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Basic Linux Commands

This document provides a comprehensive list of basic Linux commands categorized into sections such as file management, file permissions, environment variables, user management, networking, process management, and VI editing commands. Each command is accompanied by a brief description of its functionality. It serves as a quick reference guide for users to understand and utilize essential Linux commands effectively.

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3 views4 pages

Basic Linux Commands

This document provides a comprehensive list of basic Linux commands categorized into sections such as file management, file permissions, environment variables, user management, networking, process management, and VI editing commands. Each command is accompanied by a brief description of its functionality. It serves as a quick reference guide for users to understand and utilize essential Linux commands effectively.

Uploaded by

s11125039
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Linux commands

Command Description
ls  Lists all files and directories in the present working directory
ls -R  Lists files in sub-directories as well
ls -a  Lists hidden files as well
 Lists files and directories with detailed information like
ls -al
permissions, size, owner, etc.
cd or cd ~  Navigate to HOME directory
cd ..  Move one level up
cd  To change to a particular directory
cd /  Move to the root directory
cat > filename  Creates a new file
cat filename  Displays the file content
cat file1 file2 >  Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a new file
file3 (file3)
mv file "new file
path"
 Moves the files to the new location
mv filename
new_file_name
 Renames the file to a new filename
 Allows regular users to run programs with the security
sudo
privileges of the superuser or root
rm filename  Deletes a file
man  Gives help information on a command
 Gives a list of all past commands typed in the current terminal
history
session
clear  Clears the terminal
 Creates a new directory in the present working directory or a at
mkdir directoryname
the specified path
rmdir  Deletes a directory
mv  Renames a directory
pr -x  Divides the file into x columns
pr -h  Assigns a header to the file
pr -n  Denotes the file with Line Numbers
lp -nc , lpr c  Prints “c” copies of the File
lp-d lp-P  Specifies name of the printer
apt-get  Command used to install and update packages
mail -s 'subject'
-c 'cc-address'
-b 'bcc-address'
 Command to send email
'to-address'
mail -s "Subject"
to-address <  Command to send email with attachment
Filename
File Permission commands
Command Description
ls -l  to show file type and access permission
r  read permission
w  write permission
x  execute permission
-=  no permission
Chown user  For changing the ownership of a file/directory
 change the user as well as group for a file or
Chown user:group filename
directory

Environment Variables command


Command Description
echo $VARIABLE  To display value of a variable
env  Displays all environment variables
VARIABLE_NAME=
 Create a new variable
variable_value
Unset  Remove a variable
export Variable=value  To set value of an environment variable

User management commands of linux


Command Description
sudo adduser username  To add a new user
sudo passwd -l 'username'  To change the password of a user
sudo userdel -r 'username'  To remove a newly created user
sudo usermod -a -G
 To add a user to a group
GROUPNAME USERNAME
sudo deluser USER GROUPNAME  To remove a user from a group
finger  Shows information of all the users logged in
finger username  Gives information of a particular user
Networking command
Command Description
SSH username@ip-
 login into a remote Linux machine using SSH
address or hostname
Ping hostname="" or
 To ping and Analyzing network and host connections
=""
 Display files in the current directory of a remote
dir
computer
cd "dirname"  change directory to “dirname” on a remote computer
put file  upload ‘file’ from local to remote computer
get file  Download ‘file’ from remote to local computer
quit  Logout

Process command
Command Description
bg  To send a process to the background
fg  To run a stopped process in the foreground
top  Details on all Active Processes
ps  Give the status of processes running for a user
ps PID  Gives the status of a particular process
pidof  Gives the Process ID (PID) of a process
kill PID  Kills a process
nice  Starts a process with a given priority
renice  Changes priority of an already running process
df  Gives free hard disk space on your system
free  Gives free RAM on your system
VI Editing Commands
Command Description
i  Insert at cursor (goes into insert mode)
a  Write after cursor (goes into insert mode)
A  Write at the end of line (goes into insert mode)
ESC  Terminate insert mode
u  Undo last change
U  Undo all changes to the entire line
o  Open a new line (goes into insert mode)
dd  Delete line
3dd  Delete 3 lines
D  Delete contents of line after the cursor
 Delete contents of a line after the cursor and insert new text. Press ESC
C
key to end insertion.
dw  Delete word
4dw  Delete 4 words
cw  Change word
x  Delete character at the cursor
r  Replace character
R  Overwrite characters from cursor onward
s  Substitute one character under cursor continue to insert
S  Substitute entire line and begin to insert at the beginning of the line
~  Change case of individual character

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