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Spectros

Spectroscopy is the study of how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation, allowing for qualitative and quantitative analysis of atoms, molecules, or solids. It involves processes such as absorption and emission of light, resulting in absorption and emission spectra that help identify compounds. There are two main types of spectroscopy: absorption spectroscopy, which measures light absorption, and emission spectroscopy, which measures light emitted as substances transition between energy levels.

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3 views26 pages

Spectros

Spectroscopy is the study of how matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation, allowing for qualitative and quantitative analysis of atoms, molecules, or solids. It involves processes such as absorption and emission of light, resulting in absorption and emission spectra that help identify compounds. There are two main types of spectroscopy: absorption spectroscopy, which measures light absorption, and emission spectroscopy, which measures light emitted as substances transition between energy levels.

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Chemical Characterization Techniques

What is Spectroscopy..?
 Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic
radiation as a function of wavelength (λ). Or
 Spectroscopy is the use of the absorption, emission or scanning of
electromagnetic radiation by matter in order to qualitatively or quantitatively
study of matter. The matter can be atoms, molecules or solids.
 In fact, historically, spectroscopy referred to the use of visible light dispersed
accordingly to its wavelength e.g. by a prism.
 Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with radiative
energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency.
 Spectroscopic data is often represented by an emission spectrum, a plot of the
response of interest as a function of wavelength or frequency.
 Spectral measurement devices are referred to as spectrometers,
spectrophotometers, spectrographs or spectral analyzers.
What happens when a sample is irradiated by light?
From introductory chemistry courses, you might have a quantum mechanical picture of light
absorption, which emphasizes that light energy comes in quantized units, called photons, and that
a molecule’s energy also comes in quantized units or “quanta”, so when a molecule absorbs a
photon, it takes up the photon’s energy to reach an “excited state” of some sort. Your picture of
light absorption might look like this. Optical Absorption
Absorption Spectrum:

Absorption spectrum is obtained when a molecule is excited from a lower energy level to a higher
energy level by the absorption of energy.
OR
When a sample absorbed certain amount of EMR than some of the EMR are absorbed by the
compound present in the sample and will give rise to a spectrum which is called as absorption
spectrum
Emission Spectrum:
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of
frequencies of EM radiation emitted due to an atoms making a transition from a high energy
state to a lower energy state. The energy of the emitted photon is equal to the energy difference
between the two states.
OR
When the EMR is introduced in a sample than the molecule is excited by the absorption of
some EMR , after excited molecule come back in its original state by the emission of energy in
the form of radiation which are emitted by the excited molecule will give rise a spectrum which
is called as Emission spectrum and that branch of Spectroscopy is known as Emission
Spectroscopy.
Types of Spectroscopy..

1. ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

 Absorption spectroscopy uses the range of electromagnetic spectra into which a substance can
be absorbed.
 “Absorption” is the phenomenon that occurs when a transition from a lower level to a higher
level takes place with transfer of energy from the radiation field to the atom or molecule.
 When atoms or molecules absorb light, the incoming energy excites a structure (in energy
quanta) to a higher energy level. The type of excitation depends on the light wavelength.
Electrons are promoted to higher orbits by ultraviolet or visible light. Vibrations are excited by
infrared light and microwaves excite the rotations.
 An absorption spectrum is a way to represent the absorption of light as a function of
wavelength. The spectrum of an atom or molecule depends on its energy-level structure, and
absorption spectra are useful for identifying compounds.
2. EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

 “Emission” occurs during transition from a higher level to a lower level if energy is
transferred to the radiation field.
 When no radiation is emitted the phenomenon is called “non radiative decay.”
 This type of spectroscopy relies on the range of electromagnetic spectra in which a particular
substance radiates.
 The substance first absorbs energy and then radiates (that is, emits) this energy as light.
 The excitement energy that is absorbed first can come from a number of different sources,
including collision (from high temperatures or other means), chemical reactions or light.
 It also should be noted that atoms or molecules once excited to high energy levels then can
decay to lower levels by emitting radiation. This is called emission or luminescence.
 When atoms are excited by a high-temperature energy source this light emission commonly is
called atomic or optical emission, and for atoms excited with light, it is called atomic
fluorescence.

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