10

Technical – Vocational
Education (TVE)
Programming in Visual Basic 2010
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Basic Concepts and Principles of
Programming
TVE – ICT (Programming in Visual Studio 2010) 10
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Basic Concepts and Principles of
Programming First Edition, 2020

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ii
 What I Need to
Know
Hello, Grade 10 Learners! This module is designed to help you fully
understand the Basic Concepts and Principles of Programming and some
related terms. Feel free to explore each part and accomplish each activity at
your own pace.
This module is here to guide you through this lesson. In case you were
not able to follow and understand some instances, you can always go back
to that part.
The module is divided into:
Lesson 1 – Basic Concepts and Principles of Programming

After going through this module, you are expected to

a. differentiate the terms program, programming and programming

language;
b. describe the five (50 steps in programming;
c. state the generations of programming language and the
programming language on each generation and;
d. recognize different language translators and their usage.

What I Know

1. Which of the following describes a process in a form of diagram?

Program b. Flowchart c. Pseudocode d. Procedure
2. What is the last step in Programming Life Cycle?
a. Coding b. Define the problem c. Design d.
Documentation
3. What language is a tool for humans to express ideas to computers?
a. Programming b. Natural c. Low d. Machine
4. What is the lowest level of languages?
a. Assembly b. High-level c. Machine d. Natural
5. What is the process that you actually write the program
a. Coding b. Design c. Maintenance d. Testing
6. Which of the following is an example of PL that belongs to 4th GL?
a. BASIC b. SQL c. Pascal d. Assembly
7. Which of the following means writing a narrative design of the
English-like statements to describe?
a. Chart b. Graph c. Flowchart d. Pseudocode
8. What is the lowest level of languages?
a. High-level b. Assembly c. Machine d. Low-level
9. What translator converts they assembly language program into
machine language
a. Interpreter b. Assembler c. Converter d. Compiler
10. What is a language that allows a programmer to use mnemonics?
a. Machine language c. High-Level Language
b. Assembly Language d. Low-Level Language
 Lesson Basic Concepts and
1 Principles of Programming
Computers have developed into one of the most indispensable tools
used by many people in different sectors of society. In spite of all of it’s
complex features and applications, computers are just machines that will
not function without any instruction. This set of instructions is collectively
known as computer programs.
This unit introduces you to the basic concepts and principles of
programming.

What’s In

Was it ever crossed your mind? It sounds like a

complicated question, but it’s not. The short answer is that we don’t need so
many languages, but we want them. Let’s explore this further. Aren’t they
all the same?

A programming language is a tool for humans to express ideas to

computers. While developers have many things in common, there is natural
variety in the way minds work.

Studying programming languages will help you be better at your job,

make more money, and be a happier, more fulfilled and more informed
citizen, because you'll learn to: “Choose the most appropriate language
for a given task”.

What’s New

Program Defined
Program is a series of instructions that can be put into a computer in
order to make it perform an operation. A computer program is written in
programming language that follows a set of rules in instructing the computer
what operations to perform. Programming is the process of creating a
program

Programming Language Defined

 A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of
instructions that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages
are used in computer programming to implement algorithms. Most
programming languages consist of instructions for computers. Data is
entered into the program; this data is the input. Then it undergoes a
process, which is done by the computer, based on what the computer
instructs it to do. Then the computer gives the result which is the output.

Watch the video:

How does computer works?:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkFi90lZmXA&t=28s

What is Algorithm?:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hfOvs8pY1k

Activity 1. Step by Step Instruction

Arrange the following steps in creating a GMAIL account. Write the number
on the
space provided. Write “1” for the first step, “2” on the second step, and so
on.

Click Create account.

Here, you will have an opportunity to set up recovery

options. ...

The signup form will appear. ...

Go to www.gmail.com.

Review Google's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy,

click the check box, then click Next step.

Your account will be created, and the Google welcome

page will appear.

Do you find it easy? We should be careful in giving or following

instructions. In many cases, you'll benefit by seeing instructions as a series
of steps to perform in a certain order. These are called sequential
instructions, and they often apply to tasks such as following a recipe,
assembling furniture, or troubleshooting a computer problem. Following
instructions is an important life skill for students to learn – but so much
depends on us and how we give instructions.
Watch the video:
Sequence
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_Pc3UnePZY

What is It
Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
Program development life cycle is a sequence of steps followed
to create a program. It is also known as Five-Step Process in
Programming.
1. Define the Problem
Knowing the objective is the first consideration. Knowing who will use
the program is also important. Determining the inputs and outputs is next.
How will the program operate and what data is needed to make it happen?
After this has been decided viability is the next consideration. How many
programmers will it take, is the project within budget, does the project have
a realistic outline? Finally, if the project is a go, then one must take
measures to ensure the project is properly documented and analyzed.

2. Design the Program

Programs use algorithms which are like equations that tell the
computer what task to perform. The aim of the programmer is to create
algorithms that are clear and simple. Algorithms are expressed first in
logical hierarchical form known as modularization. Using modules or (a
complete thought) the programmer creates a logical thought process for the
computer to follow. After that the program is broken down in greater detail
using pseudocode. Pseudocode uses terms like if, else, and, then to relate
the programs rules to the computer.

3. Code the Program

After the program has been designed it must be coded or written. Using
the pseudocode and logic requirements from step two an appropriate
programming language must be selected. As stated in the introduction, coding
languages differ in specifications and usability. Once the appropriate code
language has been chosen, it is imperative that the programmer follow the
syntax rules with as little deviation as possible in order for the program to
have high accuracy.

4. Test the Program

After the program is written it then enters the programming debugging
and testing phase of the Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC). During this
time the programmer will be looking for errors in both logic and syntax, as
well as exploring other areas that may cause the program to either not work
properly or to not run at all.

As stated, debugging will uncover errors in both logic and syntax. Syntax
errors will prevent the program from executing. They can be such simple things
as misspelled words or can involve breaking the syntax rules of the
programming la nguage used.
On the other hand, logic errors will allow the program to run but will provide
incorrect results. Errors of this kind may consist of merely using the wrong
relational operator or other, larger, mistakes in writing formulas.
Once the programmer locates the errors they are then fixed and the
program is run again. This will happen multiple times, often called “execute,
check, and correct”, until the program runs flawlessly.

5. Program Documentation
Documentation should be ongoing from the very beginning because it
is needed for those involved with program now and future. Upon completion
User Documentation for commercial use, Operator Documentation for
people who run computer systems, and Programmer Documentation for
programmers charged with maintenance.

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The programming language in terms of their performance reliability and
robustness can be grouped into five different generations:

First generation Languages (1GL)

• A first-generation programming language (1GL) is a machine-level
programming language.
 • The instructions in 1GL are made of binary numbers, represented by
1s and 0s. This makes the language suitable for the understanding of
the machine but far more difficult to interpret and learn by the human
programmer.

Second generation Languages

(2GL) Examples: assembly
languages
• Second-generation programming language (2GL) is a generational
way to categorize assembly languages
• Assembly languages use mnemonic operation codes and symbolic
addresses in place of 1s and 0s to represent the operation codes. A
mnemonic is an alphabetical abbreviation used as memory aid. This
means a programmer can use abbreviation instead of having to
remember lengthy binary instruction codes. For example, it is much
easier to remember L for Load, A for Add, B for Branch, and C for
Compare than the binary equivalents i-e different combinations of 0s
and 1s.
Third Generation Languages (3GL)
• Examples: C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC, Pascal, Fortran, ALGOL,
COBOL
• also known as high-level languages, are very
much like everyday text and mathematical formulas in appearance.
They are designed to run on a number of different computers with few
or no changes.
Most high level languages are considered to be procedure-oriented, or
Procedural languages, because the program instructions comprise
lists of steps, procedures, that tell the computer not only what to
do but how to do it.
• A language translator is required to convert a high-level language
program into machine language. Two types of language translators are
used with high level languages: compilers and interpreters.
Fourth generation languages (4GL)
• Examples: database query language SQL; UNIX Shell, Oracle, Focus,
Metafont, PostScript, S, IDL-PV, WAVE, Gauss, Mathematica, and
data-stream languages such as AVS, APE, Iris Explorer.

• Fourth generation languages are also known as very high level

languages. They are non-procedural languages, so named because they
allow programmers and users to specify what the computer is supposed
to do without having to specify how the computer is supposed to do it.
Fifth generation languages (5GL)
• Examples: OPS5, Mercury

Fifth-generation programming language (5GL) is any programming

language
• based on problem-solving using constraints given to the program,
rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. Most
constraint- based and logic programming languages and some other
declarative languages are fifth-generation languages. Fifth-generation
languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research.
 LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
– is a type of system software that translates a program written in a
second, third, or a higher-generation language into machine language

Types of Language Translators

1. Assembler – this translates the assembly language program into

machine language
2. Compiler – this converts the entire program of a high –level language into
machine language for later execution
3. Interpreter – This converts each high –level language statement into
machine language and executes it immediately, statement per
statement

Watch the video:

How does computer read code:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj_wyqMwt58

What’s More

Activity 2. Self – assessment

From the previous discussion let us try if you can identify the
generation to which the following programming language belong. Put a check
(√) mark on the corresponding column.

Programmin 1st GL 2nd GL 3rd GL 4th GL 5th GL

g
Language
UNIX
SQL
C++
Oracle
Assembly
Language
Mercury
Machine
Language
FORTRAN
BASIC

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.
Identification: Identify the following terms being described and write your answer
on the space provided.
1. It is a list of instructions that the computer must
follow in to process data into information.
2. this translates the assembly language program into
machine language
3. Meaning of 4GL
4. It is an alphabetical abbreviation used as memory aid.
5. This converts each high –level language statement into
machine language and executes it immediately,
 statement per statement
6. The process of creating a program
7. The language used by the computer to create a program
8. a machine language used to describe these generation of PL
9. Database language are part of these Generation of PL
10. this converts the entire program of a high –level
language into machine language for later execution

Activity 3.

PART I. Reinforce understanding of the first step in the PDLC.

Instructions: Present students with a real-world problem (e.g., calculating the change to
give back in a store). Ask them to design a step-by-step solution to solve the problem
without using any programming language. Emphasize the importance of clarity and
precision in algorithm design.

Follow-up questions:
1. Can you explain why it's essential to define a problem clearly before attempting to
solve it through programming or any other means?
2. Imagine you're explaining your steps to someone who has never heard of the
problem before. What strategies would you use to make the explanation as clear as
possible?
3. How might this approach of designing a step-by-step solution without programming
be helpful in the early stages of the Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)?

PART 2. Documentation Reflection

Instructions: Have students write a short reflection on the importance of documentation
in program development. Ask them to consider how documentation helps different
stakeholders (users, operators, programmers) throughout the PDLC and beyond. They can
also discuss any personal experiences with documentation.

Follow-up questions:
1. Why is documentation considered a crucial aspect of program development, and
how does it contribute to the overall success of a project?

2. Imagine you are a software developer working on a team project. How does
documentation help facilitate collaboration and communication among team
members?

3. What challenges might arise when documentation is lacking or inadequate in a

software project, and how can these challenges be mitigated?

What I Can Do

Activity 4. Role Play - PDLC Stakeholders

Instructions: Assign students’ roles as project managers, programmers, users, and

documenters. Have them engage in a role-play scenario where they discuss their
responsibilities and interactions at various stages of the PDLC.
Follow-up Question:
During the role-play scenario, did you encounter any challenges or conflicts among the
different roles (project managers, programmers, users, documenters)? If so, how did you
address or resolve these challenges to ensure smooth collaboration and progress in the
PDLC?
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is written in programming language that follows a
set of rules in instructing the computer?
a. Program b. Flowchart c. Pseudocode d. Procedure
2. What is the 1 step in Programming Life Cycle?
st

a. Coding b. Define the problem c. Design d. Testing

3. What is the process of detecting and removing all errors in a
computer program?
a. Checking c. Debugging
b. Desk Checking d. User Acceptance
4. The following are the details required in creating a program except ?
a. Budget b. Input c. Output d. Process
5. Which of the following means writing a narrative design of the
English-like statements to describe?
a. Chart b. Graph c. Flowchart d. Pseudocode
6. What is the lowest level of languages?
a. Assembly b. High-level c. Machine d.
Natural

7. What is an artificial language used to write instructions that can be

translated into machine language and then executed by the
computer?
a. assembly Language c. procedural language
b. machine Language d. programming language
8. This is the process that you actually write the program
a. coding b. Design c. Maintenance d. Testing
9. The following are examples of translator except
a. compiler b. Interpreter c. Assembler d. Converter
10. What is a language that allows a programmer to use abbreviations?
a. assembly Language c. High-Level Language
b. machine Language d. Low-Level Language
11. A programming language that known as Microsoft’s flagship
a. BASIC b. C++ c. JAVA d. Prolog
12. The process of creating a program
a. Coding b. Designing c. Encoding d. Programming
13. Which of the following converts the entire program of a high –level
language into machine language for later execution?
a. Assembler b. Compiler c. Converter d. Interpreter
14. These are very high-level language that allows program
instructions that are near human language
a. 2GL b. 3GL c. 4GL d. 5GL
15. The language that the computer can understand
a. Assembly b. English c. Machine d. Natural
 Additional Activities

Research on the following:

1. History of Visual Basic
2. Features of Visual Studio 2010
3. Print the environment of Visual Studi
2010 Write your answer on your notebook