SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY

PROBLEM SET – I
Session : 2024-25(Even Sem.) Semester : VI
Course : BCA/B.Sc IT Subject Code :UCS6501SE3
Branch :AI/DS/Normal Subject Name :Image Processing

Group : All Name of Faculty : Mr. Sanjay Kumar

Members Sonkar
Mr. Abhinav Singh
Unit :I Topic Covered :All

1. What do you mean by image processing? Discuss some of its major application.
Ans- Image processing refers to the method of performing operations on an image to enhance it or
extract useful information. It involves techniques to manipulate images in order to improve their
quality or to analyze features and patterns.
Major Applications of Image Processing (Short Answer):
1. Medical Imaging – Used in MRI, CT scans, and X-rays to enhance and analyze images for
diagnosis.
2. Face Recognition – Helps in identifying or verifying a person using facial features.
3. Object Detection – Used in surveillance, robotics, and self-driving cars to detect and classify
objects.
4. Image Restoration – Removes noise or improves image quality in old or damaged photos.
5. Remote Sensing – Analyzes satellite images for weather forecasting, agriculture, and
environmental monitoring.

2. Explain the Component of an image processing system.

Ans- Components of an Image Processing Image Acquisition –
Captures the image using devices like cameras or scanners.
1. Image Preprocessing – Enhances image quality by removing noise or adjusting contrast.
2. Image Segmentation – Divides the image into regions or objects for analysis.
3. Image Representation & Description – Converts processed images into data for feature
extraction.
4. Image Recognition – Identifies objects or patterns within the image.
5. Image Interpretation – Makes decisions based on the recognized objects or patterns.
6. Output/Display – Displays the final image or result to the user.

3. What do you mean by Digital Image representation? Also explain the elements of
Visual perception.

Ans- It refers to representing an image in a digital form using a matrix of pixels. Each pixel has a
specific value indicating its intensity (for grayscale) or color (for colored images), allowing
computers to store, process, and display the image.
Elements of Visual Perception (Short Answer):
1. Brightness – Perceived intensity of light from an image.
2. Contrast – Difference in brightness between objects and background.
3. Resolution – Level of detail an image holds; higher resolution means more clarity.
4. Color – Visual perception based on light wavelengths; involves hue, saturation, and intensity.
5. Edges – Boundaries between objects; crucial for recognizing shapes and patterns.

4. An Image is 2400pixcel wide and 2400pixcel high. The image was scanned at 300 dpi.
What is the physical size of the image?

Ans-

6. In Digital Image Processing define Image Sampling and Quantization in details?

1. Ans-Image-Sampling:
Sampling is the process of converting a continuous image into a digital image by measuring
its intensity at regular intervals (pixels). It determines the spatial resolution of the image. More
samples mean better detail.
2. Image-Quantization:
Quantization is the process of assigning a finite number of intensity or color levels to each
sampled pixel. It determines how accurately the pixel values represent the image. Higher
quantization levels result in smoother and more detailed images.
In short:
• Sampling affects the image size and detail.
• Quantization affects the image quality and color depth.

7. Explain types of sampling in Image Processing?

1. Ans-Uniform-Sampling:
Pixels are sampled at regular, evenly spaced intervals. It is the most common and simple
method.
2. Non-uniform-Sampling:
 Pixels are sampled at varying intervals, often used in areas where detail is more important.
3. Random-Sampling:
Pixels are selected randomly, useful in specific applications like compressed sensing.
4. Adaptive-Sampling:
Sampling rate changes based on image content — more sampling in detailed regions, less in
uniform areas.
These methods affect image quality, resolution, and processing efficiency.

7. Define Image formation model in details?

Ans- The Image Formation Model explains how a real-world scene is captured and converted into a digital
image by an imaging system (like a camera or scanner).
Key Components:
1. Scene-Illumination:
Light falls on the objects in the scene, and the reflected light carries information about the object's color and
texture.
2. Reflectance-of-Objects:
The surface properties of objects determine how much light is reflected back. This reflected light forms the
basis of the image.
3. Imaging-System-(Optics):
The reflected light enters the camera lens, which focuses it onto a sensor. This step models how the scene is
projected.
Conclusion:
The image formation model helps understand how physical scenes are transformed into digital images, guiding
tasks like enhancement, restoration, and recognition.

Define Image Processing.

Ans - Image processing is the technique of performing operations on an image to enhance it or extract useful
information. It involves converting images into digital form and applying algorithms to improve quality,
analyze content, or prepare images for further tasks like recognition or compression.

List any three basic applications of image processing.

• Ans- Medical Imaging – Enhancing MRI or CT scans for accurate diagnosis.

• Face Recognition – Identifying individuals in security and authentication systems.
• Object Detection – Detecting and tracking objects in videos or real-time systems.

Explain the term Pixel and how it relates to image resolution.

Ans- A pixel (short for "picture element") is the smallest unit of a digital image that holds color or intensity
information.
Image resolution refers to the total number of pixels in an image. Higher resolution means more pixels, which
results in greater image detail and clarity.
In short:
More pixels = Higher resolution = Sharper image.
 3. Define the term Spatial Domain in image processing.

Ans- In image processing, the spatial domain refers to the image plane itself, where image operations are
performed directly on the pixels’ intensity values. Techniques like filtering and enhancement applied by
manipulating pixel values happen in the spatial domain.

4. Describe Contrast Stretching in image enhancement. Provide an example

Ans- Contrast stretching is an image enhancement technique that improves the contrast of an image by
expanding the range of intensity values. It maps the original pixel values to a wider range, making dark areas
darker and bright areas brighter.
Example:
If an image’s pixel values range from 50 to 180, contrast stretching can scale them to cover the full 0 to 255
range, enhancing visibility of details.

4. What is the purpose of Histogram Equalization in image enhancement?

Ans- Histogram equalization improves image contrast by redistributing the intensity values so that they
spread more evenly across the full range. This makes details in both dark and bright areas more visible,
enhancing overall image quality.

5. Comparison between linear and non-linear filters in spatial domain processing.

7 Describe the process of sampling in image processing.

Ans- Sampling is the process of converting a continuous image into a discrete digital image by measuring the
intensity values at regular intervals (pixels). It determines the spatial resolution by deciding how many pixels
represent the image, affecting the level of detail captured.

8. What is the role of an image acquisition device in the image processing pipeline?
 Ans- An image acquisition device (like a camera or scanner) captures the real-world scene and converts it into
a digital image by sampling and quantizing light intensity. It is the first step in the image processing pipeline,
providing the raw input data for further processing.

9. What is image compression, and why is it important in image processing systems?

Ans- Image compression reduces the size of an image file by removing redundant or unnecessary data. It is
important because it saves storage space, speeds up transmission, and improves efficiency in image
processing systems.

10. What are some common image representations used in image processing?

• Ans- Binary Image: Pixels are either 0 or 1 (black and white).

• Grayscale Image: Pixels represent intensity levels, usually 0–255.
• Colour Image: Pixels contain colour information, often in RGB format.
• Indexed Image: Uses a colour map (palette) with pixel values referring to colours.

Ans –
10- Discuss Histogram of an image. What does it represent in image processing?
Ans- Histogram of an Image in Image Processing
A histogram of an image is a graphical representation that shows the distribution of pixel intensity (brightness)
values in the image.

What is an Image Histogram?

• In grayscale images, pixel values range from 0 (black) to 255 (white).
• The histogram plots:
o X-axis: Intensity values (0 to 255)
o Y-axis: Number of pixels in the image that have each intensity value

What Does It Represent?

The histogram provides insights into:
1. Brightness:
o Histogram skewed to the right → image is bright.
o Skewed to the left → image is dark.
2. Contrast:
o Narrow range of pixel values → low contrast.
o Wide spread of values → high contrast.
3. Dynamic Range:
o Shows how much of the available intensity range is being used.
4. Image Type:
o Bimodal histogram may indicate a thresholding opportunity (e.g., separating foreground from
background).
5. Equalization Possibility:
o If an image's histogram is not uniform, histogram equalization can enhance its contrast.

Types of Histograms:
• Grayscale Histogram: Single channel, shows distribution of brightness.
• Color Histogram: Separate histogram for each color channel (Red, Green, Blue).

Applications in Image Processing:

• Image Enhancement (e.g., Histogram Equalization)
• Thresholding and Segmentation
• Contrast Adjustment
• Object Recognition and Analysis
• Exposure Correction

11- Illustrate Noise in an image. List different types of noise commonly found in digital images.

Ans- Noise in an image refers to unwanted random variations in brightness or color information, often caused by
sensor errors, transmission interference, or environmental conditions. It degrades image quality and may obscure
important details.

Common Types of Noise in Digital Images:

1. Gaussian Noise
o Caused by electronic circuit noise
o Follows a normal distribution
2. Salt-and-Pepper Noise
o Appears as random black and white pixels
o Caused by faulty sensors or transmission errors
3. Poisson Noise (Shot Noise)
 o Due to statistical nature of photon detection
o Common in low-light photography
4. Speckle Noise
o Multiplicative noise seen in radar or medical images
o Grainy appearance
5. Quantization Noise
o Caused during image digitization
o Due to rounding errors in pixel values

12- Explain the concept of image restoration. How does it differ from image enhancement?

Ans- Concept of Image Restoration

Image restoration is the process of recovering an original, clean image from a degraded or noisy version by
modeling and reversing the degradation. The goal is to reconstruct the image as accurately as possible based on
known or estimated degradation causes (e.g., motion blur, noise, camera misfocus).

How It Works:
• Uses mathematical and statistical models
• Requires a degradation model (e.g., blur kernel, noise model)
• Applies techniques like inverse filtering, Wiener filtering, and regularization methods

13-

Ans- Let's perform Histogram Equalization step by step for the given grayscale image.