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Exp 7 Compound Circuits PDF

The document outlines a laboratory course on compound circuits, focusing on constructing circuits, calculating electric power, and predicting bulb brightness. It covers fundamental concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, Ohm's Law, and Kirchhoff's laws, along with practical procedures for experiments involving power dissipation and voltage dividers. Additionally, it includes sample problems and data analysis tables for students to record their findings.

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3 views31 pages

Exp 7 Compound Circuits PDF

The document outlines a laboratory course on compound circuits, focusing on constructing circuits, calculating electric power, and predicting bulb brightness. It covers fundamental concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, Ohm's Law, and Kirchhoff's laws, along with practical procedures for experiments involving power dissipation and voltage dividers. Additionally, it includes sample problems and data analysis tables for students to record their findings.

Uploaded by

shonnkayle123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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[

PHY031L PHYSICS FOR


ENGINEERS (LABORATORY)

COMPOUND CIRCUITS
[LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Construct compound circuits.
• Calculate the electric power of a compound
circuit.
• Predict relative bulb brightness in a compound
circuit. (CO1,2,3,4)
[ Theory
• Electric circuit – formed when a conductive path is created
to allow free electrons to continuously move.
• A circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an
electrical current flows.
• Path – a single line of connecting elements or sources.
• Current - The continuous movement of free electrons
through the conductors of a circuit.
Øreferred to in terms of ‘flow”
[ Theory
• Voltage - The force motivating electrons to "flow" in a
circuit.
Ø a specific measure of potential energy that is always
relative between two points.
• Resistance – Free electrons tend to move through
conductors with some degree of friction, or opposition to
motion .
Øquantity relative between two points
Øthe quantities of voltage and resistance are often stated
as being "between" or "across" two points in a circuit.
[Theory

• Ampere – named after Andre M. Ampere


• volt – Alessandro Volta
• ohm – Georg Simon Ohm
[ Theory
• Ohm’s Law – the amount of electric current through a metal
conductor in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage
impressed across it, for any given temperature.
V = IR

• Conductance - measure of the conductor’s ability to allow


current pass through a point or a region.
G =1/R = I/V
unit: Siemens (S)
[ Schematic Symbols
• Battery – A large and a small line is suppose to represent
one battery cell so that the image below would suggest a
two-cell battery of 3 V.

• Resistor – Usually drawn as a zigzag resistor.


[ Schematic Symbols
• Switch – any device used to interrupt the flow of electrons
in a circuit. Switches are essentially binary devices: they are
either completely on (“closed”) or completely off (“open”).
[ Sample Problems
1. An emf source of 6.0V is connected to a purely
resistive lamp and a current of 2.0 amperes flows. All
the wires are resistance-free. What is the resistance
of the lamp?

• Ans: R = 3.0 Ω
[ Resistors in Series Connection
• Note that since there is only one path for the current to travel,
the current through each of the resistors is the same.
𝐼 = 𝐼% = 𝐼& = 𝐼'
• The voltage drops across the resistors must add up to the total
voltage supplied by the battery: 𝑉)*)+, = 𝑉% + 𝑉& + 𝑉'
• Therefore, when the resistors are connected in series, the
equivalent resistance is just the sum of the individual
resistances.

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 𝑉)*)+, = 𝐼𝑅/0


.

[ Sample Problems
2. The current flowing in a circuit containing four resistors
connected in series is I = 1.0 A. The potential drops
across the first, second and third resistors are,
respectively: V1 = 5 V, V2 = 8 V and V3 = 7 V.
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is R = 30 Ω.
Find the total voltage supplied by the battery, and
also current, voltage drop, and resistance of each
resistor in the circuit.

Ans: VT = 30 v; V4 = 10v
R1 = 5.0 Ω; R2 = 8.0 Ω; R3 = 7.0 Ω
[ Resistors in Parallel Connection
• For resistors in parallel, the voltage drop across each resistor is
identical. V1 = V2 = V3
• The current splits as it travels from A to B. So, the sum of the
currents through the three branches is the same as the current
at A and at B (where the currents from the branch reunite).
• I = I1 + I2 + I3
• If the current and voltage are known, the equivalent resistance
A
can be determined by:
1 1 1
𝐼= + +
23 24 25

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅/0 𝑅% 𝑅& 𝑅'
B
.

[ Sample Problems

3. In the following schematic diagram, find the total


current, I. What is the potential drop across each
resistor?

Ans: IT = 12 A; VT = V1 = V2 = V3 = 12v
I1 = 6.0 𝐴; I2 = 4.0 𝐴; I3 = 2.0 𝐴
Figure 7-3

[ Resistors in Series-Parallel Connection


connected in series –parallel connection as in Figure 4-4, the equivalent resistance
the equation

• For resistors
Req =connected
R1 + R2 R3 in series-parallel as shown in
R2 + R3
the given Figure, the equivalent resistance can be
determined by:

__ A R1

Ε R2 R3

Figure 7-4
1 1
𝑅/0 = 𝑅% + +
𝑅& 𝑅'
neers Laboratory)
manual may be reproduced without the written permission of the College of Arts,
.

[ Sample Problems

4. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit?

Ans: Req = 6.74 Ω


[ Theory
• Electric Power - is the average rate at which energy is
delivered to the external circuit.
• The energy gained by a charge q from a voltage source
having a terminal potential difference V is qV.

9 : 01 14
• 𝑃= = = = 𝐼𝑉 = = 𝐼& 𝑅
) ) ) 2

• unit: watt (W)


[ Kirchoffs Circuit Law
• used in complex circuits such as bridge or T networks

• A German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a


pair or set of rules or laws which deal with the
conservation of current and energy within electrical
circuits.
• Kirchhoffs Current Law, (KCL) and Kirchhoffs Voltage
Law, (KVL)
[ Kirchhoffs First Law – The Current Law (KCL)

• The total current or charge entering a junction or node


is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it
has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge
is lost within the node.
• I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0

Node in an electrical circuit generally refers to


a connection or junction of two or more current
carrying paths or elements such as cables and
components.
[
Kirchhoffs Second Law – The Voltage Law
(KVL)
• In any closed loop network, the total voltage around
the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops
within the same loop” which is also equal to zero.

A loop is a simple closed path in a circuit


in which no circuit element or node is
encountered more than once.
[Materials
Physics Modular Circuit
[ Procedure
Part 1: Power dissipated by elements in
a compound circuit.
1. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 1.
2. Observe the relative brightness of the
lamps when the switch is closed and
when it is open.
Ø Will lamp #1 get brighter, dimmer, or stay
the same when the switch is closed?
Ø Will lamp #2 get brighter, dimmer, or stay Figure 1.

the same when the switch is closed?


[Procedure
Part 1: Power dissipated by
elements in a compound circuit.
3. Add a voltage and current sensor to
your circuit. Measure the voltage
across and current through lamp #1
with the switch open and closed
then calculate the power. How do
the measurements justify your
explanation? Record your data in Figure 2.
Table 7.
[
Data Analysis
Table 7.1. Voltage and current measurements for lamp 1.
Switch V (V) I (A) P (W)

open

closed
[Procedure
Part 1: Power dissipated by
elements in a compound circuit.
4. Add a voltage and current sensor to
your circuit. Measure the voltage
across and current through lamp #2.
Calculate the power. How do the
measurements justify your
explanation? Record your data in
Table 7.1. Figure 3.
[
Data Analysis
Table 7.2. Voltage and current measurements for lamp 2.
Switch V (V) I (A) P (W)

open

closed
[Procedure
Part 2: Voltage divider.
1. Construct the circuit shown using the
resistor values in Table 7.3.
2. Measure the input voltage and the
output voltage for each resistor
combination in the table.
3. Record your measurements in Table
7.3.
Figure 4.
[
Data Analysis
Table 7.3. Voltage divider measurements.

resistor R1 resistor R2 input output


voltage (V) voltage (V)
100 Ω 10 Ω
33 Ω 10 Ω
10 Ω 10 Ω
10 Ω 33 Ω
10 Ω 100 Ω
[AFTER THE EXPERIMENT
• Submit the data sheets before the period
ends with completely filled-out tables.
[AFTER THE EXPERIMENT
• Incorporate the post-laboratory questions in
your Postlab Report (by group) and submit it
next meeting. Cite your references.
A. Power dissipated by elements in a
compound circuit
1. Using Kirchhoff’s laws and/or an equation for power, justify your
prediction for the relative brightness of the lamps when the
switch is closed.
2. Did the brightness of lamp #2 change when the switch was
closed? Provide an explanation.
[AFTER THE EXPERIMENT
B. Voltage divider

3. How does the output voltage vary with R1?


4. How does it vary with R2?
5. Create a mathematical model to predict the output voltage using
the values of the input voltage and the two resistances.
6. Why is this circuit called a voltage divider?
[AFTER THE EXPERIMENT
• Answer the Laboratory Exercise 7
(individual) completely and neatly.
• Submit it next meeting.

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