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An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, primarily due to tectonic plate movements. They can vary in size and intensity, with significant impacts influenced by depth, distance from populated areas, and local geology. Safety measures before, during, and after an earthquake include learning first aid, securing heavy objects, and staying away from damaged buildings.

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3 views2 pages

Geography Project

An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, primarily due to tectonic plate movements. They can vary in size and intensity, with significant impacts influenced by depth, distance from populated areas, and local geology. Safety measures before, during, and after an earthquake include learning first aid, securing heavy objects, and staying away from damaged buildings.

Uploaded by

shirshadasgupta10
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRO

DUCTI
An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occurs when there is a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's crust, resulting in seismic waves. This release of
energy is usually caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's

ON
surface. The Earth's crust is divided into several large and rigid pieces called
tectonic plates, which are constantly in motion, albeit very slowly.
Earthquakes can vary in size and intensity, from minor tremors that go unnoticed
to devastating events that can cause significant damage. The magnitude of an
earthquake is measured on the Richter scale or the moment magnitude scale,
providing an indication of the energy released. The impact of an earthquake
depends on factors such as its depth, distance from populated areas, and the
local geology.
Earthquakes can have various secondary effects, including tsunamis, landslides,
and ground ruptures.

CAUSES
Earthquake are caused by a sudden release of stress along faults in the earth’s
crust. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their
edges due to friction. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there
is an earthquake. The resulting waves of seismic energy propagate through the
ground and over its surface, causing the shaking we perceive as earthquakes.
The main causes of earthquakes are:

 Plate tectonics: They account for most earthquakes worldwide and usually
occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates.
 Induced quakes: They are caused by human activity, like tunnel
construction, filling reservoirs and implementing geothermal or fracking
projects.
 Volcanic quakes: They are associated with active volcanism.
 Collapse quakes: They can be triggered by such phenomena as cave-ins,
mostly in karst areas or close to mining facilities, as a result of subsidence.
 Human Activities:
o Certain human activities, such as mining, reservoir-induced
seismicity (caused by large artificial lakes), and the injection
or extraction of fluids during oil and gas operations, can
induce earthquakes. These are known as induced seismicity.
Isostatic Rebound:
 Isostatic rebound occurs when the Earth's crust adjusts to changes
in surface load.

SAFTY MEASURES
BEFORE; -
 Learn first aid.
 Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
 Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
 Don't leave heavy objects on shelves (they'll fall during a quake).
 Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls or
floor

DURING; -
 If you're indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the building,
stand in a doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or table). Stay
away from windows and outside doors.
 If you're outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or anything that
might fall. Stay away from buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the
building could fall on you).
 Don't use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and fire don't
mix.
 If you're in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake
stops.
 Don't use elevators (they may shut down).

AFTER;-
 urn on the radio. Don't use the phone unless it's an emergency.
 Stay out of damaged buildings.
 Be careful around broken glass and debris. Wear boots or sturdy
shoes to keep from cutting your feet.
 Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).

 Stay away from damaged areas.

FACT

S
The majority of the world's earthquakes occur along the "Ring of
Fire," a horseshoe-shaped zone that encircles the Pacific Ocean.
This region is known for its high tectonic activity and is home to
about 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.
 The deepest earthquake ever recorded occurred in the Pacific
Ocean's Mariana Trench at a depth of about 700 kilometers (435
miles).
 Japan is located on four tectonic plates, which is why it experiences
around 1,500 earthquakes a year. Most of these are minor tremors,
but Japan also experiences earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 and
higher almost every year.

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