slab with
a lateral displacement (or) shift L.

108
8. Derive the equation for refraction at single spherical surface.
Let us consider two transparent media with refractive indices n1 and n2 which are separated by a spherical
surface.

 C – Centre of curvature of the spherical surface ; P – pole

 Light from O fall on the refracting surface at N.

109
Following sign conventions, PO = –u, PI = +v and PC = +R in equation

110
 CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS:

1. Why are dish antennas curved?

ANS: Dish antenna is curved so as it can receive parallel signal rays coming from same direction.
These paralllel signal rays deflect from parabolic disk and gathered at main antenna part.
This inceases directivity of antenna and gives sufficient amplitude signal.
2. What type of lens is formed by a bubble inside water?
ANS: Air bubble has spherical surface and is surrounded by medium of higher refractive index.
When light passes from water to air it gets diverged so air bubble behaves as a concave lens.
3. Is it possible for two lenses to produce zero power?
ANS: Yes. It is possible for two lenses to produce zero power. Both the surfaces of lenses are equally
curved. i.e., R1 = R2 .
Power P = ( n – 1) 1 - 1 =0
R1 R2

4. A biconvex lens has focal length f and intensity of light I passing through it. What will be the
focal length and intensity for portions of lenses obtained by cutting it vertically and
horizontally as shown in figure?

Case-1:

For convex lens

1/f = (n-1) (1/R1- 1/R2)

If the radius of curvature is equal. Then R1 = R , R2 = -R

Intensity is directly proportional to the area of the aperture of the lens receiving the light.

I∝A

Total area of the aperture is A = π(d/2)2 = πd2 / 4

111
d is the diameter of the aperture.

Case-2:

When cut vertically, R1 = R , R2 = ∞

When cut vertically, the focal length is doubled. In this case, the diameter of the aperature remains same.

Therefore the intensity also remains same. I' = I

Case-3:When cut horizontally, the radius of curvatures remains same. Therefore the focal length also remains

same.

f'=f

In this case, the diameter of the aperature becomes half.

∴ The intensity reduce 1/4 times

5. Why is yellow light preferred to during fog?

ANS: During fog, it is hard to see from naked eyes. So we use lights in the
vehicles.The fog lights to be single colour, because the different
wavelengths of visible light scattered by the fog droplets differently.
This is called dispersion. Due to dispersion, the visibility will decreases
for the drivers. So we should use single colour (yellow) light in fog.
The yellow colour has a longer wavelength. So the Rayleigh scattering
by the fog is less. Thereby the visibility will increases.Thus to reduce the dispersion
and Rayleigh scattering, we use yellow lights in the vehicles. Thereby we
will increase the visibility for the drivers.

112
,
113
(Aug 21, July 22, Mar 24

114
 (Mar 20)

(Mar 24)

(June 24)

115
20. What are the shapes of wave front for (a) source at infinite (b) point source and (c) line
source?
(Mar 25)
(a) Source at infinite – Plane wave front
(b) Point source – Spherical wave front
(c) Line source – Cylindrical wave front

21. What is interference of light?

Superposition of two light waves which produces increase in intensity at some
points and decrease in intensity at some other points is called interference of light.

22. What is phase of a wave?

Phase is the angular position of vibration when a wave progresses. There is a
relation between the phase of the vibration and the path travelled by the wave.

23. What is the bandwidth of interference pattern?

The distance between any two bright or dark fringes is called band width or fringe
width of interference pattern.
β=λD/d

24. What is diffraction grating?

A grating has multiple slits with equal widths of comparable size to the wavelength
of diffraction light.

25. What is resolution and resolving power ?

Resolution is pertaining to the quality of the image and the term resolving power is
associated with the ability of the optical instrument . Resolution and resolving power
are reciprocal of each other.

26. What is the difference between resolution and magnification?

RESOLUTION MAGNIFICATION
Resolution is the ability to distinguish Magnification is how much bigger a sample
between two points on an image. appears to be under the microscope than it
is real life.
r0 = 1.22 λ f / a m = Size of the image / Size of the object

27. What are plane polarised, unpolarized and partially polarised light?
Plane polarised light: If the vibrations of a wave are present in only one direction
in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation then it is plane polarised
light.
Unpolarised light: Transverse wave which has vibrations in all directions in a
plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is called unpolarised light.
Partially polarised light: If the intensity of light varies between maximum and
minimum for every 90° rotation of the analyser then it is called partially polarised
light.

116
 28. Differentiate between polarised and unpolarised light.

POLARISED LIGHT UNPOLARISED LIGHT

If the vibrations of a wave are Transverse wave which has vibrations in all
present in only one direction in a plane directions in a plane perpendicular to the
perpendicular to the direction of direction of propagation is called
propagation then it is plane polarised unpolarised light.
light.

.
29. What are polariser and analyser?
Polariser: The Polaroid which polarises the light passing through it is called a
polariser.
Analyser: The Polaroid which is used to examine whether a light is polarised or not is
called an analyser.

30. What are near point and normal focusing?

Near point: The eye is least strained when image is formed at near point
i.e., 25 cm. The near point is called as least distance of distinct vision.
Normal focusing: The eye is most relaxed when the image is formed at infinity.

31 Why is oil immersion objective preferred in a microscope?

To reduce the value of dmin the optical path of the light is increased by immersing
the objective of the microscope into bath containing oil of refractive index ‘n’.
dmin = 1.22 λ = 1.22 λ
2 sin β 2 n sin β

32. What is the use of an erecting lens in a terrestrial telescope?

In terrestrial telescope the image should be erect. So it as an additional erecting
lens to make the final image erect.

33. What is the use of collimator in a spectrometer?

Collimator is used for producing parallel beam of light. It has a convex lens and
vertical slit of adjustable width which faces the source.

34. What are the uses of a spectrometer?

The spectrometer is an optical instrument used to analyse the spectra of different
sources of light to measure the wavelength of different colours and to measure the
refractive indices of materials of prism.

35. What is presbyopia?

Presbyopia is a common age related vision disorder that makes it difficult for you
to see or focus on objects closer to you.

117
 (Ma 25)

(Mar 22)

118
 (Mar 25)
5. Obtain the relation between phase difference and path difference.
Phase is the angular position of vibration. When a wave progresses, there is a
relation between the phase of vibration and the path travelled by the wave.

Path of the wave one wavelength corresponds to a phase 2π.

If the path difference is δ Phase difference is φ.
Hence δ = (λ / 2π) x φ
(OR) φ = (2π / λ ) x δ
For constructive interference the phase difference φ = 0,2π,4π, ….
The path difference δ = 0,λ,2λ,… So δ = nλ.
For destructive interfere nce the phase difference φ = π,3π,5π,…
The path difference δ = λ/2, 3λ/2,….So δ = (2n – 1)λ/2

6. Obtain the equation for Fresnel’s distance.

Fresnel’s distance is the distance upto which the ray optics is obeyed and beyond
which ray optics is not obeyed.

119
 7. Obtain Malus law.

The amplitude ‘a’ of the incident light has two rectangular components
a cos θ, a sin θ.
a cos θ will be transmitted by the analyser.

Case (i) When θ = 0o, cos 0o= 1, I = I0

Case (ii) When θ = 90o, cos 90o = 0, I = 0

8. Write the advantages and disadvantages of a reflecting telescope.

Advantages:
 Only one surface is to be polished and maintained,
 Support can be given from the entire back of the mirror whereas it is given only at th rim of the lens
 Mirror weigh much less compared to lens.
Disadvantages:
 The objective mirror would focus the light inside the telescope tube.
 One must have an eyepiece inside the tube obstructing some light.

120
 (Mar 22, Jun 23)

For bright fringes β = y n+1 - Yn = (n+1)λD - nλD

D d
β = λD
d
Similarly for dark fringes
121
β = yn+1 – yn = λD / d
 Mar 24

(July 22, June 24)

122
4. Discuss the diffraction at a single slit and obtain the condition for nth minimum.

 AB – width of a single slit = a

 C – centre of the slit
 D- Distance between screen and slit

Condition for P to be first minimum

Let us divide the slit AB into two halves AC and CB. Now the width of each part is a/2. We have
different points on the slit which are separated by the same width a/2 called as corresponding points. The
path difference δ between the waves from these corresponding points is, δ =(a/2) sin θ
The condition for P to be first minimum is, (a /2) sin θ = λ / 2

a sin θ = λ

Condition for P to be second minimum

Let us divide the slit AB into four equal parts. Now, the width of each part is a/4. We have several
corresponding points on the slit which are separated by the same width a/4. The path difference δ between the
waves from these corresponding points is, δ = (a / 4) sin.θ
The condition for P to be second minimum is, (a / 4) sin θ = λ / 2
a sin θ = 2λ

Condition for P to be third minimum

The same way the slit is divided in to six equal parts to explain the third minimum. The condition for P to be
third minimum is, ( a / 6) sin θ = λ /2
a sin θ = 3λ

Condition for P to be nth minimum:

Dividing the slit into 2n number of (even number of) equal parts makes the light produced by one of the
corresponding points to be cancelled by its counterpart. Thus, the condition for nth minimum is,
(a / 2n) sin θ = λ /2 . Hence a sin θ = nλ
5. Obtain the equation for resultant intensity due to interference of light.

123
 The phenomenon of superposition of two light waves which produces increase in intensity at some points
and decrease in intensity at some other points is called interference of light.

Let us consider two light waves from the two sources S1 and S2 meeting at a point P as shown in Figure

124
 If a1 = a2 = a, then

6. Prove law of reflection using Huygen’s principle.

 Let us consider a parallel beam of light is incident on a reflecting plane surface such as a
plane mirror XY.
 The incident wave front is AB and the reflected wavefront is A’B’.
 These wave fronts are perpendicular to the incident rays L, M and reflected rays L’, M’
respectively.
 By the time point A of the incident wavefront touches the reflecting surface, the point B is
yet to travel a distance BB’ to touch the reflecting surface at B.
 When the point B touches the reflecting surface at B’, the point A would have reached
 A’. This is applicable to all the points on the wavefront.
 Thus, the reflected wavefront A’B’ emanates as a plane wavefront. The two normals
N and N’ are considered at the points where the rays L and M fall on the reflecting surface.
As reflection happens in the same medium, the speed of light is same before and after

125
the reflection. The time taken for the light to travel from B to B’ and A to A’ are the same.
Thus, the distance BB’ is equal to the distance AA’; (AA’=BB’)
(i) The incident rays, the reflected rays and the normal are in the same plane.
(ii) Angle of incidence,

Hence the laws of reflection are proved.

OTHER BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:

1. What are the salient features of corpuscular theory of light?
2. What are the important points of wave theory of light?
3. What is the significance of electromagnetic wave theory of light?
4. Write a short note on quantum theory of light.
5. How does wavefront division provide coherent sources?
6. What is intensity (or) amplitude division?
7. How do source and images behave as coherent sources?
8. How is polarization of light obtained by scattering of light?
LONGANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Prove law of refraction using Huygens’ principle.
2. Discuss the interference in thin films and obtain the equations for constructive and destructive
interference for transmitted and reflected light.
3.Discuss the diffraction at a grating and obtain the condition for the mth maximum.
126
4. Discuss the experiment to determine the wavelength of monochromatic light using diffraction grating.
5. Discuss the experiment to determine the wavelength of different colours using diffraction grating.
6. Obtain the equation for resolving power of optical instruments.
7. Obtain the equation for resolving power of microscope.
8.. Discuss about astronomical telescope.
9. Mention different parts of spectrometer and explain the preliminary adjustments.

127
 Or cut off potential (July 22, Mar 25)

May 22, Mar 23

June 23

Aug 21

8. Why do metals have large number of free electrons?

In metals the electrons in outer most sells are loosely bound to the nucleus. Even at
room temperature, there are a large number of free electrons which are moving inside the metal.
128
9. Define intensity of light.
The number of energy quanta or photons incident per unit area per unit time with each
photon having same energy. Unit is Wm-2.

10. Explain the features of X-ray spectra not explained by classical electromagnetic theory.
 For a given accelerating voltage the lower limit for the wavelength of continuous
X-ray spectra is same for all targets. This minimum wavelength is called cut-off
wavelength.
 The intensity of X-rays is significantly increased at certain well defined wavelength.

11. How does photocurrent vary with the intensity of incident light?
From the graph between photocurrent and intensity of incident light it is evident that the photo
Current or the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to the
Intensity of the incident light.

12. What is Bremsstralung or braking radiation?

When a fast moving electron penetrates and approaches a target nucleus, the interaction between
the electron and the nucleus either accelerates or decelerates it which results in a change of path of the
electron. The radiation produced from such decelerating electron is called Bremsstrahlung or braking
radiation.

of electrons Mar 20, Aug 21, June 24

Sep 20, Sep 21, July 22, June 23, June 24

129
 May 22

6. Write the properties of X-rays.

 Its wavelength ranging from 0.1 Å to 100 Å
 They travel along straight lines.
 They are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
 They can pass through materials which are opaque to visible light.
 It is highly energetic because of its high frequency or short wavelength.

130
7. Derive an expression for De Broglie wavelength of matter waves. (June 24)
The momentum of photon of frequency υ
P = h υ / c = h /λ (since c = υλ)
Wavelength λ = h / p
m – particle mass
v – Speed of the particle
λ = h / mv = h / p
Wavelength of the matter waves is known as De Broglie wavelength.

8. Write the application of X-rays. Mar 20, Sep 20, Mar 23

1) Medical diagnosis
X-rays can pass through flesh more easily than through bones. Thus an x-ray
radiograph containing a deep shadow of the bones and a light shadow of the flesh may be
obtained. X-ray radiographs are used to detect fractures, foreign bodies, diseased
organs etc.
2) Medical therapy
Since x-rays can kill diseased tissues, they are employed to cure skin diseases, malignant
tumours etc.
3) Industry
X-rays are used to check for flaws in welded joints, motor tyres, tennis balls and wood. At
the custom post, they are used for detection of contraband goods.
4) Scientific research
X-ray diffraction is important tool to study the structure of the crystalline materials – that is,
the arrangement of atoms and molecules in crystals.

9. An electron and an alpha particle have same kinetic energy. How are the de Broglie wavelength
associated with them related?
 De Broglie wavelength λe α 1 / √ me
 De Broglie wavelength λα α 1 /√ 4 me
Mass of electron < Mass of alpha particle
Wavelength of electron > Wavelength of α particle

131
132
May 22, Mar 23

Sep 20, July 22, Mar 24

133
 (July 22,Mar 25)

134
 Mar 20, Mar 23

Working:

 The electrons scattered by Ni atoms in different directions are received by the electron detector which
measures the intensity of scattered electron beam.
 The detector is capable of rotation in the plane of the paper so that the angle θ between the incident beam
and the scattered beam can be changed at our will.
 The intensity of the scattered electron beam is measured as a function of the angle θ.
 The graph shows the variation of intensity of the scattered electrons with the angle θ for the
accelerating voltage of 54V.
 For a given accelerating voltage V, the scattered wave shows a peak or maximum at an angle of 50° to the
incident electron beam.
 This peak in intensity is attributed to the constructive interference of electrons diffracted from various
atomic layers of the target material. From the known value of inter planar spacing of Nickel, the wavelength
of the electron wave was experimentally calculated as 1.65Å.
 The wavelength can also be calculated from

135
136
OTHER BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:
1. Briefly discuss the observations of Hertz, Hallwachs and Lenard.
2. Explain how frequency of incident light varies with stopping potential.
3. Explain why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light.
4. Give the quantum concept of energy proposed by Max Planck.
5. Explain experimentally observed facts of photoelectric effect with the help of Einstein’s explanation.
6. What do you mean by electron emission. Explain its types.
137
1. Define one Curie.
One Curie is defined as number of decays per second in 1 g of radium and it is equal to 3.7 x 1010
decays per second.

July 22

Mar 23

If M, mp, and mn are mass of the nucleus ( A XZ ), the mass of a proton and the
mass of a neutron respectively, then the mass defect is given by
Δm = (Zmp + Nmn )– M

138
 July 22

July 22

( June 24)

139
 Sep 20

16. What are cathode rays?

When the pressure reached to around 0.01 mm of Hg, positive column disappears in
the discharge tube. At this time, a dark space is formed between anode and cathode
which is often called Crooke’s dark space and walls of the tube appears with green
colour. At this stage, some invisible rays emanate from cathode called cathode rays.

17. Write a general notation of nucleus of element X. What does each term denote?
To specify the nucleus of any element we use the symbol ZXA
X – chemical symbol of the element.
A – Mass number
Z – Atomic number

18. What is binding energy of a nucleus?

In carbon – 12 nucleus, when 6 protons and 6 neutrons combine to form carbon – 12
nucleus mass equal to mass defect disappears and an energy equivalent to missing mass
is called the binding energy of the nucleus.
B.E. = (Zmp + Nmn – M) c2

19. Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 atomic mass unit.

Energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit
1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 x (3 x 108)2
1 u = 14.94 x 10-11 J
1 u = 14.94 x 10-11 / 1.6 x 10-19 eV
1 u = 9.31 x 108 eV = 931 MeV

20. Give the physical meaning of binding energy per nucleon.

The average binding energy per nucleon is the energy required to separate single
nucleon from the particular nucleus.
140
21. What is radioactivity?
The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of highly penetrating radiation such as
α, β, γ rays by an element is called radioactivity.

22. What is neutrino?

W.Pauli proposed a third particle which must be emitted in the beta decay process
carrying away missing energy and momentum. Fermi later named this particle as
neutrino (little neutral one) since it mass is small and is neutral carrying no charge.

July 22

141
Jun 23

Mar 24

142
 Mar 20

143
10. Write the characteristics of nuclear force.
 Nuclear force is very short range. But inside the nucleus the repulsive coulomb force or attractive
gravitational force between two protons are much weaker than the nuclear force between two
neutrons.
 The nuclear force is attractive and acts with a equal strength between proton-proton,
neutron-neutron, proton – neutron
 Nuclear force does not act on the electrons.

11. Write down the postulates of Bohr atom model.

 The electron in an atom moves around in circular orbits under the influence of Coulomb electrostatic
force of attraction. This Coulomb force gives necessary centripetal force for the electron.
 Electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus only in certain discrete orbits called stationary orbits and
electron in such orbits do not radiate electromagnetic energy.
l = nħ , ħ= h / 2π
2πr = nλ 2πr = n (h / mv) [ λ = h /mv]
mvr = nh /2π
 Energy of the electron in orbits is not continuous but only discrete. This is called quantisation of energy.
An electron jump from one orbit to another orbit by absorbing or emitting a photon.
∆E = Efinal - Einitial
∆E = hυ = hc / λ

144
12. What are the limitations of Bohr atom model?
The following are the drawbacks of Bohr atom model
(a) Bohr atom model is valid only for hydrogen atom or hydrogen like-atoms but not for complex
atoms.
(b) When the spectral lines are closely examined, individual lines of hydrogen spectrum are
accompanied by a number of faint lines. This is called fine structure. This cannot be explained by
Bohr atom model.
(c) Bohr atom model fails to explain the intensity variations in the spectral lines.
(d) The distribution of electrons in various levels cannot be completely explained by Bohr atom model.

15. Derive an expression for the distance of closest approach.

When an alpha particle moves straight towards the nucleus, it reaches a point where it comes to rest
momentarily and returns back. The minimum distance between the centre of the nucleus and the alpha
particle just before it gets reflected back through 180° is defined as the distance of closest approach r0 (also
known as contact distance). At this distance, all the kinetic energy of the alpha particle will be converted into
electrostatic potential energy.

(June 24)

145
Sep 20, Mar 23

146
n= 1 r1 = 0.529 Å

n=2 r2 = 0.529 x 4 = 2.116 Å

147
 (Aug 21, June 23, Mar 25)

4. Explain the spectral series of hydrogen atom. Mar 22

The wavelengths of these spectral lines perfectly agree with the wavelengths calculate using equation

derived from Bohr atom model

where v is known as wave number which is inverse of wavelength, R is known as Rydberg constant whose

value is 1.09737 × 107 m-1 and m and n are positive integers such that m > n.

148
 (a)Lyman series

For n = 1 and m = 2,3,4....... in equation , the wave numbers or wavelength of spectral lines of
Lyman series which lies in ultra-violet region,

(b) Balmer series

For n = 2 and m = 3,4,5....... in equation , the wave numbers or wavelength of spectral lines of
Balmer series which lies in visible region,

(c) Paschen series

Put n = 3 and m = 4,5,6....... in equation . The wave number or wavelength of spectral lines of
Paschen series which lies in infra-red region (near IR) is

(d) Brackett series

For n = 4 and m = 5,6,7........ in equation, the wave numbers or wavelength of
spectral lines of Brackett series which lies in infra-red region (middle IR),

(e) Pfund series

For n = 5 and m = 6,7,8........ in equation (9.18), the wave numbers or wavelength of spectral lines of
Pfund series which lies in infra-red region (far IR),

149
q = 4 πr3 (ρ – σ) g
3E

150
 Mar 24

Ma 20

151
152
OTHER BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:
1. Show that nuclear density is almost constant for nuclei with Z > 10.
2. In α decay, why the unstable nucleus emits 4He2 nucleus? Why it does not emit 4 separate nucleons?
3. Write about the discovery of neutrino.
4. Explain radio carbon dating.

153
 (June 23, Mar 25)

May 20, May 22

July 22

154
July 22

155
 Mar 22

156
 Sep 20

29. Define forbidden energy gap.

The energy gap between the valence band and conduction band in a semi conductor is
called forbidden energy gap.

30. Why is temperature coefficient of resistance negative for semiconductors?

If the temperature is increased, the resistance of the semiconductor decrease. So
semiconductors are said to have negative temperature coefficient of resistance

157
31. A diode is called as a unidirectional device. Explain.
Diode is called as a unidirectional device. i.e., current flows in only one direction. When a
forward voltage is applied, the diode conducts and when reverse voltage is applied, there is no
conduction.

32. What is meant by biasing? Mention its types. Mar 24

Biasing means providing external energy to charge carriers to overcome the barrier
potential and make them to move in a particular direction.
Its types are i) Forward bias and ii) Reverse bias.

33. Why are NOR and NAND gates called universal gates?
NAND and NOR are called as universal gates because they can perform the operation of
basic logic gates such as OR,NOT,AND gates.

34. Write the applications of LED.

 Seven segment display
 Traffic signals, emergency lighting
 Remote control of television, air conditioners.
 Indicator lamps on the front panel of the scientific and laboratory equipments.

35. What is an integrated circuit?

An integrated circuit is also referred as an IC or chip or microchip. It consists of
thousands of to millions of transistors, resistors, capacitor, integrated on a small flat piece of
semiconductor material.

36. Define bandwidth of a transmission system.

The range of frequencies required to transmit a piece of specified information in a
particular channel is called channel bandwidth of the transmission system.

37. What is mobile communication?

Mobile communication is used to communicate with others in different locations without
the use of any physical connections like wires or cables.

38. What does RADAR stand for?

RADAR stands for RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM. It is one of the
important application of communication.

39. Write the advantages of IC.

 Cost and performance
 The size, speed and capacity of chips have progressed enormously with the advancement in technology.
 Computers, mobile phones and other digital home appliances.
 ICs can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor and computer memory.

40. What do you mean by leakage current in a diode?

When a diode is connected with reverse bias a very small current in µA flow across the
junction. It is due to flow of minority charge carriers and is called the leakage current or
reverse saturation current.

158
41. Prove the Boolean identity AC + ABC = AC
AC + ABC = AC ( 1 + B) = AC . 1 = AC [ since 1 + B = 1]

42. What is operating point?

The operating point is a point where the transistor can be operated efficiently. A
straight line drawn by joining the points A and B is called DC load line. The DC load
line superimposed on the output characteristics of a transistor is used to learn the concept
of the operating point of the transistor.

159
160
 Aug 21, Jun 23,
Mar 24

Sep 20

161
9. Explain the need for a feedback circuit in a transistor oscillator.

The circuit used to feed a portion of the output back to the input is called the feedback
network. If the portion of the output fed to the input is in phase with the input then the
magnitude of the input signal increases.

10. Why can’t we interchange the emitter and collector even though they are made up of
the same typeof semi conductor material?
The main function of the emitter is to supply majority charge carriers to the collector
region through the base region. Hence emitter is more heavily doped than the other two
regions. The main function of the collector is to collect the majority charge carriers supplied
by the emitter through the base. Hence the collector is made physically larger than the other
two as it has to dissipate more power.

11.Derive the relation between α and β in a transistor.

The current gain of a transistor in common base mode is

α = IC / IE
The current gain of a transistor in common emitter mode is
β = IC / IB

From the transistor equation IE = IB + IC

α = IC / (IB + IC)

and 1 / α =( IB + IC) / IC

Hence 1/α =( IB /IC )+ 1 .

1/α = (1/β) + 1

1/β = (1/α) – 1 = (1 – α) / α (OR) β = α / (1 – α)

And α = β / ( 1 + β)
162
12. Write the differences between analog and digital signal.

Analog signal Digital signal

i) Continuously varying Contains only discrete values of voltages.
voltage or current with time.
ii) In analog system there In digital system there exists two voltage levels
exists varying voltage levels 0(LOW) and 5 V(HIGH)
iii) Used in rectifier and Used in Logic gates.
transistor amplifier circuits.

163
 May 22

Aug 21 , Mar 23

164
165
 (July 22, June 23, Mar 25)

June 24

166
167
168
169
11. Describe the function of a transistor as an amplifier with the neat circuit diagram.
Sketch the input and output wave form. Mar 23
Transistor as an amplifier:
Amplification is the process of increasing the
signal strength (increase in the amplitude). If a large
amplification is required, multistage amplifier is used.
Here, the amplification of an electrical signal is explained
with a single stage transistor amplifier. Single stage
indicates that the circuit consists of one transistor with
the alliedcomponents. An NPN transistor is connected in
the common emitter configuration. A load resistance, RC is
connected in series with the collector circuit to measure the
output voltage. The capacitor C1 allows only the ac signal to
pass through. The emitter bypass capacitor CE provides a
low reactance path to the amplified ac signal.

The coupling capacitor CC is used to couple one stage of the amplifier with the next
stage while constructing multistage amplifiers. VS is the sinusoidal input signal source applied
across the base-emitter. The output is taken across the collector-emitter. Ic = βIB

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law in the output loop, the collector-emitter

voltage is VCE = VCC - IC RC

Working of the amplifier:

(1) During the positive half cycle:
Input signal (Vs) increases the forward voltage across the emitter-base.
As a result, the base current (IB) increases. Consequently, the collector current
(IC) increases β times. This increases the voltage drop across RC which in turn
decreases the collector-emitter voltage (VCE). Therefore, the input signal in the
positive direction produces an amplified signal in the negative direction at the
output. Hence, the output signal is reversed by 1800.

(2) During the negative half cycle:

Input signal (Vs) decreases the forward voltage across

the emitter-base. As a result, base current (IB) decreases and
in turn increases the collector current (IC). The increase in
collector current (IC) decreases the potential drop across RC
and increases the collector-emitter voltage (VCE).Thus, the
input signal in the negative direction produces an amplified
signal in the positive direction at the output. Therefore, 1800
phase reversal is observed during the negative half cycle of
the input signal

170
171
15. The frequency range of 3 MHz to 30 MHz is used for
a) Ground wave propagation
b) Space wave propagation

OTHER BOOK BACK QUESTIONS:

1. Elucidate the formation of n-type extrinsic semiconductors.

2. Explain the formation of depletion region and barrier potential in PN junction diode.
3. Sketch the static characteristics of a common emitter transistor and bring out the essential features of
input and output characteristics.
5. Give circuit symbol, logical operation, truth table, and Boolean expression of i) AND gate ii) OR gate
iii) NOT gate iv) NAND gate v) NOR gate and vi) EX-OR gate.

172
173
174
175
176
a single black hole.

177
178
 DIFFERENCE QUESTIONS

LESSON -1

1. 1. Distinguish between Coulomb force and Gravitational force.

S.NO. Coulomb force Gravitational force
1 It acts between two charges. It acts between two masses .
2 It can be attractive or repulsive . It is always attractive .
3 It is always greater in magnitude . It is always lesser in magnitude.
4 It depends on the nature of the medium It is independent of the medium.
.

LESSON – 2

2. Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility.

S.No. Drift velocity Mobility

1. The average velocity acquired by the The magnitude of the drift velocity per unit
electrons inside the conductor when it electric field.
is subjected to an electric field.

2. vd = -eτ / m μ = vd / E
3. Its unit is ms-1 Its unit is m2V-1s-1

3. What are ohmic and non-ohmic materials?

S.No. Ohmic materials Non-ohmic materials

1. V-I graph is a straight line V-I graph is non linear
2. Obey Ohm’s law Doesn’t obey Ohm’s law
3. They have constant resistance. They do not have constant resistance.
Eg: All metals Eg: Diode

4. Differentiate Joule heating effect and peltier effect.

179
 LESSON – 3
5.

LESSON – 4

6. Distinguish step-up and step-down transformer

S.NO. Step-up transformer Step-down transformer

1 Increases potential difference. Decreases potential difference.

2 Decreases current. Increases current.

3 Number of turns in secondary is Number of turns in secondary is low.

high.
voltage transformation ratio ( voltage transformation ratio (K) is
4
K) isgreater than 1. lesser than 1.
LESSON – 7

7. Differentiate interference and diffraction

S. NO. Interference Diffraction

1 Equally spaced bright and dark fringes. Central bright is double the size of other
fringes.
2 Equal intensity for all bright fringes. Intensity falls rapidly.

3 Large number of fringes are obtained. Less number of fringes are obtained.

180
8. Differentiate Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction

S.NO. Fresnel diffraction Fraunhofer diffraction

1 Spherical (or) cylindrical Plane wavefront undergoes diffraction

wavefront
undergoes diffraction
2 Light wave is from a source at Light wave is from a source at infinity
finite
distance
3 Convex lenses are not used Convex lenses are used

4 Difficult to observe and analyse Easy to observe and analyse

9. What is the difference between resolution and magnification?

RESOLUTION MAGNIFICATION
Resolution is the ability to distinguish Magnification is how much bigger a sample
between two points on an image. appears to be under the microscope than it
is real life.
r0 = 1.22 λ f / a m = Size of the image / Size of the object
10. Differentiate between polarised and unpolarised light.

POLARISED LIGHT UNPOLARISED LIGHT

If the vibrations of a wave are Transverse wave which has vibrations in all
present in only one direction in a plane directions in a plane perpendicular to the
perpendicular to the direction of direction of propagation is called
propagation then it is plane polarised unpolarised light.
light.

11. Differentiate between corpuscle and photon.

CORPUSCLE PHOTON
 Light is emitted as tiny,  A photon is a discrete packets of
massless and perfectly elastic energy.
particles called corpuscles.  The colour and energy of light
 Colour of light depends on the depends on the frequency of the
size of the corpuscle. radiation. E = hν
 Light energy is the kinetic  Light energy is the energy of the
energy of the corpuscles. photon.
12.Differentiate between ordinary ray and extra ordinary ray.
ORDINARY RAY EXTRA ORDINARY RAY
 Ordinary ray obeys laws of  Extra ordinary ray doesn’t obey
refraction. laws of refraction.
 Inside the double refracting  Inside the double refracting crystal
crystal the ordinary ray travels the extra ordinary ray travels with
with same velocity in all different velocities along different
directions. directions.
 A point source inside the double  A point source inside the double
refracting crystal produces refracting crystal produces elliptical
spherical wave front for wave front for extra ordinary ray.
ordinary ray.
181
  In the case of calcite crystal, the  In the case of calcite crystal the
refractive index for ordinary ray refractive index for extra ordinary
is 1.658. ray is 1.486.
 For the ordinary ray the ratio of  For the extra ordinary ray the ratio
sine of the angle of incidence to of the sine of the angle of incidence
the sine of the angle of to the sine of the angle of refraction
refraction remains constant. is found to vary. It varies with the
angle of incidence.

LESSON – 10
13. Distinguish intrinsic semiconductor and extrinsic semiconductor.
S.NO. INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR

Pure form of semiconductor Impurity added semiconductor

1 without
impurity. Eg: Pure Si and Pure Ge
The number of electrons in the The number of electrons in the conduction
2 conduction band is equal to the band is not equal to the number of holes in
number of holes in the valence the valence band.
band.

3 Electrical conductivity is less. Electrical conductivity is high.

14. Differentiate - donor and acceptor impurities.

S.NO DONAR IMPURITIES ACCEPTOR IMPURITIES
.
1 Pentavalent (Group V) impurity atoms. Trivalent (Group III )impurity atoms.

2 Donate electrons to the conduction Accept electrons from the neighbouring atoms.
band.
3 Eg: Phosphorous, Arsenic, Antimony. Eg: Boron, Aluminium, Gallium.

15. Differentiate Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown.

S.NO. Zener breakdown Avalanche breakdown

1 Heavily doped p – n junction. Lightly doped p -n junction.

2 Narrow depletion region. Wide depletion region.

It occurs due to thermally generated

3 It occurs due to strong electric
field minority charge carriers.

182
16. Compare PM and FM.

S.NO. Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

1 It uses lesser bandwidth . It uses wider bandwidth.

2 Transmission speed is high Transmission speed is less
3 More information can be Less information can be sent
sent
17. Differentiate between N-type and P – type semiconductor

S.No. N- type semiconductor P-type semiconductor

1. A N-type is obtained by doping a pure A P – type semiconductor is obtained by doping
silicon with penta valent impurity atoms. a pure silicon with tri valent impurity atoms.
2. Majority charge carriers are electrons and Majority charge carriers are holes and minority
minority charge carriers are holes. charge carriers are electrons.
3. Electron from the dopant is found just Energy level of the hole created by each
below the conduction band. impurity atom is just above the valence band.
18. Write the differences between analog and digital signal.

Analog signal Digital signal

i) Continuously varying Contains only discrete values of voltages.
voltage or current with time.
ii) In analog system there In digital system there exists two voltage levels
exists varying voltage levels 0(LOW) and 5 V(HIGH)
iii) Used in rectifier and Used in Logic gates.
transistor amplifier circuits.

183
 IMPORTANT PROBLEMS

S.No LESSON EXAMPLES EXERCISE PUBLIC EXAM

. QUESTIONS
1. Electrostatics 1.1,1.4,1.11,1.13,1.17,1.20, 1,14 Example:
1.11,1.17,1.20
1.21,1.24
2. Current Electricity 2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5,2.6,2.8, 3,4,8,10,14 Example:
2.2,2.3,2.8
2.9,2.10,2.112.12,2.13,2.14,
Exercise:
2.20,2.23,2.24,2.25,2.26,2.27 4,8

3. Magnetism and magnetic 31,3.5,3.8,3.9,3.14,3.15, - Example:

effects of electric current 3.5,3.10,3.14,3.19
3.19,3.23
4. Electromagnetic induction 4.1,4.4,4.7,4.8,4.9,4.10,4.11, 1,2,7,9,10,12,17, Example:
and alternating current 18,20 4.14,4.16,
4.12,4.19,4.20,4.21,4.23,4.24
4.22,4.23
Exercise:
2,10
5. Electromagnetic waves 5.2,5.3 1,2,5 Example:
5.2,5.3
6. Ray Optics 6.3,6.5,6.6,6.7,6.15,6.16,6.19, 4,10 Example:
6.5,6.6,6.15,6.21
6.21,6.22
Exercise:
10
7. Wave Optics 7.1,7.2,7.3,7.4,7.5,7.11,7.12, 1,2,10 Example:
7.12,7.17,7.18
7.13,7.14,7.15,7.17,7.20,7.22,
Exercise:
7.23 1
8. Dual Nature of Radiation and 8.2,8.3,8.4,8.5,8,6,8.7,8.9 1,2,3,5,14 Example:
Matter 8.6,8.9
9. Atomic and Nuclear Physics 9.1,9,2,9.7,9.9,9.12,9.15 6,8,9,11 Example:
9.1,9.2,9.7,9.12,
9.15
Exercise:
6
10. Electronics and 10.1,10.2,10.3,10.4,10.5,10.6, 6,7,9 Example:
Communication 10.4,10.6
10.8,10.9,10.10,10.11
Exercise:
1
11. Recent developments in Nil Nil Nil
Physics

184
 QUESTION BANK 12. State Lenz’s law.
13. Define power factor.
IMPORTANT TWO MARKS:
UNIT-5: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
UNIT- 1: ELECTROSTATICS 1. What is displacement current?
1. State Coulomb’s law. Write in vector form. 2. What are electromagnetic waves?
2. Define ‘Electric field’. 3. What is meant by Fraunhofer lines?
3. Define ‘Electric dipole’. 4. Write a note on Infrared radiation.
4. What is electric dipole moment? Give its unit. 5. Write a note on UV-rays.
5. Define ‘electric flux’. 6. Write a note on X-rays
6. Define ‘capacitance’. Give its unit.
7. What is corona discharge? UNIT-6: RAY OPTICS
8. State Gauss law. 1. State the laws of reflection and refraction.
9. What is meant by quantisation of charges? 2. What is optical path?
10. What are the differences between Coulomb force and 3. What is principle of reversibility?
gravitational force? 4. State Rayleigh’s scattering law?
5. Why does sky appear blue?
UNIT- 2 :CURRENT ELECTRICITY 6. What is the reason for reddish appearance of sky during
1. Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility. sunset and sunrise?
2. Define electrical resistivity or Specific resistance. 7. Define power of a lens.
3. Define temperature coefficient of resistance. 8. Why do stars twinkle?
4. Define current density. 9. Total internal reflection. Conditions for total internal
5. State Kirchhoff’s current rule. reflection.
6. State Kirchhoff’s voltage rule. 10. Define critical angle.
7. What is Seebeck effect?
8. What is Thomson effect? UNIT-7: WAVE OPTICS
9. What is Peltier effect? 1. What is a wavefront?
10. State the applications of Seebeck effect. 2. State Huygens’ principle?
3. What are the condition for bandwidth of broad interference
UNIT-3: MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS pattern?
OF ELECTRIC CURRENT 4. What is Rayleigh’s criterion?
1. State Flemming’s left hand rule (FLHR) 5. What are polariser and analyser?
2. State Coulomb’s inverse law. 6. What are plane polarised, unpolarised and partially
3. Define magnetic dipole moment of current loop. polarised light?
4. How the current sensitivity of galvanometer can be 7. State Malus’ law.
increased? 8. List the uses of polaroids.
5. State Ampere’s circuital law. 9. What is astigmatism?
6. Define ampere. 10. Why is oil immersion objective preferred in a microscope.
7. Curie temperature. UNIT 8: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND
8. Is ammeter connected in series or parallel in a circuit. Why? MATTER
9. Concept of velocity selector. 1. Define work function of a metal. Give its unit.
10. Limitations of cyclotron. 2. What is photoelectric effect?
3. Define Stopping potential.
UNIT-4: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND 3. Give the definition of intensity of light and its unit.
ALTERNATING CURRENT 4. How will you define threshold frequency?
1. State Fleming’s right hand rule. 5. What is a photo cell? Mention the different types of
2. Mention the ways of producing induced emf. photocells.
3. Define the unit of self inductance (one henry). 6. State de Broglie hypothesis(or) matter waves.
4. Define mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual 7. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which
induction. one has greater de Broglie wavelength. Justify.
5. Distinguish between step up and step down transformer. 8. An electron and an alpha particle have same kinetic energy.
6. Define the efficiency of the transformer. How are the de Broglie
7. How will you define Q-factor? wavelengths associated with them related?
8. Define phasor and phasor diagram. 9. What are X-rays?
9. A capacitor blocks DC but it allows AC. Why? 10. Write the applications of X-rays.
10. Define wattless and wattful current. .
11. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. UNIT 9: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

185
1. What are cathode rays? 2. Obtain the expression for capacitance for a parallel plate
2. Give the results of Rutherford alpha scattering experiment. capacitor.
3. What is meant by excitation energy. 3. Obtain the expression for energy stored in the parallel plate
4. Define the ionization energy and ionization potential. capacitor.
5. Define impact parameter. 4. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by a dipole
6. Define atomic mass unit u. due to a uniform electric field.
7. Show that nuclear density is almost constant for nuclei with
Z > 10. UNIT 2: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
8. What is mass defect? 1. Derive the expression for power P=VI in electrical circuit.
9. What is binding energy of a nucleus? Give its expression. 2. Write down the various forms of expression for power in
10. Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 atomic mass unit. electrical circuit.
11. What is meant by radioactivity? 3. Explain the equivalent emf of electric cells in series.
12. What is mean life of nucleus? Give the expression 4. Explain the equivalent emf of electric cells in parallel.
13. What is half-life of nucleus? Give the expression. 5. Explain the equivalent resistance of a series and parallel
14. What is meant by activity or decay rate? Give its unit. resistor network.
15. Define curie. 6. State and explain Kirchhoff’s rules.
16. Define Nuclear fission.
17. Define Nuclear fussion. UNIT 3: MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. State and explain Biot-Savart law.
2. Define Lorentz force. Give the properties of Lorentz
UNIT 10: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION magnetic force.
SYSTEMS 3. Discuss the conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter.
1. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. 4. Discuss the conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter.
2. What do you mean by doping? 5. Give the difference between Coulomb’s law and Biot-
3. Define rectifier Efficiency. Savart’s law.
4. Define zener breakdown voltage.
5. Distinguish between avalanche and zener breakdown. UNIT 4: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND
6. Draw the circuit diagram for NPN transistor in CB,CC,CE ALTERNATING CURRENT
mode. 1. How will you induce an emf by changing the area enclosed
7. Define Input resistance or input impedence. by the coil?
8. Define Output Resistance or output impedence. 2. Obtain an expression for Self-inductance of a long solenoid.
9. State De Morgan’s first and second theorems. 3. Mention the various energy losses in a transformer.
10. Define barrier Potential. 4. Obtain an expression for Energy stored in an inductor.
11. What is meant by biasing. 5. Obtain an expression for RMS value of alternating current.
12. Define modulation. 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of AC over DC?
13. Define amplitude modulation.
14. Give the advantages and limitations of amplitude UNIT 5: Nil.
modulation.
15. Define frequency modulation. UNIT 6: RAY OPTICS
16. Give the advantages and limitations of frequency 1.Derive the relation between f and R for spherical mirrors.
modulation. 2.Derive an expression for optical path.
17. Define phase modulation and give its advantages. 3.Derive an expression for apparent depth.
4.Explain critical angle and total internal reflection.
UNIT 11: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS
1. Distinguish between Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. UNIT 7: WAVE OPTICS
2. What is the difference between Nano materials and Bulk 1. Discuss about pile of plates.
materials? 2.State and explain Brewster’s law.
3. Give any two examples for “Nano” in nature. 3.Distinguish between Interference and Diffraction.
4. Mention any two advantages and disadvantages of 4.Define Fresnel’s distance and derive the formula for it.
Robotics. 5. Discuss about Nicol prism
5. Why steel is preferred in making Robots? 6. Write the uses of polaroids.

UNIT 8: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND

MATTER
IMPORTANT THREE MARKS QUESTIONS: 1. List out the laws of photoelectric effect.
UNIT 1: ELECTROSTATICS 2. Explain Characteristic x – ray spectra.
1. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential due to a 3. Give the construction and working of photo emissive cell.
point charge.
186
4. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength of matter 6. Magnetic field due to a bar magnet at a point on its axial
waves. line.
5. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength of 7. Magnetic field due to a bar magnet at a point on its
electrons. equatorial line.
8. Cyclotron
UNIT 9: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
1. Explain the variation of average binding energy with the UNIT-4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND
mass number by graph and discuss its features. ALTERNATING CURRENT
2. Explain in detail the nuclear force. 1. Show mathematically that the rotation of a coil in a
3. Discuss the alpha decay process with example. 4) Beta magnetic field over one rotation induces an alternating emf of
decay 5) Gamma decay one cycle.
6. Explain impact parameter. 2. Transformer
7. Explain Rutherford alpha scattering experiment. 3. RLC circuit.
8. Explain distance of closest approach. 4. Single phase generator.
5. Conservation of energy in LC oscillations.
UNIT 10: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION 6. Power in an AC circuit.
1. Transistor acts as a switch. Explain. 7. AC circuit containing only inductance.
2. Explain zener diode as a voltage regulator.
UNIT-5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
UNIT 11: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS 1. Emission spectra and Absorption spectra
Nil. 2. Maxwell equations in integral form
3. Properties of electromagnetic waves

UNIT-6 RAY OPTICS

1. Mirror equation and the lateral magnification.
IMPORTANT FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS: 2. Fizeau’s method
UNIT – 1 3. Obtain lens maker’s formula and mention its significance.
ELECTROSTATICS 4. Refractive index of the material of the prism.
1. Electric field due to an electric dipole at a point on axial 5. Dispersive power of the material of the prism.
line. 6. Snell’s window (or) Radius of illumination.
2. Electric field at a point on equatorial plane.
3. Electrostatic potential due to an electric dipole. UNIT 7 WAVE OPTICS
4. Electric field due to an infinitely long charged wire. 1. Obtain the equation for bandwidth in Young’s double slit
5. Capacitors in series and parallel experiment.
6. Van de Graaff generator. 2. Diffraction at single slit
7. Electric field due to charged spherical shell 3. Simple microscope
4. Compound microscope
UNIT- 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY 5. Interference of light.
1. Microscopic model of current and obtain general form of UNIT 8: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND
Ohm’s law. MATTER
2. Internal resistance of a cell using voltmeter. 1. Einstein’s photoelectric equation
3. Wheatstone’s bridge 2. Electron microscope.
4. Determination of unknown resistance using meter bridge. 3. Davisson – Germer experiment
6. Measurement of internal resistance of a cell using
potentiometer. UNIT 9: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
7. Comparison of emf of two cells using potentiometer. 1.Spectral series of hydrogen atom.
2. Obtain the law of radioactivity.
UNIT-3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF 3. Radius of nth orbit
ELECTRIC CURRENT 4. J.J.Thomson’s experiment
1. Magnetic induction at a point due to an infinitely long 5. Nuclear reactor.
straight conductor carrying current. 6. Millikan’s oil drop experiment.
2. Magnetic induction at a point along the axis of a circular UNIT 10: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
coil carrying current. 1. Explain the working of a half wave rectifier.
3. Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic 2. Explain the working of a full wave rectifier.
field. 3. State and prove DeMorgan’s theorem.
4. Magnetic field inside and outside of the long solenoid using 4. Transistor as an amplifier.
Ampere’s circuital law. UNIT 11: NIL.
5. Force between two long parallel current carrying
conductors. Define ampere.
187