FUNCTIONS “The concept of function isa fundamental technique in almost allbranches of Mathematics. In fact they are the major tool to describe the real world in mathematical notions. As a matter of fact, functions are some special kind of relations. Arelation R from a set A toa set B is said to bea function if ‘every element of A has a unique relation in B. Thus under a function from A to B, each element of Ais associated to one and only one element in B. —_——_—____ 1.1 Functions ee Before we talk about function let us see some real life examples In everyday life, many quantities depend on one or more changing variables. For example: (2) Plant growth depends on sunlight and rainfall (0) Speed depends on distance travelled and time taken (©) Voltage depends on current and resistance (6) Test marks depend on attitude, listening in lectures and doing tutorials (among many other variables !) Informally a function isa rule that relates how one quanti depends on other quantities, a Let A and B be two non-empty sets and let there exist a rule ‘or manner or correspondence’ f’ which associates to each element of A, a unique element in B. Then f is called a function or mapping from A to B. It is denoted by the symbol re which reads‘ f” is a function from A to B’ or ‘f maps A to B, If an element a € A is associated with an element b < B then bis called ‘the f image of a’ or ‘image of aunder f” or ‘the value of the function f at a’ denoted by f(a). Also a is called the pre-image of b or argument of b under the function f. We wate it as b = f (a) orf: ab orf: (a,b) Function as a set of Ordered Pairs A function f : A + B can be expressed as a set of ordered pairs in which each ordered pair is such that its first element ‘belongs to A and second element is the corresponding element of B As such, a function f: A> B can be considered as a set of, ‘ordered pairs (a, fla) ) where a € A and f (a) € B which is the image of a. Hence f is a subset of A x B. ‘Asa particular type of relation, we can define a function as follows : relation R from a non -emply set A to a non-empty set Bis called a function ifDifferential Calculus (i) each element of A is associated with some element of B, (ii) each element of Ahas unique image in B, Thus a function ‘f” from a set A toa set B isa subset of A X Binwhich each 'a' belonging to A appears in one ~nd only one ordered pair belonging to f. Hence a function f is a relation from A to B satisfying the following properties Every function from A > B satisfies the following conditions, AXB (fe (ii) ¥ ac AS (a, f(a) ef and s bec (ii) (a, by ef & (aches Thus the ordered pairs of f must satisfy the property that ‘each element of A appears in some ordered pair and no two ordered pairs have same first element. Eg: Let A = {2, 4, 6,8} and B = {,t, u,v, w} be two sets and let f, {, f, and f, be rules associating elements of A to ‘elements of B as shown in the following figures. {) the relations f, is not a function from set A to set B,since there is an element 6 A which is not associated to any element of B {ithe relations, and f, are the functions from A to B, because under, and f, each elements in A is associated to a unique element in B. ii) is not a function from A to B because an element 8 cA 1. Find whether the relation 27 +7 = 1 is a mapping or ~~ »— Solved Exam| is associated to two elements u and w in B. Not : Every function is a relation but e necessarily a function. Graphical Test Ifthe graph of a relation contains no two points on the: vertical line i.e., no two ordinates correspond to the abscissa, then that relation is a function. Thus a relation is a function, if no line parallel to the ye cuts the graph more than once. Observe the following graphs of functions : y-axis . ¥ Se fig-5 co fig 1, 2, 3, 4 are functions and fig. 5, 6 are relation. = apie f cots odFunctions b eas 288, Given relation can be writen as y= 5 va" x not a function. Alto for x= ,y= #53 Here straight lines drawn parallel to y-axis meets the iwertmanes curve at more than one point, Thus, given relation is Representation of Function Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Let f be function from A to B. If variables x and y represent the elements of A and B respectively, then x and y are respectively called the independent variable and the dependent variable of the function f. This is so because each y-value depends on the corresponding x-value and we then write y = f(x). The function itself is most often called f, and the notation ix)(Allexis Claude Clairaut (in approximately 1734) and Euler introduced the familiar notation " f(x) ") indicates that a function named f has an input named x and an output named v. E.g. f(x) = 2x+1, implies f(3) = 7; when a name for the function is not needed, the form y = 2x + 1 may be used. Domain, Co-Domain & Range of a Function Let f: AB bea function, then (The set Ais called the domain of f (i) The setB is called co~domain of f. (ii) The set of all f images of elements of A is called the range of f denoted by (A). ‘Thus Domain of f = {a | a R defined by f(x) greatest integer function, where [x] or [ or greatest integer less than or equal to x. A i.e. f(x) =n, where nSx0yetel (4 [xf For example, (4.9) = 5, (-6.2)=-6, (5) = 5, (0.75)=1 ete For x> 0, y= y (+ [x] =x) The function f:R > R defined by f(x) =(x) for all x € R is 1 ted called the smallest integer function or the ceiling function. Its Gthate domain is Rand range is lis set of integers. ‘Therefore ,san(x)=)0 f= 1 ,ifx>0 * v= tx) 3 Sol. {(1-») ye dey "eek cache: Sol. rey ersser] f(x) H0.-») = ot ae 1 x-1 fly) +1 IF f(x) =2— then show that f(2x) = one 8. x) = 2 then show that x) = AS -((2) (2) 2x-1 Sol. f(2x)= () 2xa1 4 1) (2 z) ( z) at(2)+e(2)+..48{1-5 ff 1 7 (22-2 Now th) = 253 >t aktt x i) x 1 1 2 a =[e(2)+e(a-2 2) .(1-2 ne [@) it oil at ah Se (ii -~ Put the value of x from equation (ti) in equation (i) ES. 1. If (x) = sin (log x), then flay) +4{ Z ]- 2f0x)eos(log y) equals. No. Bf) C11 DVI) vole of HN3)= ' ff 5. If £9 (x) —3f2 (x) + 3f(x) - 1 = x, then the value of A f(x) -fix?) 0) is 2. If) = Te[ioay eal 1 1 : = : 1, th ae 8 ot p-2 6. If f(x) = log ( ). Wi ae en 3. Let f(x) = 5r;g show that f(x) + f(1 -x) = 1. Hence evaluate the sum 1 1 aa} 1) sf a... SO 7. iGo) ess) a roe = LA Zc 3.9975 4.9 Solutions Are On Page No. 1.67 Soe asmmem,_______—________—— y 6Functions: 1.4 Domain of a Function Domain i largest set of real numbers for which (x) Bi real umber. In other words if relation between indepenclent ivnable and dependent relation is aiven then the domain of the function i the set of those real numbers, where function is defined or meaningful. For instance: the function f(x) x is defined for all real values of x except at X = O.ie domain oft) BR {0}, Consider another example f(x) = y=1.We iknow that square root is real only for non-negative real ‘numbers. Ths fis defined when x=1 > 0 => > 1: Therefore {domain of fis (1, ) »— Note —s 1, For convenience, domain of f is denoted by dom for D,. 2. When we find domain of a function sometimes we ‘see that the values of x for which f(x) is not defined,and those values are removed from set of real numbers R. Domain of Algebra of Functions If f and g are real valued functions with domain A and B respectively, then both f and g are defined on A.B when AnBeo i) Let ;A-+Rand g:B-R thenf +g, f—g and fg aredefined on ANB es (f4g)b)=f(x) £9(x) and (a)ix)= foxdat. i) Let ¢4 sR bea function and k be a constant then from the above definition (f + k)(x) = flx)+k and (kf) (x) = fix) forall x A. The function (-I}fis denoted by. ii) Let f:A+R,g:BR, and f C={xeAnB]alx)#0} then defined on C as (4) ye 2 Ale L(g) 2A 2 (Se go) ral xc, =—Note —« | =n Be oe fret) tal eae hv) Let {:A-+R and neN then [i], are defined on A a {fl0e)= [foo] and f(x) =(fbd))" for all xe A. = {xe A f(x) 20) then yf defined wy Let ARC con Cas Jtla) = fff) for all x°C- Note —s | (1) 0) = fle flebfle) Gome More Tips to Find Domain of Algebra of Functions ‘Assume f, gare defined on some interval I< R ‘The domain of (fhe) = {x:fbd20} 01 1 i) Figs = {x f()>0} oT (ai) /ffbo] ist 1 4) Fo =e Hod e0} 01 (&) — ffea=TiooT = {x :flx)2 0} OL 1 (FARA snot defined for any x. (vi) logy,(x) is defined for x eI and satisying six)>0 and g(x)>0and g(x) #1 (ul) logy fs) | is defined for x e | and satisfying f(x) =O. (00) log) g4\f(x) is defined for x < | and satisfying f{x)>0, g(x) #0, 1, =1 BS 69 TGpTHpr 1 defined for x €1 and f(x) ¢ 101 (x) ffogyaf) is defined for x el and satisfying 01 (i) sin- f(x), cosHf(x) are defined when ~1 < f(x) <1 Madti Nod (xii) sin" JfGe),cos™ YffR) are defined when 0 f(x) <1. (viv) tan" (x), cot"! f(x) are'defined forall f(x) =. fm 17)10, Sol. rr Sol. Sol. 13. Sol. MA = {a, b,c), B={p, q, 1) are subsets of R, p < 0, ¥<0,q5 and = {(ap)(b,a).(6.)}, then find. Jf Given f= {(a,p),(ba),(c.r)} Given p < 0,1 <0,q>0. So, vf={(b, Jal} are real valued functions defined by If and ¢ AB) = 2-1 and gfx) = x? then find i) La) (») i) alls) wo () ti) J iv) (F4+-9+2)(x) Given fix) = 2x-1 and g(x) = x? i) (3F— 29) (x) = 3 flx) = 2 glx) = 3 (2x-1) - 262) 2x2 + 6x -3 fi) Ga)lx) = fix). ghx)= (2x1). x? = 23-2? iv) (F+9+2)(x) = fx) +(%)+2 =2x-14 242242415 (412 a(x) = V(3—x) (+1). Find f + g, f - and = gf.gand > sin”*x is defined for -1 0 : " | we-fare (eel a Noa2 («+3)(x-3)<0 ee 4 Therefore, domain of f(x) is (4. 3 Find the domain of the following real valued funct i) f(x) = Vx? =3x+2 i) f(x) = fx? +xtd 1 1 itifa) £0) = Jef (©) 40) = ep i) f(x) = Vx? -3x+2 exists if x*—3x+220 = (-M(x-2)20 =ex<1 (or) x22 =, Domain of fis (~01]U[2=) ii) Since the function x2 + x + 1 = («+ therefore, domain of f (x) is R. Tifa) We have ix ed Therefore f(x) is defined when x<0 since ~ 2x>0 fo x<0. hence domain of f(x) is (-,0) (b) We have x-fx| = Ae) domain ff) 4 since 2x < 0 forx < 0 F Find the domain of the following real valued 1) thx) = (a) Bi) fix) = logos (x?-+2¢+1)16. 17. EE EE So Functions: nd quare root, fourth i ot etc) shoul not be negative Sol. i) jog is defined when [x] > 1 and ftw) is defined when F_fx]°° ay |x| = 15 Oand jxp-141 ie, [x] > Zand x <-1orx > Land x4£2 Cave 1: ix > Othen f(x) = xe(2) (:bx)229 x22) Fordomain 20-4550 xet0,1) (2) 1 5) jog le=} 8 defined when | x-3 | # 0, ¥ and : x] >0, X41 ate je, x43, 44,2 xe(2) - (3,4) 20 xe(-m,-1)U10, 2) 18 And the dora of(e)= a Rejecting the values of x e{0,«) because they don't exists if For domain satisfy the inequality x < 0. (a We get x e(-s, -1) (3) [3 Taking union of (2) and (3) ae 2>0 bicinnaed Some Case (i) : 4—x* 20 and [x] + 2> =>x*-4<0 and [x] > -2 =xe[-22] and xe[-1.a) ii) log,,,/(%) is defined for values of x at which fix) > O and g(x) > O and g(x) 1 sf scs5.0 and 6 43> 0 andz+3e1 =xe[17] x+1f >0 and x>-3 and xa2 Case (it): 4-x?<0 and [x] +2.<0 ded end n> 3 mbar 2 =3x2-420 and bd <-2 Hence, the domain is (3, ) - {-1,-2} => x¢(-2,-2]U[2«) and x ¢(~x,-2) >xe(—=,-2) ii) (x) ERNE erists if 24x20, 2-x20 3 2. Domain of fis (-2%,-2)U[-12] mee. 19. Find the domain of the function Sx2-2, x52 and x20 : hi Domain of fis {-2, 2]-(0} f() = + int (@) eats Find the domain of the following functions in (cosx) x) tx a it ) oa hel 5) og a 1 i) Fog [x] 8 defined when |x| #1, 0-> x #21, 0 ya Domain = R-{-1,0,1} Sol, Start wth domain of six? (3). is defined when is x= Lif x>0,xe1 e 1 18H undefined if x<0 -1s2sia-Zexst x6 1s“ sla-Fsxs5, but Ty) is undefined + domain = (0, 2) ~ (1) when x is an integenie x = -1, 0, 1, and Find the domain of the following functions where (.] Oued: nena denotes greatest integer function, Nate hata + tal = {4 ifxeZ a Fa wn(1- [tang -[-n§Differential Calculus undefined. 1 EO ea © Thee, dorsi : we(1-[ton5] | ton] i t Domain of f(g(x)) when domain of f(x) is {(g(x)) is set of all values of x satisfying the ine J given asg(x)-1nznetg lu hit x} ) Uf 2nx.2ne+ oUt 6) {= D) [-1.0083)u (cos3,c082) the real values that the function 15. The sum of ti cannot take is 6 4 A)2 B)-3 Os Ds ©) Uns 2n+1)] e function D) None of these 16. Set the values of x for which the 1 at (x)= 2 4 204 + mee f fi)= + Toe mass is 13. The values of f(x) = 3sin| AR B)R-{0h,..C).¢ D) B={} 17. Let f(x) = and g(x) = x, (where x > 0), then A) (glx) =* B) g(f(x))=* ; ) The least value of f(@b0)* ey is2 14. The domain of the function f(x) i=] iswhere (ft) in| cos] 1 [,] indicates greatest integer function D) af(x) + Fawn 2 ie Eee _ oe ome 1.0 (1,2) i) [-2,-V3] 0 V3.2) 2: (0,1) U(2, 3. (C2, 2) Ul6, =) 5x -3n ae ‘3a 5x 4.0) | ae bar eT Oo Cat ee U0, 2): (te) (8-24 0 or a < b symmetric about X= 5. as shown below. In this case f has minimum value a a a<0 b Yom y a dac—b? qa In this case f has minimum value 42°— ither 0, and itis Thus,the range of ax?-+ bx +c (= a) a<0 Tejon To find range of vx~a+Jb=x,xe[a,b],and via=e - Vb=%,x €[a,b] The range of Vira +VO-x,xe[a,b] i [ve=2, yae=ay] Let y= Jima Jbox Pi =x-a4b-14 2 femaybox yizb-as2, [o«-ayo=x) 1 ah) oy? =b-at2/(x-a)(b=x)2b-a : y> Vo~a minimum of y occurs when x = a orb Now using AM-GM inequality,we have 2(x=a)(b=x) sx-a+b-x=b-a ~a+2J(x-a)(b-x) <2(b-a) =y's2(b-a)>ysJ2(b-a) Maximum occurs when x-a = b-x i.e x = ‘Therefore, y? a+b Hence range of yis| ¥b=a, /2(b =a) | b)The range of | Vx-a-Vb-x,xe[a,b] | [We=a.Wo=a]. Let y =Jx=a-Vb=x syt=x-atb-x-2/(x-a)(b-x) Sree cerycery) a) From the above discussion = Vb-asy 0 ae = (bay ~b))®-4 (aya) (eyy=c,) > 0 (bi-4a,e,)¥*-y[ 2b, +4(a\, +0,6)]+ ued frombere onwards we can find range ofy using ruler mt Xt y= 2. 1 there is eo aeEa,_axtebxte a 1 hen range contains |," otherwise range pee el ee el oe doesnot contains »— Solved Examples ——* a range of the function 1 21. Show that the range of x + 8 (-2]U[2~) ‘Sol. Here domain of the function is R = {0}. 2 if x<0 then let fx 20 then x+2e ot —y where y > 0 then 94422 now putting Qoxris-2 x ye get —X+ a x Tre range of X+2 is (-00,-2] (2!) =— Note —= now x+ Se (-», -248]v[208,) = ye(-2.2-2)3]u[2+2V3,2) ao Pe res fs een oo Functions OTE. {fin a function there is only one variable whose range is ‘an be easily found in terms of y, then we use { variable to find the range of the given known, and ¢ the range of that function ee 2x f(x) = tar ( ) Sol. We know that * of <-Borxste2 x a 25, Sh6% that the range of a cot x +B tan xis [2veb.=) where a,beR'and * (04) ‘Sol. Using AM-GM inequality we have seein Jacotxxbtanx = Va = acotx +btanx> 2Vab 26, Rage asec? x + bieosec?x is [(a+b) v=) where a,beR’ and X <(0§ Sol. Since asec? x+ b® cosec? x 2 (1 + cot®x) + b? (1 + tan? x) + b? + atcot?x + b’tan? x > a + b? + 2ab (using AM-GM inequality) = (a+b? 27. Find the range of the following functions. iE] sinx | + | cosx |] 1 1 fi) TSinx] * Joosx! lil) Seine + 4e0sx+2 #1138| Differential Calcul 1 i) \2=x + JI-x ii) Ve= — WW) Faint + sinx cosx cos" x Sul, Hava — Uae ride ii) Herea = 1,b=3, « pears ve Sol.) |sinx|+|cose] is perodic with peroid : x 29, Find the range of f(x) = sites 1 For O 20 (i) fb<2a then vee ia? 8 i me ii) x) = 3 sin x + 4 cos x +2 Herea = 4,b=3,c=2 % 4 ear Range = [e~ Yat+bF, c+ (orb eather A xth =[2-5,2+5]=[-3, 7] eenee - d Wf = Saat coan reo ae a cera os Dae ap iz Pine Osin? x + 2sinxcosx + 2cos*x = 2 ‘Si costa] + sind +Irconae198. The range ofthe following function f() = A) RE BR C) 0,2) D) A.) Sol. (C) {*) Which is true for any ve R=(+1) Range of 1** js R-{-1) we have 0 & {x} . Clearly dom = R a eee vBlrow tn Velicedel eels2 © $4. The mange of the tineees fin) = pox 20 is A)R B) (2) CR D)RZ e x) <2, x20 Sol. f) = gj: *2 fis not defined when 1 + [x] =O 3 kl=-1 > xeF10) but given that x > 0 Let n-1 1, y>2~-2andforx<-1,y<-2-2 velo, 4) u 10, #) = ha) f=[Leu ieslels 35. Find the domain and range of the given function [03] [23] of] »)(03). t= antst + [ONT] -=°( ae i 82, The range of the following function flx) = Sol. walt eee 1 Asti ni sae lionsiae ol. Domain of function is (-1, 1) - {0}. because x [x] = 0 for integral value of x, hence middle term wehave 0 < {x} <1 > 1<1+{x) <2 lon ett sae cited a (x))] = 0, whenever f is meaningful. fot ADD “eval of # (2) sine 24 tame CL VBI. ® a8 Mal ok THO (PR Oe (ae [cat Or when x >0 {{xeeot Differential Calculus ‘wom IT Function is continuous and is even Least value of the function will occur when x > 0 and is £. Here x > 0 means x #0 and x can take any value which is very close to 0. viz x = 0.999999 or x = 0,0000000001 ete As x41 ener ree ffs) = svt 1 + tant 2) = 9 +e = ‘which is maximum value of f(x) (x 7 Range of f(x) is ( 3) 36. Find the range of the function fl) = [x-1]+[x-2] +1 x-81 41 x-91 (-4x+20 xsi “2418 1x52 ae 4 2x8 24x 85x59 and f(x) =4x-20 for x29 least value is 14 which occurs when x ¢ [2, 8] Thus, Range = [14, «) 37. Lot (x) = [9*=3% + 1] where [.] denotes greatest integer function. ‘A) Domain of f = (-™, 1) B) Domain of f = R C) Range of f=Nu {0} D) For x ¢(-», 1), Range of f contains 7 elements, a i |. (B,D) w-[(2-3) +4. «+ fis defined Vx eR For xe (-=,1) = 3 <(0,3) ali =(2-5 Ee 1. The range of the function fix) is +h A)R B)R+ —C)[x)_——D) R-{0} 2. Find the domain & range of the following functions. (Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers ‘and fractional part functions respectively.) 1) y= lon, (V2isinx-cosx) +3) xi -3x42 i) fd =e ii) £00 = FIR ard x-5 3. Find the range of the following functions: f(x) = x? -7x +5 i) A(x) = logp (logy (x? + 4x + 4)) iv) foo) Find the range of the following function f(x) = Find the range of the following funetions i) gant 1 4H) cos{sin® (sinx +cosx)] 1.16 iii) _/sin*|sinx| ~cos*|cosx| iv) {in (cos(sinx)) v) Jivtanx rca x [Range of the function fix) = >¢-aaaaama 41 A\[,@) B)I2,0) —C) [z 2) nial The range of f(x) = 2+ lis 3 3 33 a(t) af) ofa] oa) The number of elements in the range of f(x) = tenlafx'-x)) Train(cosx) (where ix] denotes the greatest function ) The range of the function f(x) = AR B) R-(-1}, C) R-{} an The range of ir? (o(33)) .5 (05) @(o3] (+33) 1 1 is 11, The range of the function of £(x)= sin’! Vx? +x + a) [> 5] 5) [oz] 0 ii ‘| D) [E i) DR; R:(-1, 1); io) D: [-4, o) - (5); R= (0. 11.c 1.6 Equal or Identical Functions Two functions f and_g are said to be equal if i) The domain of f= the domain of g. 5.1) (1, el; ) (x, -1]U[1.~); iti) 0; tw) 0; v) (0, 1) 10.C Solutions Are On Page No. 1.69 1 Exg.{ (x) =~ and. ol) since both are defined on R-{0} and ranges are same E.g. f(x) = 1 and g(x) = x/x are not identical functions , Functions If the domain of the function £(x)=fx}+[x] is [-3,2) then the range of £(x) is (where [x] denotes the areat- est integer less than or equal to x) A) (-1,1) U[2,3) B) [-1,3) ©) (0.4) D) (1, 0)4(2.3) sin nlx? = 1] The range of f(x) == A)R B)E-1d] ©) {0,1} __D) {0} oD 2.) D:xeR R:(0,2); iD: (x/x eR; x#-3; x#2) R: (fic) [ffo) eR, fics) #115 5 Sls) 4 IY ) (iii) (-2,) J s0[dd}ol 6.A7.B 12.C 13.4 14.D e_ ate identical functions, ii) The range of f = the range of g and because domain of f(x) is R where as domain of g(x) is ii) f(%) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common R-{0} domain. Solved Examples ——s 38. Check whether the following functions are identical or (ii) Identical functions. not (iv) Non identical functions. i) f(x) = Inx® 5 g(x) = 2inx 1 osecx ; g(x) = = — ii) f(x) a iii) f(x) = cot(cotx) ; g(x) = x ivi) = clad ivf) = tan x; 9 (x) = v) fix) = In e*; glx) = en * 1 Wf) = see x; a (x) = = (vii) (0) = sin¥(3x - 4x8) ; g(x) = 3sinx vii) (0) = sec + cosee; glx) = F x) fx) = San (x? + 1); g(x) = sin’x + costx (i) Non identical functions. Reason : domain of f(x) is R- {0) where as domain of g (x) is R* (i) identical functions, Reason : domain of f(x) and domain of g (x) are equal ,each is equal to R-{nm:neZ} and Ranges are also equal ,each is equal to R-(-1, 1) and f (x) = g (x). Sol. Reason: Domain of f(x) = R-{(20+1)3:ne2} where as domain of g(x) = R-{(2n+1):nez} -{ne:neZ} ¥v) Non identical functions Reason: Domain of f (x) is R where as domain of g(x) is Re vi) Identical functions. vii) Non identical functions $))-0 and (vill) Non identical funetions Rector: Doral ota Ls 5 oa a ean (1,1). (ix) Identical functions son: Domed SI sais seca hDifferential Calculus eee Check whether the following fu Mdentical or not netions are 1. fhe) = cofRccontx af) = cote = CORN 3. fix) = sectx = tant; atx) = 2 1 a tw ebae "Ey 5. thad=agnicot x); atx) =agnin® - 4x + 5) at tom boar 8" Fee 7. fix) = tanfeot"'x) ; g(x) = cottar's) 8. fy) = Jerod 000 = Ved vel 9. fix) = Jae 80) = VI-x VI 10. f(x) = tanx cots; glx) = sink *cosecx a 21 3.NI 41 91 10.NI Wd I2.N1 171 18.N1 19.1 20.1 1.7 Types of Functions Here we shall write some important real valued functions ‘which are frequently used. Classification of functions is shown below in chart form. 1.18 s Clear 4 Make Concept: 12. 10) atx) = sin 19. fix) = Sx: ote = (RP 14. f(x) = loglx + 2) + loglx - 3) sale) = loots? — x6) 1 = 18. 0) = fq 1060) = Ve# ce 16. {(x) = x|x| : gle) = san x 17, fx) = sin(sin-® x) 5 alx) = cos(cos x) : gadis 4 18. t= ea Z 5 a(x) = {xl} a(x) = cot'x sec*x (gof) (x) where flx)=e%a(x) Coosa 5.1 6.NI 71 NI 13.N.1 W4NI 150 161 2 21.N1 22.N1 a) Polynomial Function Ifa function f defined by f (x) = agx" + a,x" + agx™? + . + a,x + a, where n isa non negative integer and ay ay, ap,» &, are real numbers and ap 0, then fis called a polynomial function of degree n. A polynomial function is always continuous and its domain is R. For example, f(x) = 4x? x + 7, g(x) = polynomial functions where as the function h(x) = Vx +7 isnot a polynomial function. S38 + Fare b) Linear Function A function f: R->R defined by y = f(x) = ax +b, a 40s called a linear function. This is a particular type of polynomial function. For every real value of x, the function uniquely defined. Dif) = R, Also for any keR, a ($a) sk-b+b=k RO= The graph of the function is astraightling.c) Algebraic Function A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and taking roots, started \with polynomials, On the otherhand we can define algebraic function as follows yis said to be an algebraic function of x, itis a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the +P. y()y P(x) =O. wali) form, P(xly"+ Pixly"! +. where n is a positive integer and. P,(x),P,(x) are Polynomials in x. ix| is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the 20 equation E.g.The functions (i)f (x) = J? 41 * 16x? Smad * &=2) x YxeT are all algebraic (iilg (0) functions. d) Rational Function Letp(x) and q(x) be any two polynomials. Let X bea subset of R and not containing zeros of q(x), then a function £ P(x) X+ Redefined by f(x) = (3) iscalled arational function. 4x? x47 x+1 2a Spee eee xed . f(x) ET gx) = 21 are rational functions. Eg. f(x) = = **2 i a rational function which is x’ -4x+3 defined for all eal values of x except 1 and 3 2x! —x? 41 E-g.f(x) = S77 Da tx | xe #2} ) Reciprocal Function <. Domain of the function is R - {0}. For ~s0 0< 0, az, x € R) is called an exponential function with base a. { (x) = at is called an exponential function because the variable x is the exponent. It should not be confused with ower function. g (x) = x? in which variable x is the base. E.g. f (x) = e* domain is R and range is R*. E.g. f(x) = ¢”* domain is R— {0} and rangeis R*~ {1}. ie. (0,1) U(1, 0) Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs. areas shown.SO ene ate neat coon. amen iainaiaal Differential Calculus Domain: R Range :R Nature one-one h) Logarithmic Function fa > 0,2 = 1, then the function y = log, x, xe R'(set of postive teal numbers) i called the logarithmic function with base a. with domain R* — {1}, range nx 1.8 Symmetricity and Reflection of a Curve Odd & Even Functions Even and odd functions are functions which satisfy particular symmetry relations, with respect to taking additive inverse. ‘They are important in many areas of mathematical analysis, especially the theory of power series and Fourier series, They are named for the parity of the powers of the power functions which satisfy each condition. The function f(x) = x" is an ‘even function if n is an even integer, and it is an odd function if nis an odd integer. 39. Which of the given functions is (are) even, odd; and which of them is (are) neither even, nor odd in their respective domains ? 1.20 Let be real valued function of real variable such that fy xe D> -xe D (where D = domain of f) and i) f(x) = f(x) 0-2) =0 for every x € D then fissaidig be an even function i) f(x) =-fCe) or f-x)-H(x)=0 then fis said to bean od function, Geometrically, the graph of an even function is symmetie with respect to the y-axis(i.e. if (x, y) lies on the curve, then ( x, y) also lies on the curve), means that its graph remaing ‘unchanged after reflection about the y-axis See figure, Geometrically, the graph of an edd function has rotational symmetry with respect to the origin((ie. (x, y) lies on the curve, then (-x, -y) also lies on the curve. ), means that its Alleven functions are many one 5. Ifx=0 © domain of f, and f isan odd furetion, then £(0) = O and if, f(0) #0, then f(x) can not be odd, 6, The only function which is defined on the entire line & is even and odd at the same time is f(x) <9, ‘Any non zero constant function is even Exg. f(x) = sin({{<] + [-«]}) isan even funetion where: LJ and {.} be respectively denotes G.1.F. and FPF 7. If fandg both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of them isedd _ymrr then f.g will be odd. i If giseven then fogs always even imespectve office 2" “func fogt-x) 9. If f,iseven,then fof,of...of, (x) is always even 10. {0f,0f,0...0f, (x) is odd if all functions are odd. xs-1 Sol. {(x)= -l « f(x) = Sx which is an odd function, » Dfln}= S60) = Sait 47. Iff (x) = (a-2)x + 3a ~ 4s even or odd, Find Sol, For odd f (-x ) 10, a}. The domain of f(x) can be extended to the [-a, 0} (-%: X€ (0, a] } in two ways: 4) Even extension: The even extension isFunctions Odd extension: The od extension is obtained by defining Lae ‘a new function f(-x) for x € X, such that f(-x) = f(x). fbefining a new function f(-x) for x € X, such ft») = fo) { f00, x€10, al (reeks 90) = 1-9), x ef-2,01 [f-9), x €f-2,0) ats) Solved Examples ——* +2, -Asx -x? +x?, -2sx<0 “then find the even and of f(x) is as follows: The odd extension x2, -4sx<-2 x3 —x?, -2 f(1)=0 . fx) = x sintx — x8 . 5. f(x)= sin x-cos x + x 15, woe i‘ 64 Fw eer 6 stale (ee : ie es £238Differential Calculus % WW Se BR) = foe) + (e-1T 9, 1(x)=h(yaan(a) +1 -s29(%)) junction if 10, Show that fix) is an odd functl fix) = toot’ + V4") Answers 1, odd 2. even 3. odd and even 6. even 7. odd 8. even Solutions Are On Page No. 1.71 oom. _————— 1.9 Periodic Function Inmathematics, a periodic function isa function that repeats, its values in regular intervals or periods. The most important ‘examples are the trigonometric functions, which repeat over intervals of length 2r (for sine and cosine functions). Periodic functions are used throughout science to describe oscillations, ‘waves, and other phenomena that exhibit periodicity Everyday examples are seen when the variable is time; for instance the hands of a clock or the phases of the moon show periodic behaviour. Periodic motion is motion in which the position(s) of the system are expressible as periodic functions, all wth the same period. A function f(x) is said to be periodic function if, there exists positive real number T, and if whenever x is in domain of {0 is x + T and further f(x + T) = f(x), then T is called a period of f(x) .Ifthere exists a least positive constant T with this property, itis often called the period or prime period or fundamental period of the function f. ‘A function that is not periodic is called aperiodic. Forinstance the most popular function sin x is periédic function with fundamental period 27 Infact sin (x + 2x) = sin (x + 4n)= sin (x + 6) = ... = sin x, which means sinx has periods 2n,4n,6n,8n,... among which 27 is the least period, Clearly f(x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 27) = f\x + 3T) =... Therfore sif Tis fundamental period of (x),then nT is also a period of (x), where n is positive integer. ‘Geometrically, a periodic function can be defined as a function 50. Show that the period of f(x)={x) is 1,where {x}denot fractional part of x. ere Sol, Let there exist 2 positive number T such that f(x +T) =f (x) eae 1.24 11. Prove that function where [x] denotes f(x)_+ few) 12, Let Fe) = |i) = gx). ‘A) even when nis even C)even VneN B) odd when nig D) odd ¥neN 4. odd whose graph exhit funtion fis periodic with period T ifthe graph of is under translation in the x-direction by a distance definition of period can be extended to other geomet and patterns, such as periodic tessellations of the} Periods of Some Standard Ful X, €0S x, sec x and cosec x are periodic: the period 2. Because sin(x+2n)=s cos (x +2n) = cos x and other two follow same b) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with the peri Because tan (x +n) = tan x ,cot (x +) =cot x ¢) |sinx], |cosx|, |tanx|, Jeotx|, sec x], leosee: periodic functions with the period x. d) sin”, cos"x, sec” x, cosec”’x are periodic the period 2x or x according asn is odd or even. e) tan® x and cot” x are periodic functions with the ‘whether nis odd or even, f) If f(x) is periodic with the period T, then 1) f(x) is periodic with the period T. ii) f(x + c) is periodic with the period T. ill) f(x) + cis periodic with the period T. iv) asin (x), tan (x) are also periodic functi 9 4+ T= x} x4 TW [x + Te: xb ST -b+Tl=-to bebe which is possible when T is positive T= 123,... of which 1 is leastone.Alter Let f(x + T) = f(x) and fla(x +1") + b] = flax +b). Now flax +b + a) = flax + b) fly + aT’) = fly) = fly +7) = T= =T | THEOREM _ | } itty is perietic with the period T, then f(ax +B) has y | T | prod [9] tes erisafected ony by coefficient of | | x, where; a, b, are constants with a, b + 0 | | proof i | Suppose a>0, we have ! ) } t{ax+Z]+b)-t(axtd)s T)=H(ox +), since | CO Prete perodet fx). | ' We will show that T is the least one. 1 | Let T, be a positive number such that | [ ga(x+t,)+b)=f(ex+b). Let us take any arbitrary ! | pont» from the domain of definion of f and put | !. | t a 1 ! | Ven fax’ | j Then flax'sb)= f(a : ' 1 Iow, f(a(x'+T,)+b)=f(ex'sb+2T,)=f(x+an), | ! | Be ee \ plete | 2 | i and — is the period ofthe function (ax + b). 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 | | | | 1 IF f(x), a(x) are periodic func riodic functions with the periods T,, T, tively then the period of f(x) + g (x) or (x) - g(x) oF f(x) x)abx) or (,) is LCM of {T,, Tp) = k (say) if there does Functions such that Lis period of above algebra of nerwise | is period of these functions. | are periodic with the period T then the not exist | funetions.Oth wit [| and | period of || + [al 1s $ and the period of | f[-1 9] isT. How to take LOM While taking LCM we should always remember, {) LOM of p and q always exist if p/q is a rational quantity. ii) LCM of rational with rational is possible (as $)s LOM of (062 deca bed LeMof|ra'f) "HCE of ( d, Mees G® ef ¢[withb, df - 0 ii) LCM ofirational with rational is possible (but not always) iv) LCM of rational and irrational is not possible. E.g., LCM of (2x, 1, 6n) is not possible as2n,6n are irrational and 1 is rational. Properties of periodic function 1) £(T) =£(0) =£(-T), where T is the period. 2) Inverse of a periodic even function does not exist. 3) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period 4) I (x) hasthe period T & g (x) also has the period T then itdoes not mean that f(x) + g(x) must have the period T. Eg. {( x, g(x) = cos? x are both have period x but f +g = 1 which has no fundamental period. 5) If f(x) has a period T, then ja and f(x) alsohasa period T. 6) If (x) and g (x) are periodic then f(x) + g(x), flxdatx) and Se), a(x) neednotbe periodic, E.g. Let f(x) = cosx and g (x) = {x }, since period of cos xis 2u =T; = irrational and period of {x}is 1= T, = rational,L.C.M these two values does not exist. Hence f +4, fg, fg etc are not periodic. 7) If. gis periodic then fog will always be a periodic function. Period of fog may or may not be the period of g. E.g-If f(x)=x? andg(x)= sin x then fog(x) = sin® x whose period is x where as period of gis 2x 8) If fis periodic gis srtly monotonic (other than neat) then fog is non periodic. 1.25DP annie ———— Differential Calculus and fod is 9) If {is trigonometric periodic qs non periodic be ven periodic then g must be linear expression oF atx) 10) fienon trigometric periodic and q iston-per jioidic and »— Solved Exa si, jet Ho)=finx-cove] nnd a(x) [ox +085] Find the period of f + Sol. The peri of fis 2xand the period of gis x. Now the period of f + q 1 LCM of 2x,x which is 2m, Its absolutely incorrect,becatise t{x+5}ealx+5 regqfired period of f + 9. 52,Show that f(x) =| sin x | + | cos x |; = f(x) +9(x) implies 5 is the atx) = sintx + costx each have period 5 acing Sol. Clearly §{ 5+x] = oosxl + |-sinx] = |cosx | + |sinx| = fl, {3+ x) -cos'xsin' x=) 53. Find the period of (sin x) + (cos x)" + (tan x)” Sol. Let fix) = (sin x)® + (cos x)° + (tan x)? then fix) = 3 fx # nm (2n+1)5 From graph i is obvious that period of fix) is 54. If fis periodic is non periodic and fog is periodic and 9(2)=3 and g(4)=7 then prove that (5) is equal to Ay B9 C9 DO Sol, (B) From point (10) let glx) = ax + b from conditions 2a+b=3,and 4a+b=7 on solving we get a = 2, bb = -L.therefore g(x) = 2x ~ 1. Now g(5)=9 55. Sorte period of f(x) = cost 4x 6 2x Sol. Period of c08 = is 3x and the fas Sg 5x 2 1.26 fea is periodic then g must be linear expression, 11) Allperiodic functions can be analysed over cone period within the domain, as the same p repetitive over the entire domain. Which of the following is/are true? The ps A) f(x) = cos (sin x) is B) f(x) = sin (cos x) ig 2x C) cos (sin x) + sin (cos x) is 2m D) cos (sin x) - sin (cos x) is 2x i |. (A,B,C,D) A) Let f (x) = cos (sin x) Clearly f(x-+n) =c0s(sin (x +) 2 = cos(-sinx) = cos (sinx) =£() ‘Thus the period of cos (sin x) is = B) Let f (x) = sin (cos x) .Clearly {(x-+2n) =sin(cos(x+2n)) =sin(cosx) =£(+) ‘Thus the period of cos (sin x) is 2% C)Let f (x) = cos (sin x) +sin (cos x) Clearly , f(x + 2x)= f(x) Thus,the period of cos (sin x) +sin (co ) Let f(x) = cos (sin x) — sim (cos x) _ Clearly, f(x +2n) 56. 57. : Sol. |sin x| has period =, Jeos x| has p Hence, according to the rule of LCM, must be . But n(x] = [cos x| and [eost5+%)1 =| Since, $<", petod off) is 5 58. Which of the following function(s) is/are pe Alt) = > where (1 denotes g function B)g iw amie part function C) h(x) = D) k(x) = cos( Sol. (A,B,D) A) (x). with period 1.X) is also periodic function with nd the period of sin{*), where .1 denote is G.LF Ce ‘Suppose ,there exists TeN such that f (x + T) = f(x) xix+Tl) | at when = =2n=>T=8 4 »— Note —« i) The periods of sin(anil),cos(antsl) & = , a0 «The period of tan(enixl) s >, 0>0, where [] denotes Y” Find the period of f(x) = x + sin x -Ix] . Given fl) = sin x + {x}= ax) + hx) Period of g(x) = 2n and Period of h(x) = 1 2n is imational and 1 is rational. Therefore LCM will not exist Therefore ,(x) is aperiodic. Find the period of the function, $ (Xx) = Ix) + (2x) + (3x) +. + [nx] ~ ana x wheren € Nand {denotes the greatestinteger function, is L Aix)=( (x) — x) + ( [2x] ~ 2x) + .. (lx) + (2x) + an {nx} ) + ([nx] ~ nx) 1 Petiod of {r) is = .Therefore,period of RHS daa = LOML- 2,2 ]= (33. a) i 62. If the fundamental period of the function f(x) = sinx+-c0s( J4—a")x is dn then the value (s) of a Sol, 63. Sol. =— Note —s 64. Sol. Sol. 66. Functions 1s (are) vis fog iB a oy OG » S {A,B,C,0) The periods of sin x and cos (4-2) 2n are respectively 2m and — now LCM : ead fw (i -<2 b> 0. f(x+a) +f (c+ b) =0 (0) replace x by x-b in (1),we get f(x+a—b) +f (x) =0..-(2) replace x by x + ab in (2),we get f(x + 2(@-b)) + fix + a—D) (3) (3) ~ (2),we get (x + 2(a-) The period off (x) is 2(a~b) The period of fx) ff +a)+flx-+b)=0 is 2la—¥. | Find the period of f(x +a) + f(x-a)= f(x). where a>0 fx + a) + f(x -a) (1) replace x by x +a fe + 2a) + fx = (2) (1) + (2) 4(x +24) + f(x-a)=0 = I(x +3a)+£(x)=0 3) = (x4 6a) +f(x+3a)=0 ol) (3)+ (4) > f(x + 6a) = f(x) ‘Therefore fis periodic withthe period 6a. Consider those functions f that satisfy f(x +4) +f (eA) =F (9) for all real x, Any such function is periodic, and there isa least common positive peti p forall of them. The value of § i (8) From the previous example (x) is perodic withthe period 24. oe 8 a & Let g(x) = Jea[2k] V 2ksx<2k+2), where ke Integer . Find the period of g(x) 1.27Differential Calculus Sol. (2) g(x) = Ak+1), where Ve-T2k] Vv 2k sx ke Integer = gis periodic with period = 2 67. f(x) = sin x + cos axis a periodic function, show tha. a is a rational number. Sol. Period of sit 2n =2n = and period of 2n . Serer edges LCM of 2x and 2x _ 2x =FicF ofianda 7 Where 2 isthe H.CE of Landa. Since 4, is the H.CF of 1 anda, i and > should be both integers 1 Suppose 5 mand = =n, then +=", where n, a m eer a me lie, a= —. m Hence, a is rational number 68. Let {(x, y) be a periodic function, satisfying the condition fx, y) = fl2x + 2y, 2y 2x) y x,y e Rand let g(x) be Sol. 69. Sol. 70. Sol. a function defined as g(x) = f€2*, 0). Prove tay periodic function and find its period. flax + 2y , 2y = 2x) fbx, v) (Blox + 29) + 2129 ~ 2x), 22y 2) 200 f(x, y) = (By, Bx) = f(8(-8x), ~ 8 (85)) {(-64x, -64y) = 1164 (64x), 64(64 (y)) = f(2%x, 2%) f(x, 0) = £(2"x, 0) ' (2%, 0) = £(2"? . 2, 0) = (2, 0) = aly) = aly + 12) Hence g(x) is periodic and its period is 12, Ifa, b € R be fixed positive numbers such that fla = b + [bi +1 3b? fx) + 3b(f00F = (Khan for all x € R then prove that f(x) is a periodic fung Here, {f(a + x) - b} = b+ 1 - 3b? f(x) + SbLfbd}? — {fod = 1 = [f(x }9 = 3b. {f(0)}? + 36%. f6x) ~ BF] = 1- ffx) -b) 2. {ila + x) = BP + {f(x) - bP = 1 This is true for all x. Putting a + x for x in (i), we get, {2a +x) bP + ffla+x)}-bP=1 Subtracting (i) from (i) {#(2a + x) —b)?~ {flx) = b)> = 0 or {f(2a + x) — b}® = {flx) - b# or f(2a + x)-b = ffx) ~b or f(2a + x) = fle) '. f(x) is a periodic function with the period 2a Show that sin Vk is not periodic ‘Suppose that flx) = sin VX is periodic with perio Then, f(x +T)=sinVk+T =f(x)=sinVx ; ¥x20 oo 0 = 2 0 or = 2 2 = fee +f =2[ 2m 1)3] =(2n th, nel or Vx+T-Vx=2na, nel The above equalities gives T as function of x. But flx) to be periodic T should be constant independent of x. Hence f(x) cannot be periodic —————————————— a 1. _Iff (x) = (a + 3)x + 5a, x € Ris periodic then a equals A)3 B3 §6C)0 D2 2. The number of integers 'n’ that f(x) fundamental period 47 is. ‘AO B)1 C2 1:28 Let f is periodic with period 3. If f (2) =5 ‘2 1 (3) = 2, then f (-3) + (3) equals. A-7 BT go Ds ‘The period of the function1/|sinxl 0x) , ° Db) 2 3 A) x B)2x 5. Which of the following functions is periodic ? A) fix) =e *= where [x] denotes the greatest integer jess than or equal to the real number x B) fix) sin} for x #0, f(0) = 0 C) fix) = x eos x D) fix) = sind. sin [a] x, (where [x] denotes the greatest 3s it's fundamental period, then B)ae (1,2) D)ac (4,5) I fix) = integer function, has Aja=1 Qa=9 The function ffx)= kloos x] +K?|sin x) has the period 5 if K equal to B)2 3 D4 al 2 The period of the function {flwhenxisrational fix)= ©) \Owhenxis irrational ® } Classification of Functions Strictly Increasing and Strictly creasing Functions Areal valued function is said to be 2) strictly increasing on an interval ICR if HyXq El, x, flx) fle,) fle) 2.0 3B 4.B 8c 9.c 10.B 11.B Solutions Are On Page No. 1.72 oS Functions B)2 D) 2 fx +e) anda0_ 'b) stricly decreasing on an interval Ic R if f'(x)<0. A function fis said to strictly monotonic over an interval Ic Rifitis either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing bbut not both. 1.29een Differential Calcul »— Solved Examples . Check the strictly monotonocity of the following functions f) f(x) =x + sin x, xeR ‘on the specified intervals. f(@)=1+008x20 VxeR a) xeR b)x’, keR = (1a stfedy iRerdening OA FE ON. xeR des xeR o) (is) 0a coo ©) nx, xeR Nxtsinx, xeR Q) X-cOSx, KER Sol. a) fix) = fx) = 2x £{x)>0 forx > Oand fx) <0 forx <0 £ is not monotonic. d) fix fix) = 2x0 VxeR’ fs strictly increasing function on R* €) fix) = 8 fix)=3x720 VxeR f is strictly increasing on R 4) fix) =e xeR fx) =e >OVxeR ~. fis strictly increasing on R xixeR ©) fix) = nx, x eR? #)=250 VxeR’ ., fis sticly increasing on R um and Maximum of Two or More Functions ; ae Suppose y = fx), v = a(x) are two given functions solve the ii) maximum { fis), a) hi = ve to i equations f(x) (x) and obtain the values of x (ifany found). graph whic Now draw the graphs of both functions. i) minimum { f(x), g(x) } means we have to identify the graph which lies below the given graphs in each interval. : fe f(x) B ,a one-one function iffora,, a, i) since f( — 0,x<0 ii) to ={ gr 9) = 0. vxs0 Sol. ae ». fis not 1-1 ill) fx) = 38 + x = 1") = 3x741> 0 is strictly increasing VxeR :. fis1-1orR. iw) fi) =e +x => fx) =e +1>0 YxeR = fis strictly increasing ¥ xeR, :fis1-1o0nR v)f() = f-1) = 1, fisnot1~1 Solved Examples Functions distinct ii) The function a ((1,1), (2,5), (3,4)} from A to B is one ‘one, because images of distinet elements of A are distinct, Eg. Let A = (x, ¥ 2, B =fl, m, op, ahand (2 ((x,p). (v0, (2.4) then f; A + B aminjective function: B Geometrical interpretation of one - one real functions Ian arbitrary line parallel to x ~ axis cuts the graph of xy = f{x) in exactly one point then function is 1-1 »— Note —« 1. Even functions are always many-one functions. 2. Periodic functions are always many-one furictions 3. If a function is strictly increasing or then 1-1 eae 4, Many-one Function (non-injective) ‘function f: A—>Bis said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the same image in B. ‘Thusf: A-> Bis many one iffor; xj,%> B Is one-one, the junctions __—B)! “(elB)=n(A)) One functions + the number of 2. The number of One Total number of mappings. many One functions = '8, Periodic functions are not 1-1 functions 4, Even functions are not 1-1 functions 76. Which of the following functions are one - one? )f:ROR defined by f(x) = 4, xeR ii) £:R > R, defined by f(x) = 6x -1, xeR ii) f:ROR defined by f(x) = x* + 7, xeR. iv)o:R-{7} #R,, defined by 8(x)= aol xeR-{7} Sol. i) We have fix) = 4, xeR Here the images of any two distinct real numbers are equal (=4 each) fis not one - one. ii) Wehave f(x) = 6x-1, xeR Let (2) =f(%2),%4%2 €R = 6x, -1= 6x, -1 = 6%, = 6%, > % =X f is one - one. ii) We have f(x)=x7+7.xeR §(-2)=(-2) +7=11, £(2)=(2) +7=11 The images of distinct elements -2 and 2 of R are equal. fis not one - one. Bet eR-(7) iv) We have (1 (x2) 2 €R {7} Let 6(X 5.Onto Function (Surjective mapping) ‘A function ffrom A to B is such that "every element of B has atleast one pre-image in A’ is called an onto function ‘or surjection. In other words a function f; A -+ Bas called surjection if the range of fis equal to the codomain of fj.e {(A)=R=B- ‘Thus fis onto if for each b eB, there exists at least one acA such that fla) = b. Diagramaticaly surjective mapping can be shown as. 1.32 2x, +1 myn7 7 3 PX, 14K, Xe 27 = 2x, —14%2+%-7 =p 15x, =-15xy 9% =¥2 tg! is one - one x41 77. tf RoR where S18)= py cq ind whether i cone - one or many one f(x isa rational function then flx) = fl) will vege be satisfied when x, = xin the domain. Hence we can write f(4,)~ fl%)= (%-%) a0 %2)=0 xx) is some function in x, and xp. Now if Sol. where g(x, xz2)=0 gives some solution which i diffrent from aK. ie in the domain, then fis many ~ x, = Xpand which li ‘one else one ~ one. 1 x,+1 +441 xt wi+m +l x (5) = fle) = me xX +X tH te tHe t= ait me +e 1% +H FT = HyKe (a — Hi) + 06 3 (ex) (te +2 +H) =O x x41 One solution of this is obviously x, = x2. Also we have got a relation in x, and x, and for each value of x; in the domain we get a corresponding value of x which ‘may or may not be same as X)- . Xp =X OF Ke = Ix, = 1 we get X2=—5 #%, and both lies in the domain of f Hence we have two different values x, and x, for which f(x) has the same value. Hence f is many -one function. A B E.g. Let A = (1, 2, 3} and B = (1, 4, 5}. The function fi ‘A +B is defined as{(1) = 1, (2) = 5, f(3) = Lisnot onto, because there is no element of A, whose image under fis The function g :A-»B given by g = { (1, 4), (2,5), (3.1) is onto, because each element of B is the image of at ‘one element of A.i) f: RR Redefined by f(x) = 2x +1 ii) f: R- R* defined by £ (x) = e* iil) f: R* — R defined by f (x) = In x are all onto functions. Eg. LetA = {a, b, ¢, d}, B= {x,y 2h, f= (a, 2), (b, v), (c 9), (4, 2)} then fis onto function Range f = {x, y, 2} = B = codomain of f Egg. {NN defined by fin) =2n +3 isnot onto because Range f= } #N, the codomain of f E.g.{:Q>Q defined by flx) = 2x + 3issurjection because, 5,709, the pre image of yis == B isa surjection ii) IA, B are finite sets and f: A» B is a surjection then r(A)2 1B) ii) If range of f = co-domain of f i.e f(A)= co-domain off then f(x) is onto function... Functions iti)Any polynomial of degree odd over 'R is onto! iv)Any polynomial of degree even over Ris into, n(B) = m, then the number of onto functions vu) IfniA) from A to B = ml vi) If nfA) n(B) = 2, then the number of onto functions = 2” ~ 2. 6. Into Function If £: A> B is such that there exists atleast one element in co-domain which is not the image of any element in domai then f(x) is into Diagramatically into function can be shown as A B E.g. ff: R be such that (i) f (x) = (x), (i) | x |, (i) sgn x, and (iv) f(x) = ax? + bx + © are all into mappings Geometrical Interpretation of Onto Real Functions Let {: R-»R be an onto real function. Since the function fis conto, for each real number k, there exists at least one a ¢R, such that f(a) = k The horizontal line y = k cuts the graph of f at the point (2, k) for at least one value of ‘a’ Each horizontal line cuts the graph of fat least once. I = Solved Examples ——= = 78. Check whether the following functions are onto or not? 4x43, 5y-3 )E:NON, fx) = 2x +3 iii) y = =x eR VyeR .. fis onto. | i) ZZ, fn) = 5-8 4x+3 ERO R, fe rons In (Ix1+1) re fx) = VLRO R, f(x) Sol. i) Suppose f(x) = 2 ¢ co-domain of fthen 2 = 2x +3 €N (domain) + fis not onto 3x-5 Viena 4y + 5 is multiple of 3. 4y+5 x= 53 | now xz only if Bez fe yee Raie = fis not onto, iv) since |x| +1 21> In(|x| +1) 20 z. Range of f(x) = [0, 0) b=3 80. Let a function f defined from R to Ras: xta, x1 too x1curtis et ee " Differential Calculus If the function is surjective, then all values of a lies in the interval, a) (0,2) B)(- «01 C)(- 0) D) (0, ©) Sol. For x <1 2ax-1> 2a a>Oora<0. Case (i) : Fora > 0, Range = (asifua-1, «) =Rifati> 2a-1 ie,ac2 ac,2) Case (ii) : Fora < 0, Range x+asatlandx> Lor 2ax = 1 < 2a = 1 according as =(@,a4l]u 22-1) nowa+ 1<1,2a-1<-1 Range < (-5,1)U (-m,-1)¢R ‘This case is not possible. 81. Show that the real function {:R-»Rdefined by y = fix) = x? is not onto Sol. Since x*>0 = Range of f =[0,0)cR «. fis not onto. If co-domain restricted to [0,:0) then f is onto. 82. If {:R—+Rbe a function defined as x.|x|-9,xeQ fix) |-v5,x2Q> show that f is an onto function. Sol. Case (i) : For x < 0, xeQ, fix) =-x2-9 <-9 For x>0, xeQ,f{x) = x7-9>-9 For xeQ, fix) €Q Case (it): For x < 0, x¢Q, fix) =-x- JB < - VB For x > 0, xeQ, fix) = +2 5 > - 5 + For x¢Q, fix) « R-Q -. Range of f = R co-domain. Hence { is onto 83. For what real values of a does the range of x) = +4 are ‘contain the interval (0,1} eS t Sol. Let y ae x+(ay- 7. Bijective function A function f : A— B is called a Bijection if it is both one- cone and onto. The adjoining diagram ilusrates a bijective 1.34 has real roots Vy €[0, 1} Discriminant 2 0=> 1 -4y ay—1)20 5 day! +4y +120 nw (1) ¥ OSYS Team Case (i): ify = 0 then x =~ 1, when a =o y = O17 hich is undefined for x = =1 ar-l =2 Wa Case (il): If 0 1 now da 4 -+—=4120 becomes -r + y+ = t+4t-4a2 0, vtz1 ‘ 2 2 (+2 | tees 4. des ee 4 sas 5 <2 and a¢-1 aszanda ae(-~,-1)U (a 3] 84, If the function f: R* + A defined by fae (Lexx ) (1+x' is onto then A = A) (6) —B) (6,0) C) (2,0) D) [3,m) Sol. (B) f(s) = (Eras) (3 +) Now r+x822 and wea sg ¥ x{(1, 15), (2, 6), (3, 10)), fy = ((1, 6), (2,6), (3, 15)), fy @,15)) The function f, : A-» B is not bijective because f ‘one-one nor onto. ‘The function f, : AB is bijective because f, is both one: fone and onto. The function f, : A- Bis not bijective because f, is not a function, is neither =— Note —s The bijective functions are also named os invertible, rnon singular or biuniform functions, Functions 8. Constant Function ‘A function {: A> Bis said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image in B. Thus f: A-»B; fx) =c, ¥ «eA, © eB isa constant function. Note that the range of a constant function is a singleton set and a constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or into. E.g. (x) = (Cx); where (.] and {.} be respecti GLE is FPF. glx) = sin? x + cos? x; h(x) = sgn (x2 - 3x + 4) are all constant functions. ly denotes Solved Examples ——* 85. Let A = {x:~15 x<1} = B bea mapping £: A B. For each of the following functions from A to B, find whether itis surjective or bijective x] b) flx) = x|x|_—_¢) ffx) = a) fl 4) fix) = fx] e) flx)=sin 2 Sol. a) f(x) = |x| is not 1 - 1, since f(-1) = f(1) = 1 and | x | 2 Oie,, range = [0, 1]. Hence f is neither one ‘one nor onto function, Bix x20 Hx? x<0. b) fix) = From the graph it is obvious that fis one one. Range f—[-1,1]. Thus, range = co-domain Hence, f is onto. Therefore, f(x) is one-one onto (bijective) €) f(x) = 2°, Graphically; f{x) is one-one onto (i.e., bijective) -1l-1sx<0 b=} Q0 R for any x there is only one value of ({(x) -_g(x)) whether x is rational or irrational. Moreover as xeR, f(x) ~ g(x) also belong to R. Therefore (f—g) is ‘one-one and onto. 87. Let { : RR be a function defined by {(x) = cos (2x + 3). Show that this function is neither ‘one-one nor onto. iba Sol. (fg) (x 1.35——— Differential Calculus +3) cos (2x + 3) = fix) 108 (2x +3) <1 Sol. (x4) =cos(2(x ces(2n+(2+3)) fis not one-one. Since ~ 1 fis not onto. RR be a function defined by flx) = 4x8 - 7, 88. Wf 9. Identity Function The f A> A defined by fix) =x V x€ Ais ction f 89. The function f : [2, =) > Y defined by f(x) 4x + 5 is both one-one and onto if A)Y=R B) Y=[1,%) OY=4x) D) (5,0) Sol. £:[2,") > y £9) = 4x45 =(x- 2 +1 If the function is onto then Y = [1, oo) 90. Check whether the function f : R > R,defined by fix) = 2° — 6x? +11x - 6 is bijective or not. Sol. We have {(1) = f(2) = (3) = 0 Therefore f is many one and onto function 91. Ifthe function f (x) = x? + bx + 3 is not injective for values of x in the interval 0 < x < 1 then b lies in Solved Examples ——#= show that the function fis a bijective function, Sol, We have f(x) = 43-7, KER, f(x) = 12x23 9 fis 1-1 Since f is strictly monotonic on R, Range of f = R ctive function. =, called the identity of A and is denoted by Ip. It is easy observe that identity function defined on R is a bijection, fis onto, hence f is a B) (-2, 0) D) (-», 2) A) (-, 2) C) (-2, 0) Sol. For many one in (0, 1] 0 [0,1), f(x) = { sin x } iv) £:R-> (0, x), fx) = eb xtre 2. The function f: R’ — (1, e) defined by f(x) = > is ‘A) one-one but not onto B) onto but not one-one C) both one-one and onto f D) neither one-one nor onto 3. Iff:D + [-2, 2) and f(x) = cos x - J sinx and f(x) is bijective function, then D may be 0 [53] D) [0, 2x) AO, #1) ° i “| 1.36 Make Concepts Clear 1.1 4. If the function f : R — A given by £ (3) surjection, then A is A)R C) (0, 1) B) (0, 1] D) (0, 1) 5. Letf: R + Rbe a function defined by f(x) = Then A) fis both one-one and onto B) fis one-one but not onto ) fis onto but not one-one ) fis neither one-one nor onto, a . IEE: RR defined by t= {a.° 9 shah A) a function C) onto