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Core Java

The document outlines key improvements in Java 21 and Spring Boot 3.x, highlighting features like Virtual Threads and Jakarta EE 10 migration that enhance performance and efficiency. It also compares Apache Pulsar and Kafka for event-driven architectures, emphasizing Pulsar's advantages in multi-tenancy and geo-replication. Additionally, it provides best practices for CI/CD pipelines and approaches for analyzing complex business problems in software development.

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2 views4 pages

Core Java

The document outlines key improvements in Java 21 and Spring Boot 3.x, highlighting features like Virtual Threads and Jakarta EE 10 migration that enhance performance and efficiency. It also compares Apache Pulsar and Kafka for event-driven architectures, emphasizing Pulsar's advantages in multi-tenancy and geo-replication. Additionally, it provides best practices for CI/CD pipelines and approaches for analyzing complex business problems in software development.

Uploaded by

H ala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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🚀 Core Java & Spring Boot 3.

x
Q1: What are the key improvements in Java 21 compared to previous versions?

✅ Answer:
Java 21 introduces several long-term support (LTS) features, including:

 Virtual Threads (Project Loom) → Reduces thread management overhead, improving


concurrency.
 Pattern Matching for Switch (JEP 440 & 441) → Enables concise and expressive code.
 Record Patterns (JEP 440) → Simplifies data handling and deconstruction.
 Sequenced Collections (JEP 431) → Ensures predictable iteration order across
collection types.
 Scoped Values (JEP 446) → Provides a more efficient alternative to ThreadLocal.

👉 These features help in writing more performant, readable, and concurrent applications.

Q2: What are the main changes in Spring Boot 3.x compared to 2.x?

✅ Answer:

 Java 17+ is required → Uses new Java features like records and virtual threads.
 Jakarta EE 10 migration → Moves from javax.* to jakarta.* package namespace.
 GraalVM native image support → Enables faster startup time and lower memory
footprint.
 Enhanced observability → Built-in support for Micrometer and OpenTelemetry.
 New AOT processing → Improves performance by pre-compiling certain aspects of
applications.

👉 These updates make Spring Boot faster, more memory-efficient, and optimized for cloud-
native applications.

📡 Asynchronous Communication & Apache Pulsar


Q3: How does Apache Pulsar differ from Kafka for event-driven architectures?

✅ Answer:
Feature Apache Pulsar Kafka
Multi-tenancy Native support Requires separate clusters
Geo-replication Built-in Requires additional setup
Message storage Tiered storage (cheaper for long-term) Log-based storage
Scalability Decouples compute & storage Tight coupling
Topic partitioning Dynamically assigned Static at topic creation

👉 Apache Pulsar is a better fit for multi-region, cloud-native, and large-scale streaming
applications.

Q4: What is AsyncAPI, and why is it important?

✅ Answer:
AsyncAPI is an open-source standard for documenting and defining asynchronous APIs,
similar to OpenAPI for REST APIs.

Benefits:

 Standardizes event-driven communication.


 Improves API documentation for messaging-based systems (Pulsar, Kafka, RabbitMQ).
 Enables code generation for producers & consumers.

👉 Helps teams maintain consistency and interoperability in microservices communication.

⚙️ CI/CD & Deployment Strategies


Q5: What are best practices for designing an efficient CI/CD pipeline?

✅ Answer:

 Multi-stage builds → Optimize Docker images to reduce size.


 Automated testing (Unit + Integration + Performance) → Use JUnit, Mockito,
Testcontainers.
 Feature flags → Enable Canary Deployments without redeploying.
 GitOps & Infrastructure as Code (IaC) → Use ArgoCD, Terraform.
 Rollback strategies → Implement blue-green or canary deployments.
 Observability → Integrate Prometheus, Grafana, OpenTelemetry for monitoring.

👉 Ensures fast, reliable, and scalable deployments.


📊 Technical & Functional Analysis
Q6: How do you approach analyzing a complex business problem in software
development?

✅ Answer:

1. Understand the business needs → Work closely with stakeholders to define


requirements.
2. Identify constraints → Scalability, security, and performance considerations.
3. Evaluate possible architectures → Monolithic vs Microservices, Synchronous vs
Asynchronous.
4. Design domain models → Use DDD (Domain-Driven Design) principles.
5. Create PoCs (Proof of Concepts) → Validate solutions before full implementation.
6. Document & communicate findings → Ensure alignment across teams.

👉 Helps deliver scalable, maintainable, and business-aligned solutions.

️ Bonus: Additional Java & Spring Boot 3.x Questions


Q7: How would you migrate an existing Spring Boot 2.x application to 3.x?

✅ Answer:

1. Upgrade Java version to 17 or 21.


2. Update dependencies (spring-boot-starter-parent to 3.x).
3. Migrate javax.* to jakarta.*.
4. Refactor deprecated APIs (e.g., Hibernate, Jackson).
5. Test application performance & behavior with load tests.

Q8: How do you handle transactional integrity in an asynchronous event-driven


system?

✅ Answer:

 Transactional Outbox Pattern → Ensures message reliability by storing events in a DB


table before publishing.
 SAGA Pattern → Manages distributed transactions across multiple microservices.
 Eventual Consistency → Uses retries and compensating transactions.

👉 Prevents data loss and ensures integrity across services.

Final Thoughts

This Q&A guide covers the core aspects of this Senior Java Developer role, including:
✅ Java 21 & Spring Boot 3.x
✅ Asynchronous messaging & Apache Pulsar
✅ CI/CD and deployment strategies
✅ Technical & functional analysis

Would you like additional mock interview questions or coding challenges? 🚀

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