VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama”, BELAGAVI – 590 014, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Project Report
ON
“FIRE EXTINGUISHER DRONE”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

AKASH KAPILESHWARI [USN:1IC22EC401]

RAJ KUMAR [USN: 1IC22EC415]

RAKESH SETTY K [USN: 1IC22EC416]

SANTOSH KUMAR M [USN: 1IC22EC419]

Under the guidance of

Ms. Disha BG
Assistant Professor Dept. of ECE

IMPACT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED

SCIENCES
Kodigehalli, Sahakaranagar Post, Bengaluru- 560 092
 IMPACT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
APPLIED SCIENCES
KODIGEHALLI, SAHAKARANAGAR, BENGALURU- 560 092
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled

“FIRE EXTINGUISHER DRONE”

has been successfully completed by

AKASH KAPILESHWARI [USN:1IC22EC401]

RAJKUMAR [USN: 1IC22EC415]

RAKESH SETTY K [USN: 1IC22EC416]

SANTOSH KUMAR M [USN: 1IC22EC419]

Under our supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in 8th semester B.E. of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2024-25. This technical seminar report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of technical synopsis for the Bachelor
of Engineering Degree in Electronics and Communication.

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Disha. B. G Mr. Santhosh K Dr. Jalumedi Babu
Assistant Professor HOD Dept. of ECE Principal, ICEAS
Dept. of ECE

Name of Examiner Signature with date

1.
2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to our chairman Dr. Paul Mathulla for having provided us with
excellent facilities in the college during our courses.

We are indebted to the president Dr. Alice Abraham and to the principal Dr. A. N.
Khaleel Ahmed of I.C.E.A.S for providing us with the resources needed to take up this
project work.

We are grateful to our Head of the Department Mr. Santosh K for his kind support,
guidance and motivation during the course of the seminar work.

We are also deeply indebted to my project guide Ms. Disha BG, Asst. Professor, ECE,
for her guidance and constant encouragement during my course of project synopsis and
for co- operation in successful completion of the report.

Guidance and deadlines play a very important role in the successful completion of the
seminar on time. We convey our regards for having constantly monitored the
development of the seminar and setting up precise deadlines.

Finally, a note to thank the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

both teaching and non–teaching staff for their co-operation extended to us.

AKASH KAPILESHWARI [USN:1IC22EC401]

RAJKUMAR [USN: 1IC22EC415]
RAKESH SETTY K [USN: 1IC22EC416]

SANTOSH KUMAR M [USN: 1IC22EC419]

 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. 1

1. Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 2

1.1 Introduction And Background of The Project .............................. 2

1.2 Motivation For Research .......................................................... 3

1.3 Problem Definition ................................................................... 3

1.4 Objectives ................................................................................. 4

2. Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY ................................................................. 5

2.1 Multipurpose Adaptable Robot.................................................. 5

2.2 Intelligent Surveillance Robot ................................................... 6

2.3 Material Handling Using Pick and Place Robot ........................ 7

2.4 Design And Development of a Fire Fighting Mobile

Surveillance Robot with Autonomous Collision Avoidance ..... 8

2.5 Design of Solar-Panel Energy System....................................... 9

3. Chapter 3

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD USED ............................................. 11

3.1 Existing System .........................................................................11

I
 3.2 Proposed System....................................................................... 11
3.3 Problem Statement .................................................................... 12
3.4 Objectives ................................................................................. 12

4. Chapter 4
IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................... 14
4.1 Block Diagram ......................................................................... 14
4.2 Hardware Requirements ...................................................... 16
4.2.1 Power Supply ......................................................... 17
4.2.2 Arduino ..................................................................... 18
4.2.3 DC Motors ................................................................19
4.2.4 ILN2003AN/IC-Pump Driver ................................. 20
4.2.5 L298N/Motor Driver ................................................22
4.2.6 Pump ......................................................................... 24
4.2.7 PCA9685 16-Channel Servo Motor Driver Module.26
4.2.8 HW201 Infrared (IR) Sensor Module ...................... 28
4.2.9 MQ2 Gas Sensor .................................................... 29
4.2.10 KY036 Metal Touch Sensor ................................... 31
4.2.11 Passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) ...................... 33
4.2.12 Flame Sensor ..........................................................35
4.2.13 Robotic Arm ........................................................... 37
4.2.14 Solar Panel.............................................................. 39
4.2.15 Buzzer ..................................................................... 41
4.2.16 Camera.................................................................... 43
4.3 Software Components .............................................................. 44
4.3.1 Arduino IDE .............................................................. 44
4.3.2 Embedded C ..............................................................47

II
5. Chapter 5 .............................................................................................. 49
RESULT ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 49
5.1 WORKING OF THE MODEL ........................................... 49
6. Chapter 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE......................................... 55
6.1 CONCLUSION .......................................................................55
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE .................................................................... 56

REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 57

III
 LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 Block Diagram ....................................................................................... 14

4.2 Power Supply Circuit ............................................................................. 17

4.3 Arduino model ....................................................................................... 18

4.4 Principle of Working of Motor............................................................... 19

4.5 ILN2003AN/IC-Pump Driver ................................................................ 20

4.6 L298N/Motor Driver...............................................................................22

4.7 Pump ......................................................................................................24

4.8 PCA9685 16-Channel Servo Motor Driver Module ............................. 26

4.9 HW201 IR Sensor Module ................................................................... 28

4.10 MQ2 Gas Sensor .................................................................................. 29

4.11 KY036 Metal Touch Sensor ................................................................ 31

4.12 PIR Sensor ......................................................................................... 33

4.13 Flame Sensor ..................................................................................... 35

4.14 Robotic Arm....................................................................................... 37

4.15 Solar Panel ......................................................................................... 39

4.16 Buzzer................................................................................................ 41

4.17 Camera .............................................................................................. 43

4.18 Arduino IDE...................................................................................... 44

4.19 Embedded C ...................................................................................... 47

5.1 Robotic Arm Picking the Object .......................................................... 49

5.2 Robotic Arm Placing the Object ..........................................................49

IV
5.3 Capturing the visuals using the installed camera on the robot ............. 50

5.4 Obstacle Sensor in the Robot Sensing the Obstacle in Front of it ....... 52

5.5 Metal Sensor in the Robot Sensing Presence of Bomb ........................ 52

5.6 Flame Sensor Detecting Fire ................................................................ 53

5.7 Gas Sensor in the Robot Sensing for harmful gases present in the

surrounding................................................................................................. 53

5.8 Some of the Footages Captured by the Camera which are Controlled in

the Application ........................................................................................... 54

V
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. AI-Artificial Intelligence

2. FL-Fuzzy Logic

3. ANN-Artificial Neural Networks

4. GA-Genetic Algorithm

5. FPGA-Field Programmable Gate Arrays

6. FPAA-Field Programmable Analog Arrays

7. A/D-Analog to Digital Converter

8. D/A-Digital to Analog Converter

9. DR-Dimensionally Reduction

10. PCA-Principle Component Analysis

11. LDA-Linear Discriminate Analysis

12. SVM-Support Vector Machines

13. IR-Infra Red

14. PIR-Passive Infra-Red

15. USB-Universal Serial Bus

16. AC-Alternating Current

17. DC-Direct Current

18. IC-Integrated Circuit

19. MOSFETs-Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Emitter Transistors

20. TTL-Transistor-Transistor Logic

VI
21. CMOS-Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

22. HVAC-Heating, Ventilation, and Conditioning

23. PWM-Pulse Width Modulation

24. EMF-Electromotive Force

25. LEDs-Light Emitting Diodes

26. SDA-Serial Data

27. SCL-Serial Clock

28. OE-Output Enable

29. LDR-Light Dependent Resistor

30. DOF-Degree of Freedom

31. PV-Photo Voltaic

32. DSLR-Digital Single-Lens Reflux

33. IDE-Integrated Development Environment

34. LGPL-Lesser General Public License

35. GPL-General Public License

36. AVR-Automatic Voltage Regulator

37. CLI-Command Line Interface

38. SLAM-Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

39. IOT-Internet of Things

VII
FIRE EXTINGUISHER DRONE 2024-25

ABSTRACT
In recent years, advancements in drone technology have opened new possibilities for
enhancing fire safety systems. This paper explores the development of a Fire Extinguisher
Drone using a CO2 Fire Extinguisher Ball for automated firefighting operations. The
proposed system leverages the precision and agility of drones to deliver CO2 fire
suppression balls accurately to fire hotspots in environments that are difficult for traditional
firefighting methods to reach, such as high-rise buildings, remote areas, or hazardous
industrial settings. The CO2 fire extinguisher ball, a compact and effective firefighting tool,
is designed to be dropped or deployed from the drone onto the fire, where it activates upon
impact, releasing CO2 to smother the flames. The research focuses on the integration of
drone flight dynamics, payload management, and fire detection algorithms to ensure the
timely and accurate deployment of the CO2 ball. Additionally, the study examines the
advantages of using drones for fire fighting, such as faster response times, reduced human
risk, and greater accessibility in complex fire scenarios. The paper concludes with a
discussion on the feasibility, potential challenges, and future directions for implementing
this technology in real-world firefighting operations.

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction and Background of the project

The increasing frequency and intensity of fires, coupled with the limitations of traditional
firefighting methods, have created a significant demand for innovative approaches to fire
suppression. In many emergency situations, such as fires in high-rise buildings, remote or
inaccessible areas, or hazardous industrial environments, firefighting teams face difficulties
in reaching the fire quickly and safely. Traditional methods, which often rely on human
intervention and large-scale equipment, can be slow and risky, resulting in delayed response
times and greater destruction.

The motivation behind the Fire Extinguisher Drone using a CO2 Fire Extinguisher Ball is
to address these challenges by leverage the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
and modern firefighting technologies. Drones can access areas that are difficult or
dangerous for human fire-fighters to reach, and they can be deployed rapidly to provide an
immediate response to emerging fire hazards. The use of CO2 fire extinguisher balls as a
payload enhances the drone’s firefighting capabilities, as these balls are designed to
automatically release CO2 when they come into contact with a fire, effectively suffocating
flames and preventing further spread.

This project aims to create a more efficient, responsive, and safer firefighting solution that
can be deployed in both urban and rural environments. The motivation stems from the need
for faster response times, the ability to reduce human exposure to fire risks, and the potential
for saving lives and minimizing property damage. Furthermore, the system's ability to
operate autonomously and accurately in real-time allows it to complement and support
existing firefighting infrastructure, making it a valuable tool in modern fire safety strategies.

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1.2 Project overview

The Fire Extinguisher Drone using CO2 Fire Extinguisher Ball is an innovative solution
designed to enhance firefighting capabilities by combining unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
technology with advanced fire suppression tools. The core concept of this project is to
develop a drone system capable of detecting, targeting, and extinguishing fires in hard-to-
reach or dangerous locations using a CO2 fire extinguisher ball as its primary payload. The
system aims to offer an autonomous and efficient way to combat fires in scenarios where
traditional firefighting methods may be inadequate or too slow.

1.3 Problem Definition

Problem: Fires, especially in hard-to-reach or hazardous areas, pose significant risks to

both human lives and property. Traditional firefighting methods often face limitations when
responding to fires in places such as high-rise buildings, industrial zones, forests, or areas
affected by hazardous chemicals. Delays in firefighting response times and the risk to
human firefighters are major concerns. Additionally, fire suppression systems may not
always be effective in areas that lack immediate access or are too dangerous for human
intervention.
Challenge: Developing an autonomous or semi-autonomous fire extinguisher drone that
can quickly and accurately identify and suppress fires in challenging environments. The
drone must be able to navigate through complex terrain, accurately target fire hotspots, and
deploy the right number of fire-suppressing agents (such as water, foam, or chemical
retardants) efficiently and safely. The system should also incorporate real-time sensors and
AI capabilities to assess the situation, prioritize targets, and optimize firefighting strategies
without endangering human lives.

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1.4 Objectives

• To develop a drone capable of detecting and responding to fires autonomously or under

human guidance.
• To enhance firefighting effectiveness by delivering CO2 fire extinguisher balls
accurately to the fire location.
• To reduce the risk to human fire-fighters by deploying drones in dangerous or hard-to-
reach areas.
• To improve response times in fire emergencies, thereby minimizing damage to property
and the environment.

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Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Applications of Drones in Firefighting
Drones have been utilized in various firefighting applications, primarily for surveillance,
mapping, and fire monitoring. The integration of fire suppression capabilities into these
drones is a relatively new area of research.

Surveillance and Monitoring: Drones are equipped with thermal imaging cameras,
infrared sensors, and multispectral cameras to detect fire hotspots and provide real-time
data to firefighting teams. This allows for early detection, efficient fire tracking, and
enhanced situational awareness in areas such as forests, industrial zones, and high-rise
buildingsre Suppression: Research has extended drone applications to actively extinguish
fires. Drones can carry water, foam, or fireretardant chemicals to combat flames, especially
in areas that are challenging for human crews to access.

2.2 Fire Suppression Techniques

Fire extinguisher drones are equipped with various suppression methods that are selected
based on the nature of the fire and the environment. Some common suppression techniques
used in drone systems include:
Water Dropping Systems: Drones are typically equipped with water tanks or pumps,
which allow them to carry and release water to suppress fire in targeted areas. However,
drones face limitations in carrying large amounts of water, which impacts their range and
effectiveness in large fires.
Foam Deployment SDrones can also carry fire retardant foam, which is more effective in
specific fire types (e.g., chemical fires). Foam can suppress fires by smothering the flames
and preventing reignition.
Chemical Fire Suppression: in industrial or chemical fires, drones can carry and deploy
fire suppression agents like dry chemicals or powders, designed to interrupt the chemical
reaction causing the fire.

2.3 Challenges in Fire Extinguisher Drone Technology

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER DRONE 2024-25
• Despite the potential benefits, several technical and operational challenges hinder
the widespread adoption of fire extinguisher drones:
• Payload Capacity: The weight of water, foam, or chemical agents significantly
limits the payload capacity of drones. This reduces the drone's ability to carry
sufficient suppressant material to effectively combat larger fires.
• Battery Life and Power Consumption: Firefight need to carry heavy loads while
maintaining long flight times. The current limitations of battery technology restrict
the operational duration, making it difficult for drones to sustain extended
firefighting efforts.
• Autonomous Navigation and Targeting: Autonomous flight suppression capabilities
require advanced sensors and AI algorithms. Drones must be capable of navigating
through complex environments, such as smoke-filled spaces or dense forests, and
accurately targeting fire hotspots.
• Heat Resistance: Fire suppression drones are exposed to high ts, especially in close
proximity to fires. Ensuring that the drones' components remain functional and
undamaged in such extreme conditions is a significant challenge.

2.4. AI and Sensor Technologies for Firefighting Drones

• Recent research has explored integrating AI and advanced sensor systems into
firefighting drones to enhance their effectiveness.
• Thermal and Infrared Imaging: Drones are equipped with thermal cameras to detect
temperature variations and identify fire hotspots, enabling more precise fire
detection. Infrared sensors help the drone see through smoke and locate the fire even
in visually obstructed environments.
• Multispectral and LiDAR Sensors: LiDAR and multispectral sensors are
increasinglyp the terrain and assess fire spread patterns. These sensors provide
valuable data for real-time decision-making and fire suppression strategies. AI for
Decision-Making: AI systems are utilized to process real-time data from sensors,
alls to autonomously detect fires, assess their severity, and decide on appropriate
suppression methods.

2.5 Case Studies of Fire Extinguisher Drones

• Real-world applications of fire extinguisher drones have demonstrated their

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER DRONE 2024-25
potential for improving firefighting operations:
• California Wildfires: Drones equipped with thermal imaging cameras and fire
suppression systems were used to monitor wildfires in California. These drones
helped firefighters map fire perimeters, drop fire retardants, and assess the fire's
progression.
• Dubai's Firefighting Drone Program: Dubai has implemented a fleet of firefighting
drones capable of autonomousl and suppressing fires in urban areas, including high-
rise buildings and industrial zones. The program demonstrates the potential of drone
technology in urban fire safety.

2.6 Future Trends and Research Directions

• The development of fire extinguisher drones is a rapidly evolving field, with several
promising areas for future research and technological advancement:
• Swarm Robotics: Research into drone swarms involves using multiple drones
working in concert to tackle large fires more efficiently. This could increase the range
and effectiveness of fire suppression efforts.
• Improved Power Sources: Advances in battery technology, including the use of
hybrid power systems or solar-powered drones, are expeend flight times and improve
the operational range of firefighting drones.
• Advanced Autonomous Systems: The future of fire extinguisher drones may involve
fully autonomous systems capable of detecting, assessing, and fires with minimal
human intervention. AI-driven decision-making and deep learning algorithms are
critical for such systems.
• Swarm intelligence for firefighting drones" (International Journal of Robotics and
Automation, 2023)
• Next-generation UAVs fpression" (IEEE Journal on Unmanned Systems,

Chapter 3

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD USED

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3.1. Existing System

• Design of Fire Extinguisher Drone

• This paper presents a hardware-based model designed to extinguish fires during
accidents, aiming to reduce fatalities associated with fire incidents.
• WiFi Enabled Fire Extinguishing Drone
• This research introduces a drone equipped with a dry powder extinguisher, capable
of extinguishing fires in the path of firefighters.
• Fire-Fighting Drones: A Use Case for Tactile Internet
• This study explores the use of fire-fighting drones, focusing on flight autonomy,
remote tactile internet control, and identifying the characteristics of drones in service.
• A Conceptual Design of a Firefighter Drone
• This paper discusses the implementation of a mechatronic device to detect and
extinguish fires without risking human lives, serving as an emergency responder
device.
• 2016 - "Autonomous Drone-Based Fire Extinguishing Systems"
• This paper discusses the potential of autonomous drones for firefighting, including
the selection of fire suppression agents, drone design, and safety protocols. The
research focuses on the feasibility of fire-extinguishing drones in urban
environments.
• 2017 - "Design and Implementation of a Fire-Extinguishing Drone for Emergency
Response"
• This paper addresses the design considerations for drones equipped with firefighting
capabilities, the integration of thermal sensors for fire detection, and the challenges
involved in real-time fire suppression.
• 2018 - "Fire Fighting Drones: Design, Implementation, and Control Systems"

• Focuses on drone systems, including control algorithms, sensor integration, and how
drones can navigate complex fire environments. It also covers the development of
real-time control and feedback mechanisms.

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• 2019 - "Drones for Fire Detection and Extinguishing: Current Trends and Future
Directions"
• A comprehensive review of fire-detection and extinguishing drone technology,
including advancements in sensors, payload capacities, and drone autonomy.
• 2020 - "Optimizing Drone-Based Fire Suppression for Forest Fires"
• This paper explores the application of drones for forest fire suppression, focusing on
how drones can be optimized for large-scale firefighting and the challenges faced in
dense, inaccessible areas.
• 2021 - "Drone-Assisted Fire Extinguishing in Urban Structures"
• Focuses on using drones to tackle fires in urban settings, with a particular emphasis
on high-rise buildings and large industrial complexes. It also discusses drone
maneuverability in confined spaces and the effectiveness of various extinguishing
agents.

3.2. Proposed System

Advanced CO₂ Ball Equipped Fire Extinguishing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. This research proposes the
use of drones mounted with fire extinguisher balls, designed to operate in crisis situations where human
intervention is beyond reach. A Fire Extinguisher Drone is a specialized drone designed for firefighting
applications, combining drone technology with fire suppression mechanisms. These drones are equipped
with sensors (like thermal or smoke detectors) to identify the source and intensity of a fire, and they carry
firefighting agents (such as water, foam, or CO2) to extinguish flames. The key benefit of these drones
is their ability to access hard-to-reach, dangerous areas like high-rise buildings, forests, or industrial
sites, where human intervention might be slow or too risky

3.3 Problem Statement

1. Existing System:
The existing system for fire extinguishing drones typically involves using multi-rotor drones
equipped with water tanks or foam dispensers to suppress fires. These drones are generally
controlled remotely, with the ability to detect heat sources using thermal sensors or infrared
cameras. Current methods have limitations such as restricted payload capacity, short flight
times, and challenges with targeting fires in complex environments, limiting their
effectiveness in larger-scale or dangerous fire scenarios.

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2. Proposed System:
The proposed system aims to enhance fire extinguishing drones by incorporating
autonomous capabilities, advanced AI for real-time decision-making, and improved fire
suppression technologies like CO2 canisters or fireretardant sprays. The drones will be
equipped with more efficient thermal and flame detection sensors, enabling them to locate
and suppress fires autonomously, especially in remote or hazardous areas, without direct
human intervention. Additionally, the payload capacity and flight time will be optimized for
better performance in large-scale fire emergencies.

3. Problem Statement:
Current fire extinguishing drones face challenges in terms of payload limitations, short
operational durations, and difficulty in targeting fires in unpredictable or inaccessible
environments. These limitations reduce their effectiveness in combating large fires or fires
in complex settings like forests or urban areas, where precise targeting and extended flight
times are crucial. The need for more efficient and autonomous systems that can operate in
diverse and dangerous conditions remains an ongoing problem.

4. Objective:
The objective of the proposed system is to develop an advanced fire extinguisher drone that
can autonomously detect, locate, and suppress fires in real-time with improved accuracy and
efficiency. The goal is to enhance drone payload capacity, flight time, and fire suppression
mechanisms, making them more reliable and capable of addressing larger or more hazardous
fires. Additionally, the system seeks to integrate AI for smarter decision-making and more
effective fire suppression in various environments.

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Chapter 4
METHDOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1. Block Diagram

Fig 4.1: Block Diagram

That's a great summary of the autonomous drone system block diagram. You've accurately
described the interconnected components and their functions, highlighting the critical role
of the Flight Controller (Pixhawk Orange Cube) in integrating inputs from various sensors
and systems to control the drone's flight dynamics. Your summary also emphasizes the
importance of power management, wireless communication, and data processing in enabling
the drone's autonomous functionality. The inclusion of the Payload component highlights
the system's flexibility and adaptability for various applications and missions. Well done!
Your summary effectively communicates the complexity and sophistication of the
autonomous drone system, showcasing your understanding of the underlying
technology and components.

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4.2. Hardware Requirements

1. Quad copter Frame
2. Propellers
3. Electronic Speed Control (ESC)
4. Brush less DC Motors
5. RC Transmitter
6. RC Receiver
7. Pix hawk flight controller
8. Servo Motor
9. Battery LIPO (lithium-polymer battery)
10. Clamp
11. Landing gears
12. Current sensor
13. GPS Module
14. Fire Extinguisher Ball

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4.2.1. Quad Copter Frame

Fig 4.2.1: Quad Copter Frame

The frame will have mounting holes or platforms for attaching the motors. These are usually
arranged in a square or rectangular pattern to accommodate the four motors of the
quadcopter. The centre plate is the central structural component of the frame where other
components, such as the flight control board (FC), power distribution board (PDB), and
battery, are mounted. The frame arms extend outward from the centre plate and provide
support for the motors and propellers. They are typically made of lightweight materials such
as carbon fibre, aluminium, or plastic. The arms may have holes or channels for routing
motor wires and ESC (Electronic Speed Controller) connections. The PDB is responsible
for distributing power from the battery to the ESCs and other electronics.

Fig 4.2.2: Propellers

Propellers are devices that transform rotary motion into linear thrust. Drone propellers
provide lift for the aircraft by spinning and creating an airflow, which results in a pressure
difference between the top and bottom surfaces of the propeller.

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4.2.2. Electronic Speed Control (ESC)

Fig 4.2.3: Electronic Speed Control

This pin is where you connect the power source, usually a lithium polymer (LiPo) battery
pack. It's often labeled with the voltage range it can accept, such as "2S-6S" for batteries
with 2 to 6 cells. The motor output pins are where you connect the three wires from the
brushless DC motor. These wires carry the phase currents to drive the motor. This pin
receives the control signal from an external source, such as a flight controller or radio
receiver. The control signal is typically a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal, which
controls the speed and direction of the motor. This pin is connected to the ground (0V)
reference of the circuit and is usually connected to the ground of the power source and the
ground of the control signal Source forge ESCs have a built-in BEC to provide a regulated
voltage output for powering the receiver and other electronics in the system.

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4.2.3. Brush less DC Motors

Fig 4.2.4: Brush less DC Motors

Motor Terminals:

Positive Terminal (+): The wire that connects to the positive side of the power supply.
Negative Terminal (-): The wire that connects to the negative side of the power supply.
The DC brushed motor will have a specified voltage range within which it operates
optimally. Make sure to connect it to an appropriate power source. If the motor has an
encoder for position feedback, there might be wires for encoder signals. Some motors might
have separate terminals for connecting the brushes. If the motor has reversible capabilities,
there might be a wire or terminal for controlling the direction of rotation.

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4.2.4. RC Transmitter

Fig 4.2.5: RC Transmitter

This pin is where you connect the power source, typically batteries, to power the transmitter
unit. The voltage and polarity requirements will be specified by the manufacturer. The
transmitter will have an antenna for broadcasting the control signals wirelessly to the
receiver unit. The antenna may be internal or external, depending on the design. These pins
represent the control channels available on the transmitter. The number of channels varies
depending on the transmitter model and application. Some transmitters may have pins or
switches for selecting different operating modes or settings, such as mode 1 or mode 2 for
RC airplane controllers. These pins are often available for connecting additional devices or
accessories, such as trainer cords, external modules (e.g., telemetry modules), or
programming cables.

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4.2.5. RC Receiver

Fig 4.2.6: RC Receiver

Similar to the transmitter, the receiver unit requires power to operate. This pin is where you
connect the power source, typically from the ESC (Electronic Speed Controller) or a
dedicated battery pack. The receiver will also have an antenna for receiving the control
signals transmitted by the transmitter. As with the transmitter, the antenna may be internal
or external. These pins represent the output channels of the receiver, corresponding to the
control signals received from the transmitter. The receiver is located on the RC device and
is responsible for receiving the R signals transmitted by the transmitter. It has an antenna
for capturing the transmitted signals. Upon receiving the RF signals, the receiver's circuitry
demodulates the signals, extracting the encoded control information. For PWM signals, this
involves converting the pulse widths back into electrical signals representing the control
inputs. The demodulated signals are processed by the receiver's electronics to interpret the
user's control inputs. This process involves decoding the signals and converting them into
commands for the actuators or servos that control the various functions of the RC device.

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4.2.7. Electronic Flight Controllers

Fig 4.2.7: Electronic Flight Controllers

WORKING
The Pixhawk is an open-source autopilot system designed primarily for unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) or drones. It's a highly versatile and flexible platform used for controlling
the flight of drones, gathering sensor data, and executing autonomous missions. The
Pixhawk system consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware includes
the Pixhawk flight controller, which is a small electronic device equipped with sensors (such
as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, barometers, and GPS) and processing units
(such as microcontrollers and microprocessors). The sensors onboard the Pixhawk measure
various parameters related to the drone’s orientation, position, altitude, velocity, and
environmental conditions. This sensor data is crucial for the flight controller to stabilize the
aircraft, navigate, and execute missions accurately. The Pixhawk runs open-source
firmware, such as the popular ArduPilot orPX4 firmware. These firmware platforms provide
the algorithms and code necessary for flight control, navigation, and mission planning. They
offer a wide range of features,

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4.2.8. Servo Motor

A servo motor is a type of rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position.
It consists of a motor coupled with a sensor for position feedback, typically a potentiometer.
Servo motors are widely used in various applications where accurate positioning or speed
control is required, such as in robotics, RC vehicles, automation systems, and more.
4.2.9. Battery LIPO (lithium-polymer battery)

Fig 4.2.9: Battery

1. Positive (+) Terminal:

The positive terminal is the pin or terminal through which the positive voltage is supplied.
It is often marked with a "+" sign.
2. Negative (-) Terminal:
The negative terminal is the pin or terminal through which the negative voltage is supplied.
It is usually marked with a "-" sign.
3. Balance Connector:
LiPo batteries often have a balance connector, which is a separate set of pin sued for
balancing the voltage across individual cells within the battery pack. The number of pins in
the balance connector corresponds to the number of cells in the battery.

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4.2.10. Clamp

Fig 4.2.10: Clamp

Clamps are versatile tools that serve to temporarily hold work securely in place. They are
used for many applications including carpentry, woodworking, furniture making, welding,
construction and metal working.
Clamp is a Mechanism Which we can control manual to hold and release the Fire
Extinguisher Ball using servo motor.
Software used for the design is Solid works Fabrication-3D Printing.
Material used PLA (Poly lactic Acid)infill-40%.

4.2.11. Landing gears

Fig 4.2.11: Landing gears

The “Landing Gear Plastic for Quadcopter” in black is an accessory commonly used in
quadcopters and drones to protect the underside of the drone during landings and to provide
additional ground clearance.

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4.2.12. Current sensor

Fig 4.2.12: Current sensor

In the context of a Fire Extinguisher Drone, a current sensor could serve several important
purposes related to monitoring and controlling the drone's electrical systems, especially
those associated with its firefighting capabilities. Here are some potential uses of a current
sensor in such a drone:

1. Monitoring Power Systems:

• A current sensor can monitor the electrical current flowing through the
drone's power distribution system. This is crucial for ensuring that the drone's
motors, propulsion systems, and other electrical components are operating
within safe limits.

• By continuously monitoring the current, the drone's onboard systems can

detect anomalies such as overcurrent conditions, which could indicate faults
or malfunctions.

2. Battery Monitoring:

• Drones rely on batteries for power, and monitoring the current drawn from
the batteries is crucial for managing battery life and performance.
• Current sensors can monitor the current flowing into and out of the drone's
batteries during firefighting operations. This information helps in assessing
battery health, estimating remaining battery life, and ensuring safe operation.

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4.2.13. GPS Module

Fig 4.2.13: Current sensor

Integrating a GPS module into a Fire Extinguisher Drone offers several significant
advantages for operational effectiveness and safety. Here’s how a GPS module enhances
the capabilities of such a drone:

1. Navigation and Positioning: The primary function of a GPS module is to provide

accurate positioning data. For a fire extinguisher drone, this means it can precisely
determine its own location in real-time. This capability is crucial for:

• Navigating to the Fire: GPS allows the drone to autonomously navigate to the
exact location of the fire, even in remote or poorly mapped areas. This ensures
timely deployment without relying solely on visual or manual guidance.
• Hovering and Stability: Once at the fire scene, GPS helps the drone maintain
a stable hover position. This is essential for accurately aiming firefighting
equipment (like water cannons or foam sprayers) and maintaining safe
distance from the fire.

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2. Mission Planning and Coordination: GPS enables efficient mission planning and
coordination:

• Waypoint Navigation: Drones can be programmed to follow predefined

routes or waypoints using GPS coordinates. This is useful for conducting
systematic sweeps of an area or navigating complex terrain.
• Real-time Tracking: Operators can monitor the drone’s position and
movement in real-time on a map display. This enhances situational awareness
and allows for adjustments to the mission as needed.

3. Emergency Response and Safety:

• In emergency situations, such as wildfires or industrial fires, GPS enables

quick deployment of firefighting resources. It ensures that drones can reach
the scene rapidly and operate effectively in challenging conditions.
• GPS data can also assist in coordinating multiple drones or other emergency
responders, improving overall response efficiency and safety.

4. Data Logging and Analysis:

• GPS modules can log flight data, including route taken, altitude, and speed.
This information is valuable for post-mission analysis, performance
evaluation, and optimizing future operations.
• It helps in creating detailed reports and records of firefighting activities,
aiding in incident review and decision-making.

5. Geo-fencing and Safe Operation:

• Geo-fencing features can be implemented using GPS, defining virtual

boundaries or restricted areas where the drone should not enter or should
operate with caution.
• This enhances safety by preventing the drone from straying into hazardous
zones or airspace, ensuring compliance with regulations and operational
protocols.

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4.2.14. Fire Extinguisher Ball

Fig 4.2.14: Fire Extinguisher Ball

A Fire Extinguisher Ball (also known as a Fire Extinguishing Ball) is a firefighting device
designed to extinguish fires quickly and effectively. It's typically spherical in shape, ranging
in size from a few inches to larger models, and is activated by direct contact with flames or
heat. Here are some key features and benefits of a Fire Extinguisher Ball:

1. Activation Mechanism:

• When exposed to flames, heat, or direct contact with fire, the Fire
Extinguisher Ball automatically activates. This is usually triggered by a fuse
or a heat-sensitive mechanism inside the ball.

2. Fire Extinguishing Agent:

• Upon activation, the ball releases a fire extinguishing agent, typically dry
chemical powder or foam, which helps suppress the fire by depriving it of
oxygen or cooling the flames.

3. Ease of Use:

• Fire Extinguisher Balls are designed to be simple and intuitive to use. They
can be thrown directly into the fire from a safe distance (depending on the
size and type), and they activate automatically upon contact with the flames.
• This ease of use makes them suitable for use by anyone, including individuals
without extensive firefighting training.

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4. Versatility:

• They are effective for extinguishing various types of fires, including Class A
(ordinary combustibles like wood and paper), Class B (flammable liquids),
and Class C (electrical fires).
• Some models are also effective against Class F (cooking oil and fat) fires.

5. Safety Features:

• Fire Extinguisher Balls are designed with safety in mind. They typically do
not require complex maintenance, have a long shelf life, and are safe to use
in enclosed spaces without significant risk of harm to individuals nearby.

6. Applications:

• Fire Extinguisher Balls are suitable for use in homes, offices, vehicles,
factories, and other environments where fire hazards may exist.

• They are particularly useful in areas where fires could spread rapidly or where
traditional firefighting equipment may not be readily available.

7. Cost-Effectiveness:

• Compared to traditional fire extinguishers, Fire Extinguisher Balls can be a

cost-effective solution due to their simplicity and ease of use. They require
minimal training for deployment and can be strategically placed for quick
access in case of emergency.

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4.3 Software Requirement

Qground Control Quick Start Procedure

Step 1: Install QGroundControl

Download and Install

1. Visit QGround Control Downloads to download the version for your operating system
(Windows, macOS, Linux, or Android).
2. Install the application by following the on-screen instructions.
3.

Step 2: Prepare Your Hardware

1. Ensure Drone Readiness
a. Charge the drone's battery.
b. Ensure the drone is equipped with a compatible flight controller (e.g., Pixhawk, Cube-pilot,
or similar).
c. Verify that the drone firmware (PX4 or ArduPilot) is up to date.
2. Connect the Vehicle
1. Use a USB cable to connect your flight controller to your computer. Alternatively, connect
via telemetry radio or Wi-Fi if supported.

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Step 3: Launch QGroundControl

1. Open the Software
a. Start QGroundControl on your computer or tablet.
b. The software will automatically attempt to detect the connected vehicle.

2. Establish Connection
a. Verify that the drone appears as “connected” in QGroundControl.
b. If using telemetry or Wi-Fi, select the appropriate connection method in Settings > Comm
Links.
Step 4: Perform Initial Setup
1. Calibrate Sensors
a. Navigate to the Vehicle Setup > Sensors menu.
b. Follow on-screen instructions to calibrate:
1. Accelerometer.
2. Compass.
3. Gyroscope.
4. Level Horizon.
Step 5: Plan a Mission (Optional)
1. Mission Planning
• Go to the Plan tab in QGroundControl.
• Use the map interface to add waypoints, define altitude, and set mission actions.
• Upload the mission to the vehicle.

Step 6: Pre-Flight Checks

1. Verify System Status
• Check battery voltage, GPS signal, and sensor health in the Vehicle Summary view.
• Ensure no warnings or errors are displayed.
• Arm the Drone
• Switch to the Fly tab.
• Confirm arming readiness and arm the drone using your RC transmitter or on-screen
controls.

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Step 7: Flying the Drone

1. Take Off
• Use the takeoff button in the Fly tab for automated takeoff or manually lift off using the
remote controller.
2. Monitor Telemetry
• Observe the drone's position, altitude, and battery status in real-time.
3. Execute Mission (if planned)
• Start the mission using the on-screen controls.
Step 8: Landing
1. Manual or Automated Landing
• Perform a manual landing using the controller or activate the RTL (Return-to-Launch)
or Land mode.
2. Disarm the Vehicle
After landing, disarm the drone through QGroundControl or your RC transmitter.
Step 9: Post-Flight
1. Review Flight Logs
• Download and analyze flight logs for review or debugging.
2. Power Off
• Disconnect the vehicle and power down the drone and equipment.

Download and Install

The sections below can be used to download the current stable release of QGroundControl
for each platform.

System Requirements
QGC should run well on any modern computer or mobile device. Performance will depend
on the system environment, 3rd party applications, and available system resources. More
capable hardware will provide a better experience. A computer with at least 8Gb RAM, an
SSD, Nvidia or AMD graphics and an i5 or better CPU will be suitable for most
applications.

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Loading Firmware
QGroundControl desktop versions can install PX4 Pro or ArduPilot firmware onto
Pixhawk-family flight-controller boards. By default, QGC will install the current stable
version of the selected autopilot, but you can also choose to install beta builds, daily builds,
or custom firmware files. QGround Control can also install the firmware for SiK Radios
and PX4 Flow devices. Caution Loading Firmware is currently not available on tablet or
phone versions of QGroundControl. Connect Device for Firmware Update
Caution Before you start installing Firmware all USB connections to your vehicle must be
disconnected (both direct or through a telemetry radio). The vehicle must not be powered
by a battery. First select the Gear icon (Vehicle Setup) in the top toolbar and then Firmware
in the sidebar.

Connect your device (Pixhawk, SiK Radio, PX4 Flow) directly to your computer via USB.
Select Firmware to Load Once the device is connected you can choose which firmware to
load (QGroundControl presents sensible options based on the connected hardware).
For a Pixhawk-compatible board choose either PX4 Flight Stable Release or Ardu Pilot
Flight Stack radio buttons to download the current stable release.

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If you select ArduPilot you will also have to choose the specific firmware and the type of
vehicle (as shown below).

Check Advanced settings to select specific developer releases or install firmware from your
local file system.

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Update the firmware

Click the OK button to start the update.

The firmware will then proceed through a number of upgrade steps (downloading new
firmware, erasing old firmware etc.). Each step is printed to the screen and overall progress
is displayed on a progress bar.

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Once the firmware has finished loading the device/vehicle will reboot and reconnect. Next
you will need to configure the airframe (and then sensors, radio, etc.)
Power Setup
The Power Setup screen is used to configure battery parameters and also provide advanced
settings for propellers.

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Battery Voltage/Current Calibration

Enter data for your battery/power module from its data sheet: number of cells, full voltage
per cell, empty voltage per cell. If provided, also enter voltage divider and amps-per-volt
information.
QGroundControl can be used to calculate appropriate voltage divider and amps-per-volt
values from measurements:
Measure the voltage from the battery using a multimeter.
Click Calculate next to the Voltage divider field. On the prompt that appears:
Enter the measured voltage.
Click Calculate to generate a new voltage-divider value.
Click Close to save the value into the main form.
Measure the current from the battery.
Click Calculate next to the Amps per volt field. On the prompt that appears:
Enter the measured current.
Click Calculate to generate a new amps per volt value.

Click Close to save the value into the main form.

Advanced Power Settings
Click the Show Advanced Settings checkbox to specify advanced power settings.
Voltage Drop on Full Load
Batteries show less voltage at high throttle. Enter the difference in Volts between idle
throttle and full throttle, divided by the number of battery cells. The default value should
be used if unsure!

WARNING
If the value is too high the battery may be deep-discharged and damaged.
ESC PWM Minimum and Maximum Calibration
To calibrate the ESC max/min PWM values:
Remove the propellers.
Connect the vehicle to QGC via USB (only).
Click the Calibrate button.

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WARNING
Never attempt ESC calibration with props on.
Motors should not spin during ESC calibration. However if an ESC doesn't properly
support/detect the calibration sequence then it will respond to the PWM input by running
the motor at maximum speed.
Motor Setup
Motor Setup is used to test individual motors/servos (for example, to verify that motors spin
in the correct direction)
Safety Setup
The Safety Setup page allows you to configure the most important failsafe settings (other
failsafe settings can be set via the parameters described in the failsafe documentation for
each vehicle type).
For Ardu Pilot safety page information see: Safety (Ardu Pilot)
The PX4 page is shown below.

Test Steps

To test the motors:

Remove all propellers.

WARNING

You must remove props before activating the motors!

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(PX4-only) Enable safety switch - if used.

Slide the switch to enable motor sliders (labeled: Propellers are removed - Enable motor
sliders).

Adjust the individual sliders to spin the motors and confirm they spin in the correct
direction.
Safety Setup
The Safety Setup page allows you to configure the most important failsafe settings (other
failsafe settings can be set via the parameters described in the failsafe documentation for
each vehicle type).
For ArduPilot safety page information see: Safety (ArduPilot)
The PX4 page is shown below.

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Safety Setup (Ardu Pilot)

The Safety Setup page allows you to configure (vehicle specific) failsafe settings.

Copter

The Copter safety page is shown below.

Battery Failsafe
This panel sets the Battery Failsafe parameters. You can set low and critical thresholds for
voltage and/or remaining capacity and define the action if the failsafe value is breached. The
thresholds can be disabled by setting them to zero.

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The configuration options are:

Low action (BATT_FS_LOW_ACT) - Select one of: None, Land, RTL, SmartRTL,
SmartRTL or Land, Terminate.

Critical action (BATT_FS_CRT_ACT) - Select one of: None, Land, RTL, SmartRTL,
SmartRTL or Land, Terminate.

Low voltage threshold (BATT_LOW_VOLT) - Battery voltage that triggers the low action.

Critical voltage threshold (BATT_CRT_VOLT)- Battery voltage that triggers the critical
action.

Low mAh threshold (BATT_LOW_MAH) - Battery capacity that triggers the low action.
Critical mAh threshold (BATT_CRT_MAH) - Battery capacity that triggers the critical
action.

General Failsafe Triggers

This panel enables the GCS Failsafe and enables/configures the throttle failsafe.

The configuration options are:

Ground Station failsafe - Disabled, Enabled always RTL, Enabled Continue with Mission
in Auto Mode, Enabled Always SmartRTL or RTL, Enabled Always SmartRTL or Land.
Throttle failsafe - Disabled, Always RTL, Continue with Mission in Auto Mode, Always
land. PWM Threshold (FS_THR_VALUE) - PWM value below which throttle failsafe
triggers.

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Geofence
This panel sets the parameters for the cylindrical Simple Geofence. You can set whether
the fence radius or height are enabled, the maximum values for causing a breach, and the
action in the event of a breach.

The configuration options are:

Circle GeoFence enabled (FENCE_TYPE, FENCE_ENABLE) - Enable the circular

geofence.
Altitude GeoFence enabled (FENCE_TYPE, FENCE_ENABLE) - Enable altitude
geofence.
Fence action (FENCE_ACTION) One of:
Report only - Report fence breach.
RTL or Land - RTL or land on fence breach.
Max radius (FENCE_RADIUS) - Circular fence radius that when broken causes RTL.
Max altitude (FENCE_ALT_MAX)- Fence maximum altitude to trigger altitude geofence.
Return to Launch
This panel sets the RTL Mode behaviour.

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The configuration options are:

Select RTL return altitude (RTL_ALT):

Return at current altitude - Return at current altitude.
Return at specified altitude - Ascend to specified altitude to return if below current altitude.
Loiter above home for (RTL_LOIT_TIME) - Check to set a loiter time before landing.
One of
Land with descent speed (LAND_SPEED) - Select final descent speed.
Final loiter altitude (RTL_ALT_FINAL) - Select and set final altitude for landing after RTL
or mission (set to 0 to land).
Arming Checks
This panel sets which Pre-ARM Safety Checks are enabled.

The configuration options are:

Arming Checks to perform (ARMING_CHECK) - Check all appropriate: Barometer,

Compass, GPS lock, INS, Parameters, RC Channels, Board voltage, Battery Level,
Airspeed, Logging Available, Hardware safety switch, GPS Configuration, System.

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Plane

The Plane safety page is shown below.

Battery Failsafe

The plane battery failsafe is the same as for copter except there are different options for the
Low and Critical actions: None, RTL, Land, Terminate.

For more information see: battery failsafe (copter).

Failsafe Triggers
This panel enables the GCS Failsafe and enables/configures the throttle failsafe

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The configuration options are:

Throttle PWM threshold (THR_FS_VALUE) - PWM value below which throttle failsafe
triggers.

GCS failsafe (FS_GCS_ENABL) - Check to enable GCS failsafe.

Return to Launch
This panel sets the RTL Mode behaviour.

Battery Failsafe
The rover battery failsafe is the same as for copter.

Failsafe Triggers
This panel enables the rover Failsafes.

Safety Setup - Failsafe Triggers (Rover)

The configuration options are:

Ground Station failsafe (FS_GCS_ENABL) - Check to enable GCS failsafe.

Throttle failsafe (FS_THR_ENABLE) - Enable/disable throttle failsafe (value is PWM
threshold below).
PWM threshold (FS_THR_VALUE) - PWM value below which throttle failsafe triggers.
Failsafe Crash Check (FS_CRASH_CHECK) - What to do in the event of a crash: Disabled,
Hold, HoldAndDisarm
Arming Checks
Arming Checks are the same as for copter.

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Joystick Setup
QGroundControl allows you to control a vehicle using a joystick or gamepad instead of an
RC Transmitter.
Enabling PX4 Joystick Support
To enable Joystick support in PX4 you need to set the parameter COM_RC_IN_MODE to
1 - Joystick. If this parameter is 0 then Joystick will not be offered as a setup option.
This is enabled by default for PX4 SITL builds (see the Parameters topic for information
on how to find and set a particular parameter).
Ardupilot Joystick Support
All ArduPilot vehicles are supported. No parameter configuration is necessary.
Configuring the Joystick
To configure a joystick:
Start QGroundControl and connect to a vehicle.
Connect the Joystick or Gamepad to a USB port.
Select the Gear icon (Vehicle Setup) in the top toolbar and then Joystick in the sidebar.

Make sure your joystick is selected in the Active joystick dropdown.

Go to the Calibrate Tab, press the Start button and then follow the on-screen instructions to
calibrate/move the sticks.

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The joystick is enabled as the last step of the calibration process.

Test the buttons and sticks work as intended by pressing them, and viewing the result in the
Axis/Button monitor in the General tab.
Select the flight modes/vehicle functions activated by each joystick button.

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Parameters

The Parameters screen allows you to find and modify any of the parameters associated with

the vehicle.

Finding a Parameter
The parameters are organized in groups. Select a group of parameters to view by clicking
on the buttons to the left (in the image above the Battery Calibration group is selected).

You can also search for a parameter by entering a term in the Search field. This will show
you a list of all parameter names and descriptions that contain the entered substring (press
Clear to reset the search).

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Changing a Parameter
To change the value of a parameter click on the parameter row in a group or search list.
This will open a side dialog in which you can update the value (this dialog also provides
additional detailed information about the parameter - including whether a reboot is required
for the change to take effect).

Tools
You can select additional options from the Tools menu on the top right hand side of the
screen.

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Refresh
Refresh the parameter values by re-requesting all of them from the vehicle.
Reset all to defaults
Reset all parameters to their original default values.
Load from file / Save to file
Load parameters from an existing file or save your current parameter settings to a file.
Clear RC to Param
This clears all associations between RC transmitter controls and parameters. For more
information see: Radio Setup > Param Tuning Channels.
Reboot Vehicle
Reboot the vehicle (required after changing some parameters).

Result Analysis

The analysis of a fire extinguisher drone using a fire extinguisher ball focuses on the
performance, efficiency, and safety of deploying these systems in various scenarios. Here’s
a detailed breakdown of result parameters and insights:

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Chapter 5
RESULT ANALYSIS

5.1 Working of The Model

Fig 5.1: Design of drone

Fig 5.2: Side View

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Fig 5.3: Top View

Fig 5.4: Side View

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Fig 5.5: Brush less DC Motors

Fig 5.6: Electronic Speed Control

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Fig 5.7: Electronic Flight Controllers

Fig 5.8: RC Receiver

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Fig 5.8: Fig Flying Drone

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ADVANTAGES
1. Rapid Response and Deployment:
• Drones can reach fire scenes quickly, especially in remote or difficult-to-access areas where
traditional fire trucks or personnel may face delays.
• They provide immediate response capabilities, helping to suppress fires early before they
escalate.
2. Enhanced Safety for Firefighters:
• Fire Extinguisher Drones can operate in dangerous or inaccessible locations without
endangering human lives.
• They reduce the need for firefighters to enter hazardous environments initially, minimizing
risks associated with smoke inhalation, structural collapse, or intense heat.
3. Aerial Perspective and Coverage:
• Drones offer a bird's-eye view of the fire, providing valuable situational awareness to
incident commanders and firefighters on the ground.
• This aerial perspective allows for more strategic firefighting tactics, such as identifying fire
spread patterns and targeting hotspots more effectively.
4. Versatility and Accessibility:
• Drones can maneuver through narrow spaces, over rough terrain, and around obstacles that
may impede traditional firefighting vehicles.
• They are versatile in responding to different types of fires, including wildfires, industrial
fires, and urban blazes.
5. Operational Efficiency:
• Fire Extinguisher Drones can carry specialized firefighting equipment, such as water tanks,
foam sprayers, or fir retardant dispensers, optimizing resource deployment and utilization.
• They can perform multiple missions consecutively without the need for extensive refueling
or rest periods.
6. Real-Time Data and Monitoring:
• Drones equipped with sensors, including thermal imaging and gas detection, can provide
real-time data on fire behavior and environmental conditions.
• This data helps in decision-making, predicting fire spread, and ensuring effective resource
allocation.

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Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability:

• While initial investment costs may vary, Fire Extinguisher Drones can potentially reduce
long-term operational costs by minimizing property damage and mitigating risks associated
with extended firefighting operations.
• They can be deployed in scalable fleets, allowing for simultaneous firefighting efforts
across multiple locations or for larger incidents.
Environmental Impact:
• Drones can help mitigate environmental damage by containing fires more swiftly, reducing
the release of harmful emissions and preserving natural habitats.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Limited Payload Capacity:
• Drones have limited carrying capacity for firefighting agents like water, foam, or fire
retardants. This limits their effectiveness in tackling large-scale fires or prolonged
firefighting operations.
• The payload capacity can restrict the amount of firefighting agent that can be delivered per
flight, requiring frequent refueling or reloading.
2. Weather Limitations:
• Adverse weather conditions, such as high winds, heavy rain, or extreme temperatures, can
affect the flight capabilities and operational effectiveness of drones.
• Precipitation, in particular, can impact the effectiveness of water-based firefighting
methods deployed by drones.
3. Battery Life and Flight Time:
• Drones are typically limited by battery life and flight endurance. Fire Extinguisher Drones
may have shorter flight times due to the additional weight of firefighting equipment and the
energy demands of firefighting operations.
• This limitation can impact their ability to sustain continuous operations or cover large areas
before requiring recharging or battery replacement.
4. Regulatory and Legal Challenges:
• Operating drones for firefighting purposes may be subject to strict regulations and airspace
restrictions, particularly in urban or populated areas.
• Compliance with aviation regulations, obtaining necessary permits, and navigating airspace
coordination can pose logistical challenges. Reliability and Maintenance.

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• Drones require regular maintenance and calibration to ensure operational reliability and
safety.
• Mechanical failures, software glitches, or sensor malfunctions can affect performance
and require prompt troubleshooting or repairs.
5. Limited Firefighting Techniques:
• Fire Extinguisher Drones may be limited in the types of firefighting techniques they can
employ compared to traditional firefighting methods.
• They may not have the versatility or adaptability to handle complex firefighting
scenarios or provide specialized tactics like rescue operations.
6. Human Supervision and Coordination:
• While drones can operate autonomously to a certain extent, effective deployment often
requires skilled operators for mission planning, monitoring, and decision-making.
• Ensuring effective communication and coordination between drone operators, ground
crews, and incident commanders is essential for successful firefighting operations.
7. Cost Considerations:
• Initial investment costs for Fire Extinguisher Drones, including equipment, training,
and infrastructure, can be substantial.
• Operational costs related to maintenance, insurance, and compliance with regulatory
requirements can also contribute to overall expenses.

APPLICATION
1. Urban Firefighting:
• High-Rise Buildings: Drones can quickly reach upper floors and rooftops to deploy
firefighting agents, providing rapid response in densely populated urban areas.
• Compact Spaces: They can access narrow alleys, courtyards, or areas with limited
accessibility where traditional fire trucks may struggle to maneuver.
2. Wildfire Management:
• Early Response: Drones equipped with thermal imaging and sensors can detect wildfires in
remote or rugged terrain, allowing for early intervention to contain and suppress fires before
they spread.
• Aerial Support: They can work alongside ground crews and aerial firefighting aircraft,
providing supplementary support in directing resources and monitoring fire behavior.

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3. Industrial Facilities:
• Chemical Plants and Refineries: Drones can safely navigate hazardous environments and
deliver firefighting agents to control fires involving flammable materials or complex
industrial structures.
• Oil and Gas Installations: They can respond to fires on offshore platforms or in remote oil
fields, mitigating risks to personnel and infrastructure.
4. Search and Rescue Operations:
• Drones equipped with thermal cameras and infrared sensors can assist in locating
individuals in smoke-filled buildings, wilderness areas, or disaster zones, aiding rescue
efforts.
• They can provide real-time situational awareness to responders, improving coordination
and optimizing rescue operations.
5. Natural Disasters:
• Earthquakes and Floods: Drones can assess structural integrity, deliver supplies, and assist
in firefighting and rescue operations in disaster-affected areas where access may be limited
or hazardous.
• Hurricanes and Storms: They can assess damage, monitor flooding, and support emergency
response efforts in affected communities.
6. Remote and Rural Areas:
• Drones can reach remote locations with limited road access or infrastructure, providing
essential firefighting capabilities where traditional resources may be scarce or delayed.
• They can assist in protecting remote communities, agricultural lands, and natural habitats
from wildfires and other fire hazards.
7. Training and Simulation:
• Fire Extinguisher Drones can be used for training purposes, simulating fire scenarios and
allowing firefighters to practice response techniques and coordination with drone
operations.
They provide a safe and controlled environment for honing skills in firefighting tactics and
emergency preparedness.

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion

Fire Extinguisher Drones represent a transformative advancement in firefighting

technology, offering unprecedented capabilities to combat fires more effectively and safely
across various environments. These drones leverage cutting-edge aerial mobility, advanced
sensors, and specialized firefighting equipment to enhance emergency response capabilities
in ways that traditional methods cannot match.
The key benefits of Fire Extinguisher Drones include rapid deployment to inaccessible or
hazardous areas, real-time situational awareness through advanced sensor technology, and
reduced risk to human responders by minimizing direct exposure to fire and smoke. They
can navigate challenging terrain, reach remote locations, and provide critical support during
initial fire suppression efforts, thereby mitigating fire spread and minimizing property
damage.
Looking forward, the future of Fire Extinguisher Drones holds immense promise.
Continued advancements in drone technology, such as improved flight endurance, payload
capacity, and autonomous operation, will further enhance their effectiveness and versatility
in firefighting operations. Integration of AI-driven algorithms, advanced sensor networks,
and collaborative swarm intelligence will

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6.2 Future Scope

Firefighting drones are revolutionizing fire management by enhancing safety,

efficiency, and effectiveness. Equipped with advanced technologies, these drones offer
several promising applications:
1. Aerial Surveillance and Mapping: Drones provide real-time aerial imagery and thermal
imaging, enabling fire departments to assess fire perimeters, identify hot spots, and
monitor fire progression. This capability allows for informed decision-making and
strategic planning during firefighting operations.
2. Fire Suppression: Some drones are designed to carry and deploy fire suppression
materials, such as fire extinguishing balls or water, directly onto fire sites. For instance,
certain drones can drop foam-cased PVC balls filled with dry chemical agents that
explode upon contact with fire, effectively extinguishing flames.
3. Search and Rescue Operations: Equipped with thermal cameras and sensors, drones
can detect humans and animals in need of rescue, even in low-visibility conditions. This
capability enhances the safety and efficiency of rescue missions, particularly in
challenging environments like wildfires.
4. Wildfire Management: Drones are increasingly used in wildfire management to monitor
and suppress fires. They assist in detecting fires early, mapping fire perimeters, and
delivering suppression materials, thereby improving response times and reducing risks
to human firefighters.
5. Drone Swarms for Fire Suppression: Innovative research is exploring the use of drone
swarms to combat fires. These swarms can autonomously detect and suppress fires,
potentially transforming fire management strategies by providing rapid and coordinated
responses to fire outbreaks.
6. Communication and Coordination: Drones equipped with communication systems can
relay information between ground teams and command centers, facilitating better
coordination during firefighting operations. They can also broadcast messages to
affected populations, providing critical information during emergencies.The integration
of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into drone technology is
expected to enhance autonomous decision-making, allowing drones to predict fire
behavior and optimize suppression strategies.

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REFERENCE

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