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Advanced Data Structures Class Notes

This document provides a comprehensive overview of advanced data structures, including trees, graphs, hash tables, and heaps, emphasizing their theoretical concepts and practical applications. It details various types of trees such as Binary Search Trees and Balanced Trees, as well as graph representations and traversal algorithms. Performance analysis is also included, highlighting time complexity and space trade-offs for selecting appropriate data structures.

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11 views4 pages

Advanced Data Structures Class Notes

This document provides a comprehensive overview of advanced data structures, including trees, graphs, hash tables, and heaps, emphasizing their theoretical concepts and practical applications. It details various types of trees such as Binary Search Trees and Balanced Trees, as well as graph representations and traversal algorithms. Performance analysis is also included, highlighting time complexity and space trade-offs for selecting appropriate data structures.

Uploaded by

fm4044826
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Advanced Data Structures - Lecture Notes

Abstract:
This document provides an in-depth overview of advanced data structures, covering theoretical concepts,

1. Introduction
• Data structures are fundamental components for efficient algorithms.
• Advanced structures extend basic lists and arrays to optimize specific operations.
• This lecture focuses on trees, graphs, hash tables, and heaps.
2. Trees
2.1 Binary Search Trees (BST)
– Each node has at most two children (left and right).
– Left subtree values are less than the node; right subtree values are greater.
– Average operations: search, insert, delete in O(log n) time.

2.2 Balanced Trees (AVL, Red-Black)


– AVL trees maintain height balance factor at each node.
– Red-Black trees use color properties to ensure balance.
– Guarantee O(log n) worst-case time for operations.

3. Graphs
3.1 Representations
– Adjacency Matrix: O(V^2) space, fast edge lookup.
– Adjacency List: O(V + E) space, efficient for sparse graphs.

3.2 Traversal Algorithms


– Breadth-First Search (BFS): level-order, O(V + E).
– Depth-First Search (DFS): backtracking, O(V + E).
4. Hash Tables
• Use hash functions to map keys to buckets.
• Handle collisions via chaining or open addressing.
• Average O(1) search, insert, delete; worst-case O(n).

5. Heaps
• Binary Heap as priority queue: insert and extract-min in O(log n).
• Support for heapify operation in O(n).
• Used in algorithms like Dijkstra's and HeapSort.

6. Performance Analysis
• Time Complexity summary for all structures.
• Space trade-offs and practical considerations.
• Choosing the right structure for specific problems.
References
[1] Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to Algorithms.
[2] Sedgewick, R., & Wayne, K. (2011). Algorithms, 4th Edition.
[3] Goodrich, M. T., Tamassia, R., & Goldwasser, M. H. (2014). Data Structures & Algorithms in Java.

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