ONE PLANET INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

COMPUTER SCIENCE
GROUP ASSIGMNENT
MEMEBERS---
1, Kia Hailu
2, Maraki Ahdau
3, Rodas
4, Betania
5, Aman
6, Phelepos
Work given-----
 Chapter 5 and chapter 6 / note and presentation
 Do questions on past papers of june and may 2021 , 2022
and 2023
 Present the questions
 Paper on the questions and chapters and power point

CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM
 Operating systems were stored on the hard disk ,and start – up of the
motherboard was handled by the basic input and output
system(BIOS).
 BIOS was stored in ROM but then stored in flash memory chips. The
BIOS configuration is stored in CMOS( complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor) which it can be altered and deleted as required.
  An operating provides both the environment in which applications can
be run ,and useable interface between human and computer.
 A human- computer interface (HCI) can be achived by either graphical
user interface (GUI) or command line interface (CLI).
 CIL – requires the user to type instructions to choose options. / To
save or load a file./
 The benefit is that the user is in direct communication with the
computer so it is not restricted to a number of pre-determined
options.
 GUI – allows the user to interact with computer using pictures or
symbols (icons.)
 Smart phones – now use a post- WIMP interaction –like pinching or
rotating.
OPERATING SYSTEM TASKS

MEMORY MANAGEMENT
 Is a management of the main memory , it can be ---
1, memory optimisation
2, memory organisation
3, memory protection
# Main memory is where the active and running datas are stored but they
have to be allocated and deallocated and organized.
# The main memory or RAM gives the CPU the next step.
1, MEMORY OPTIMISATION
Determines how computer memory is allocated and deallocated.
Also determines where they are stored in memory. They keep track of all
allocated datas and free memories.
Also swaps data to and from HDD or SSD. ( It only stores the datas that are
active and running means allocates them ,and removes the ones that are
not, means deallocates them.)
2, MEMORY ORGANISATION
Determines how much memory is allocated to an app ,and how the memory
can be split up.
There is a single allocation that have all the memory. Then it is partitioned
(split up), then the memory management gives a partition to an app.
Paged memory -> the partition is a fixed size.
Segmented memory -> each segment will be as logical grouping of data.
3, MEMORY PRPOTECTION
It ensures that two competing applications cannot use the same bmemory
location at the same time, if so
- Data could be lost
- Security issues
- Computer may crash

SECURITY MANAGEMENT
 Ensures the integrity , confidential and availability of data.
 Carrying out updates.
 Ensuring that antivirus softwares are up-to-date.
 Communicating with firewalls.
 Ensures the privacy of data and users.
 Having recovery of data.
 Prevent illegal instruction.
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
- A process is a program which is being run on a computer. A process
management involves allocation of resource ,and premits the sharing
and exchange of data, so it allows it to be fully synchronised.

HARDWARE MANAGEMENT
  It involves all input and output devices.
 Communication with all input and output devices with device drivers.
 Translating data from a file to a format the input and output device
can understand.
 Ensuring that hardware resource has priority.
FILE MANAGEMENT
 Defining the file naming conventions.
 Performing specific tasks like create, open, close, delete.
 Maintaing the directory structures.
 Having access rights to files, password protections and etc.
 Ensuring memory allocations.
 Specifying the logical file storage format.

UTILITY SOFTWARE
*Utility software includes ---
1, Hard disk formatter
2, Virus checker
3, Defragmentation software
4, Disk content analysis/ repair software
5, Disk compression and file compression
6, Back-up software

1. Hard disk formatter

-The operating system needs to know how to store files and
where the files will be stored on the hard disks. A disk
formatter will organize storage space by assigning it to data
blocks. This blocks or paritions have then to be formatted.
 -They can be formatted by writing files that will hold directory
data and tables of contents (TOC). This allows the operating
system to reorganise a file and know where to find it.
2. Virus checkers
- Be careful when downloading material from internet.
- Not opening files or links.
- using certified software.
*Antivirus software
- checks software or files before they are run
- compare viruses to known ones.
- carry out heuristic checking.
- puts files in quarantine.
- Anti virus software needs to be up to dates because new viruses are
constantly being discovered.
3. Defragmentation software
- if HDD becomes full,
- if files are deleted,
- partially deleted
- extended , this will have slower data access time and read- write
head requires several movements just to find the data.
* A defragmenter will rearrange the blocks to store files in
contiguous sectors, however , if the disk drive is almost full,
defragmentation may not work.
4. Disk content analysis and repair software
 - Disk content analysis software is used to check disk drives for
empty space and disk usage by reviewing files. This leads to optimal
use of disk space by the removal of unwanted files and downloads.
5. Disk compression and file compression
- File compression # saves storage space
# make it quicker to download/ upload files
# quicker to send files
- Disk compression # compressed data before writing it to hard
disk ( and decompresses it again when reading this data.)
6. Back – up software
- this utility allows ---
# allows a schedule for backing up files to be made
# only do backing up, if the files are changed
- For total security --- there should be---
1, The current version stored in internal HDD
2, The copy stored in SSD
3, The remote back up stored in cloud storage
- Windows offer---
# The ability to restore data
# The ability to create restore point
# Options of where to save back –up files and etc.
- File history – snapshots the files and stores them on external
HDD, so it builds up a vast library, that allows a user to choose
which file they want to use. It retains past versions of files
forever unless the user changes the settings.
- Mac OS -> time machine back-up -> it erases the contents of a
selected drive and replaces them with the contents from the
back-up by using external HDD or SSD. Time machine ---
# back-up every hour
 # keep daily back-up for a month
# keep weekily back-up for all the previous months
- Once the back-up HDD or SSD is full, all the old back-ups will be
deleted and replaced with new ones.

PROGRAM LIBRARIES
 If there is software being developed, it will have pre- written
subroutines, it saves time.
 It also helps develop who wants to use DLL (Dynamic link
library.)
 When software routines are written, they are saved in a
program library for future use.
 A program stored in a program library is called library program.
 We also have library routines-> which are subroutines which
could be used in another piece of software.
# It saves time and cost
# several programmers can work on the same piece at the
same time
# saves time for testing because it is already tested and error
free.
1. Static library is linked to executable code in the library at the
same time of compilation. So, the library routines are
embedded directly in to the new program code.
2. Dynamic libraries – the library routines are linked when it is the
run time. (They use DLL – dynamic link library files.)
LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
ASSEMBLERS
- An assembler program translates assembly language in to
machine code.
- Assembler stores the program translated directly in the main
memory or in a storage medium to be used later but for the
one stored in a medium, when the computer wants to use it,
 the loader program needs to load it and bring it to the main
memory.
- Every single computer has their own machine code and
assembly language.
COMPILERS AND INTERPRETERS
- Compilers usually store the translated program in a storage
medium ready to be executed later.
- A loader is needed to put in the main memory.
- It can be executed many time, it will not be retranslated , it will
only be retranslated when changes are made to the source
code.
 And in an interpreter, no translated program is generated in
main memory or stored for later use. Every line program is
interpreted then executed each time the program is run.
IDE
 Integrated development environment
- It is used by programmers to aid(help) the writing and
development of programs.
- Features are---
# a source code editor
# a compiler / interpreter or both
# a run-time environment with a debugger
# an auto- documenter.
- Source code editor-> allows a program to be written and edited
without the need to use a separate text editor.
- Dynamic syntax checking finds possible syntax errors as the
program code is being typed in to the source code editor and
alerts the programmer at the time, before the source code is
interpreted.
- Logic errors -> can only be found when the program is run.
DEBUGGER
 A debugger is a program that runs the program under
development and aids the process of debugging. It is the
process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in the source code
of any software.
 There is single stepping which allows the programmer to single
step through the program a line at a time.
 There is also break point that stops the execution of the
program at a certain point in the source code.
 And there is report window that shows the contents of the
variables and expressions evaluated at that point in the
program.