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Modern
Programming
Made Easy
Using Java, Scala, Groovy,
and JavaScript
—
Second Edition
—
Adam L. Davis
Modern Programming
Made Easy
Using Java, Scala, Groovy,
and JavaScript
Second Edition
Adam L. Davis
Modern Programming Made Easy: Using Java, Scala, Groovy, and
JavaScript
Adam L. Davis
Oviedo, FL, USA
Chapter 1: Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������1
Problem-Solving���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1
About This Book����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
v
Table of Contents
Chapter 4: Math����������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
Adding, Subtracting, etc.�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
More Complex Math��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19
Random Numbers�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22
vi
Table of Contents
Chapter 7: Methods����������������������������������������������������������������������������41
Call Me����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41
Non-Java�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42
Break It Down�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
Return to Sender�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43
Static�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44
Varargs����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45
Main Method�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45
Exercises�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46
Chapter 8: Inheritance������������������������������������������������������������������������47
Objectify��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48
JavaScript������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49
Parenting 101������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49
JavaScript������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51
Packages������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52
Public Parts���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
JavaScript������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
Interfaces������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54
Abstract Class�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55
Enums�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56
Annotations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57
Autoboxing����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58
Autoboxing�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58
Unboxing��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
Renaming a Function�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������88
Wrapping a Function in Another Function and Calling It�������������������������������88
Inline a Function Wherever It Is Called����������������������������������������������������������89
Extract Common Code into a Function (the Opposite of the Previous)����������89
ix
Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
xi
Table of Contents
Appendix A: Java/Groovy������������������������������������������������������������������173
No Java Analog�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������174
Appendix B: Java/Scala��������������������������������������������������������������������175
No Java Analog�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������176
Null, Nil, etc.������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������176
Appendix C: Java/JavaScript������������������������������������������������������������177
No Java Analog�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������178
Appendix D: Resources���������������������������������������������������������������������179
xii
Table of Contents
Appendix F: Java������������������������������������������������������������������������������185
Afterword������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������187
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������189
xiii
About the Author
Adam L. Davis makes software. He’s spent
many years developing in Java (since Java 1.2)
and has enjoyed using Spring and Hibernate
for more than a decade. Since 2006 he’s
been using Groovy, Grails, HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript, in addition to Java, to create SaaS
web applications that help track finances for
large institutions (among other things).
Adam has a master’s and a bachelor’s
degree in Computer Science from Georgia
Tech. He is also the author of Reactive Streams in Java (Apress, 2019) and
Learning Groovy 3, Second Edition (Apress, 2019). You can check out his
web site at https://github.adamldavis.com/.
xv
About the Technical Reviewer
Manuel Jordan Elera is an autodidactic
developer and researcher who enjoys learning
new technologies for his own experiments and
creating new integrations. Manuel won the
Springy Award—Community Champion and
Spring Champion 2013. In his little free time,
he reads the Bible and composes music on his
guitar. Manuel is known as dr_pompeii. He
has tech-reviewed numerous books for Apress,
including Pro Spring Boot 2 (2019), Rapid
Java Persistence and Microservices (2019), Java Language Features (2018),
Spring Boot 2 Recipes (2018), and Java APIs, Extensions and Libraries
(2018). Read his 13 detailed tutorials about many Spring technologies,
contact him through his blog at www.manueljordanelera.blogspot.com,
and follow him on his Twitter account, @dr_pompeii.
xvii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
In my experience, learning how to program (in typical computer science
classes) can be very difficult. The curriculum tends to be boring, abstract,
and unattached to “real-world” coding. Owing to how fast technology
progresses, computer science classes tend to teach material that is very
quickly out of date and out of touch. I believe that teaching programming
could be much simpler, and I hope this book achieves that goal.
P
roblem-Solving
Before you learn to program, the task can seem rather daunting, much like
looking at a mountain before you climb it. However, over time, you will
realize that programming is really about problem-solving.
On your journey toward learning to code, as with so much in life, you
will encounter many obstacles. You may have heard it before, but it really is
true: the path to success is to try, try, and try again. People who persevere
the most tend to be the most successful people.
Programming is fraught with trial and error. Although things will get
easier over time, you’ll never be right all the time. So, much as with most
things in life, you must be patient, diligent, and curious to be successful.
Info Text styled this way usually refers the curious reader to
additional information.
2
CHAPTER 2
Software to Install
Before you begin to program, you must install some basic tools.
J ava/Groovy
For Java and Groovy, you will have to install the following:
1
https://adoptopenjdk.net/installation.html
© Adam L. Davis 2020 3
A. L. Davis, Modern Programming Made Easy,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5569-8_2
Chapter 2 Software to Install
Trying It Out
After installing Groovy, you should use it to try coding. Open a command
prompt (or terminal), type groovyConsole, and hit Enter to begin.
Because most Java code is valid Groovy code, you should keep the
Groovy console open and use it to try out all of the examples from this
book.
You can also easily try out JavaScript in the following way:
2
h ttps://netbeans.apache.org/download/index.html
3
https://groovy.apache.org/download.html
4
Chapter 2 Software to Install
O
thers
Once you have the preceding installed, you should eventually install the
following:
• Scala4: An object-oriented language built on the JVM
• Git5: A version control program
C
ode on GitHub
A lot of the code from this book is available on github.com/modernprog.7
You can go there at any time to follow along with the book.
4
w ww.scala-lang.org/
5
https://git-scm.com/
6
https://maven.apache.org/
7
https://github.com/modernprog
5
CHAPTER 3
The Basics
In this chapter, we’ll cover the basic syntax of Java and similar languages.
C
oding Terms
Source file refers to human-readable code. Binary file refers to computer-
readable code (the compiled code). In Java, this binary code is called
bytecode which is read by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
In Java, the source files end with .java, and binary files end with
.class (also called class files). You compile source files using a compiler,
which gives you binary files or bytecode.
In Java, the compiler is called javac; in Groovy it is groovyc; and it is
scalac in Scala (see a trend here?). All three of these languages can be
compiled to bytecode and run on the JVM. The bytecode is a common
format regardless of which programming language it was generated from.
However, some languages, such as JavaScript, don’t have to be
compiled. These are called interpreted languages. JavaScript can run in
your browser (such as Firefox or Google Chrome), or it can run on a server
using Node.js, a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome’s V8 JavaScript engine.
1
bit is the smallest possible amount of information. It corresponds to a 1 or 0.
A
2
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.
html
8
Chapter 3 The Basics
Groovy types are much the same as Java’s. In Scala, everything is an object,
so primitives don’t exist. However, they are replaced with corresponding value
types (Int, Long, etc.). JavaScript has only one type of number, Number,
which is similar to Java’s float.
Strings/Declarations
A String is a list of characters (text). It is a very useful built-in class in Java
(and most languages). To define a string, you simply surround some text in
quotes. For example:
9
Chapter 3 The Basics
In Java, you must put the type of the variable in the declaration. That’s
why the first word here is String.
In Groovy and JavaScript, strings can also be surrounded by single
quotes ('hello'). Also, declaring variables is different in each language.
Groovy allows you to use the keyword def, while JavaScript and Scala use
var. Java 10 also introduced using var to define local variables. For example:
Statements
Almost every statement in Java must end in a semicolon (;). In many
other languages, such as Scala, Groovy, and JavaScript, the semicolon is
optional, but in Java, it is necessary. Much as how periods at the end of
each sentence help you to understand the written word, the semicolon
helps the compiler understand the code.
By convention, we usually put each statement on its own line, but this
is not required, as long as semicolons are used to separate each statement.
Assignment
Assignment is an extremely important concept to understand, but it can
be difficult for beginners. However, once you understand it, you will forget
how hard it was to learn.
Let’s start with a metaphor. Imagine you want to hide something
valuable, such as a gold coin. You put it in a safe place and write the
address on a piece of paper. This paper is like a reference to the gold. You
can pass it around and even make copies of it, but the gold remains in the
same place and does not get copied. On the other hand, anyone with the
reference to the gold can get to it. This is how a reference variable works.
10
Chapter 3 The Basics
After running the preceding code, gold and a refer to the string "Au",
while b refers to "Br".
1 package com.example.mpme;
2 public class SmallClass {
3 }
11
Chapter 3 The Basics
Create a Class
1 package com.example.mpme;
2 public class SmallClass {
3 String name; //field
4 String getName() {return name;} //getter
5 void print() {System.out.println(name);} //method
6 }
12
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notre Coeur;
or, A Woman's Pastime: A Novel
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Language: English
By
GUY DE MAUPASSANT
SAINT DUNSTAN SOCIETY
AKRON, OHIO
1903
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
THE INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II.
"WILL YOU WALK INTO MY PARLOR?"
CHAPTER III.
THE THORNS OF THE ROSE
CHAPTER IV.
THE BENEFIT OF CHANGE OF SCENE
CHAPTER V.
CONSPIRACY
CHAPTER VI.
QUESTIONINGS
CHAPTER VII.
DEPRESSION
CHAPTER VIII.
NEW HOPES
CHAPTER IX.
DISILLUSION
CHAPTER X.
FLIGHT
CHAPTER XI.
LONELINESS
CHAPTER XII.
CONSOLATION
CHAPTER XIII.
MARIOLLE COPIES MME. DE BURNE
ADDENDA
ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
"I find in the book, in almost equal strength, the three cardinal
qualities essential to great work, viz: moral purpose, perfect
style, and absolute sincerity.... Maupassant is a man whose vision
has penetrated the silent depths of human life, and from that
vantage-ground interprets the struggle of humanity."
"Bel-Ami" appeared almost two years after "Une Vie," that is to say,
about 1885. Discussed and criticised as it has been, it is in reality a
satire, an indignant outburst against the corruption of society which
in the story enables an ex-soldier, devoid of conscience, honor, even
of the commonest regard for others, to gain wealth and rank. The
purport of the story is clear to those who recognize the ideas that
governed Maupassant's work, and even the hasty reader or critic, on
reading "Mont Oriol," which was published two years later and is
based on a combination of the motifs which inspired "Une Vie" and
"Bel-Ami," will reconsider former hasty judgments, and feel, too, that
beneath the triumph of evil which calls forth Maupassant's satiric
anger there lies the substratum on which all his work is founded, viz:
the persistent, ceaseless questioning of a soul unable to reconcile or
explain the contradiction between love in life and inevitable death.
Who can read in "Bel-Ami" the terribly graphic description of the
consumptive journalist's demise, his frantic clinging to life, and his
refusal to credit the slow and merciless approach of death, without
feeling that the question asked at Naishapur many centuries ago is
still waiting for the solution that is always promised but never comes?
In the romances which followed, dating from 1888 to 1890, a sort of
calm despair seems to have settled down upon De Maupassant's
attitude toward life. Psychologically acute as ever, and as perfect in
style and sincerity as before, we miss the note of anger. Fatality is the
keynote, and yet, sounding low, we detect a genuine subtone of
sorrow. Was it a prescience of 1893? So much work to be done, so
much work demanded of him, the world of Paris, in all its brilliant and
attractive phases, at his feet, and yet—inevitable, ever advancing
death, with the question of life still unanswered.
This may account for some of the strained situations we find in his
later romances. Vigorous in frame and hearty as he was, the
atmosphere of his mental processes must have been vitiated to
produce the dainty but dangerous pessimism that pervades some of
his later work. This was partly a consequence of his honesty and
partly of mental despair. He never accepted other people's views on
the questions of life. He looked into such problems for himself,
arriving at the truth, as it appeared to him, by the logic of events,
often finding evil where he wished to find good, but never
hoodwinking himself or his readers by adapting or distorting the
reality of things to suit a preconceived idea.
Maupassant was essentially a worshiper of the eternal feminine. He
was persuaded that without the continual presence of the gentler sex
man's existence would be an emotionally silent wilderness. No other
French writer has described and analyzed so minutely and
comprehensively the many and various motives and moods that
shape the conduct of a woman in life. Take for instance the
wonderfully subtle analysis of a woman's heart as wife and mother
that we find in "Une Vie." Could aught be more delicately incisive?
Sometimes in describing the apparently inexplicable conduct of a
certain woman he leads his readers to a point where a false step
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