Worksheet 4.

13 Induction

Mathematical Induction is a method of proof. We use this method to prove certian propositions
involving positive integers. Mathematical Induction is based on a property of the natural
numbers, N, called the Well Ordering Principle which states that every nonempty subset of
positive integers has a least element.

There are two steps in the method:

Step 1: Prove the statement is true at the starting point (usually n = 1).

Step 2: Assume the statement is true for n.

Prove the statement is true for n + 1 (using the assumption).

Example 1 : Prove 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + · · · + (2n − 1) = n2 for all n ∈ N.

Step 1: [We want to show this is true at the starting point n = 1.]

LHS = 1
RHS = 12 = 1

Since LHS=RHS, the statement is true or n = 1.

Step 2: Assume the statement is true for n.
i.e. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + · · · + (2n − 1) = n2 .
[Want to show this is true for n + 1.
i.e. Want to show 1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + (2n − 1) = (n + 1)2 ]

LHS = 1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + (2n − 1) +(2n + 1)

| {z }
2
= n + (2n + 1) (by assumption)
2
= n + 2n + 1
= (n + 1)2
= RHS

So the statement is true for n + 1. Hence, the statement is true for all n ∈ N
by induction. 

1
 n
X
Example 2 : Prove k 2 = 61 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) for all n ∈ N.
k=1

Step 1: [We want to show this is true at the starting point n = 1.]
n
X
LHS = k 2 = 12 = 1
k=1
RHS = 61 1(1 + 1)(2(1) + 1) = 1

Since LHS=RHS, the statement is true or n = 1.

Step 2: Assume the statement is true for n.
n
X
i.e. k 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
k=1
[Want to show this is true for n + 1.
n+1
X
i.e. Want to show k 2 = 61 (n + 1)(n + 2)(2n + 3) ]
k=1

n+1
X
LHS = k2
k=1
= |1 + 22 +
2 2
{z· · · + n} +(n + 1)
2

= 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) + (n + 1)2 (by assumption)

= 16 (n + 1)(n(2n + 1) + 6(n + 1))
= 16 (n + 1)(2n2 + 7n + 6)
= 61 (n + 1)(n + 2)(2n + 3)
= RHS

So the statement is true for n + 1. Hence, the statement is true for all n ∈ N
by induction. 

Example 3 : Prove 2n > n2 for n ≥ 5.

Step 1: [We want to show this is true at the starting point n = 5.]

LHS = 25 = 32
RHS = 52 = 25

Since LHS>RHS, the statement is true or n = 5.

2
Step 2: Assume the statement is true for n, i.e. 2n > n2 .
[Want to show this is true for n + 1. i.e. want to show 2n+1 > (n + 1)2 . ]

LHS = 2n+1
= 2n · 2
> 2n2 (by assumption)
= n2 + n2
= n2 + 2n + 1 (since n2 > 2n + 1 for n ≥ 5)
= (n + 1)2
= RHS

So 2n+1 > (n + 1)2 for n ≥ 5. i.e. the statement is true for n + 1 whenever
n ≥ 5. Hence, the statement is true for all n ≥ 5 by induction. 

Example 4 : Prove that 9n − 2n is divisible by 7 for all n ∈ N.

Step 1: [We want to show this is true at the starting point n = 1.]
When n = 1, we have 91 − 21 = 7 which is divisible by 7.
The statement is true for n = 1.
Step 2: Assume the statement is true for n.
i.e. Assume 9n − 2n is divisible by 7.
i.e. Assume 9n − 2n = 7m for some m ∈ Z.
[Want to show this is true for n + 1.
i.e. Want to show 9n+1 − 2n+1 is divisible by 7. ]

9n+1 − 2n+1 = 9 · 9n − 2 · 2n
= 9(7m + 2n ) − 2 · 2n (by assumption)
= 7(9m) + 9 · 2n − 2 · 2n
= 7(9m) + 7 · 2n
= 7(9m + 2n ),

which is divisible by 7. So the statement is true for n+1. Hence, the statement
is true for all n ∈ N by induction. 

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Exercises:

1. Prove the following propositions fo all positive integers n.

n(4n − 2)
(a) 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + · · · + (4n − 3) =
2
n
X n(n + 1)
(b) k=
k=1
2

3 3 3 n2 (n + 1)2
3
(c) 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n =
4
10
(d) 10 + 10 + 10 + · · · + 10 = 9 (10n − 1)
1 2 3 n

n
X n(n + 1)(n + 2)
(e) r(r + 1) =
r=1
3
n
X 1 n
(f) = does not work for n = 1, 2?
k=1
(3k − 2)(3k − 1) 3n + 1

2. Prove the following by induction.

(a) 2n ≥ 1 + n for n ≥ 1.
(b) 3n < (n + 1)! for n ≥ 4.

3. Prove that 8n − 3n is divisible by 5 for all n ∈ N.

4. Prove that n3 + 2n is divisible by 3 for all n ∈ N.

5. Prove by induction that if p is any real number satisfying p > −1, then

(1 + p)n ≥ 1 + np

for all n ∈ N.
(−1)n n!
6. Use induction to show that the nth derivative of x−1 is .
xn+1