Python assignment
(Methods of (dictionaries ,strings and file handling), their operation, syntax,
example)
1) Dictionaries: -
Method syntax working example
name
Keys dict. keys() Here we access a
method View object of the
keys in the format
of
Dict_keys([k1,k2,k3]
)
Values dict.values() Here we again
method access the View
object of the
values in the
format of
dict_values([v1,v2,v
3])
Items dict.items() Here we again
method access the View
object of the
items in the
format of
dict _values([i1,i2,i
3])
Set dict.setdefaul In this method in
default t() particular let’s
method say we are to fit a
new item into
the dictionary
that does not
exist we may do
it in this manner:
Get dict.get() A = {i1,i2}
method
If i3 does not
exist we, do it
like a[‘name’] =
value but if the
same thing is to
be done and you
don’t want the
value of item to
change then use
“set default”
method which
doesn’t change
the value for a
successive
attempt of set
default attempt.
2) Strings: -
Method syntax working example
name
Lower str.lower() This
method converts
the string to
lower case
that is all
alphabets in
the string
get
converted
to their
correspondi
ng lower
case this is
applicable
for
alphabetic
strings as
well as
alphanumeri
c strings
and not for
numeric
strings.
Upper str.upper() This converts
method the string to
upper case
that is all
alphabets in
the string get
converted to
their
corresponding
upper case
this is
applicable for
alphabetic
strings as well
as
alphanumeric
strings and
not for
numeric
strings.
Is lower str.islower() Here this
method method is
used to
check
whether the
given string is
a lower case
string or not
by returning
Boolean
values such
as true or
false and this
also is
applicable for
alphanumeric
and
alphabetic
strings.
Is upper str.isupper() Here this
method method is
used to
check
whether the
given string is
a upper case
string or not
by returning
Boolean
values such
as true or
false and this
also is
applicable for
alphanumeric
and
alphabetic
strings.
Is alpha str.isalpha() This is the
method method used
to check
whether the
string
assigned is
pure
alphabetic
meaning only
alphabet’s
caps or lower
case doesn’t
matter and
returns a
Boolean value
true or false
Is alnum str.isalnum() This checks
method whether the
given string is
a mixture of
alphabets
and numbers
or not and
returns a
Boolean value
true or false.
Is str.isdecimal() This is meant
decimal to check
method whether the
string is a
possible
combination
of digits from
0 to 9
Is space str.isspace() This method
method is meant to
check
whether the
string is a
space or not
or
Is title str.istitle() Checks
method whether the
string if single
the beginning
character is
capitalized or
not if a
combination
of string like
sentence
where the
alphabetic
substrings are
separated by
space then
whether the
beginning
letter of
every
alphabetic
substring is
capitalised or
not by
returning a
Boolean value
like true or
false.
Starts str.startswith() This method
with is built to
method check
whether the
string starts
with
That
particular
substring or
not by
returning a
true or false
Boolean value.
Ends str.endswith() This method
with is similar to
method the above
one its to
check or
confirm
whether the
string has
that that
particular
ending
substring or
not by
returning a
true or false
Boolean value.
Split str.split() This particular
method method is to
create a list of
strings where
this list of
strings are
formed by
splitting the
main string
str by
deleting that
particular
character .
Join Str.join() Str join
method creates a
string out of
character’s
present in
collection
datatype like
list or tuple
where this a
meaning of
indexing and
not data
types like set
here the
elements
don’t have
indexing
because they
are
unordered.
Though they
don’t give
error the
result is not
useful or
desired one.
Rjust str.rjust() and In this
method module we
str.ljust()
and ljust observe that
method the string is
the string is
shifted to the
right extreme
that is the
right quote or
left extreme
or left quote
by specifying
the number
of places as
integer.
Centre str.centre() This method
method always aligns
the string u
specify about
or almost in
the centre
along with
some
character’s
such that this
is equal to
the length of
the final
string
specified.
The lstrip str.lstrip() in this
method we
Method.
can remove
substrings
from the left
of the main
string and
return a new
string
because this
string is a
immutable
datatype it
also includes
any escape
sequence
character’s
also.
The str.rstrip() in this
rstrip method we
method can remove
substrings
from the
right of the
main string
and return a
new string
because this
string is a
immutable
datatype it
also includes
any sequence
character’s
also.
Strip Str.strip() in this
method. method we
can remove
substrings
from either
the left of
the main
string or the
right of the
main string
and return a
new string
because this
string is a
immutable
data type this
also includes
any escape
sequence
character as
well as white
spaces.
Pyper Import pyper The pyperclip
clip clip module has
method copy() and
paste()
pyperclip.copy functions that
() can send text
to and
receive text
Pyperclip.past from your
e computer’s
clipboard.
()
3)File or directory operations / file or directory handling operations: -
I. Folder handling or folder related operations (o.s module operations
after importing os): -
Method Syntax working example
name
The os.getcwd() This method
getcwd is used to
method get the
current
working
directory
meaning in
which folder
is this file
currently
runing
The chdir os.chdir() This method
method is used to
change the
directory
from the
current
working
directory to
other
The os.makedirs() Hwre we
makedir use this
method. module to
create a
fresh
directory
having
freshly
created
folders
interconnect
ed to each
other
The listdir os.listdir() This gives a
method list of files
which is
mixture of
files from all
the
directories in
the file path
O s.path
module
methods
The os.path.abspath This method
abspath () is meant to
method convert the
relative path
into the
absolute
path
The is abs os.path.isabs() This method
path returns a
method Boolean
value true or
false
whether the
[path is
absolute or
not
The rel os.path.relpath() This method
path is meant to
method convert the
absolute
path into
the relative
path
The base os.path.basena This tells the
name me () basename
method which is the
file name.
The dir os.path.dirname This tells the
name () folder or
method directory
name which
is basically
the actual
path.
The path os.path.split() This
split basically
method going to
split the
path at “\\”
and returns
the list of
folders and
files.
The os.path.getsize This gets
getsize () the size of
method the file in
the path in
bytes
The exist os.path.exists () This method
method is used to
check
wether the
path is valid
or whether
it exists in
the frst
place.
The is dir os.path.isdir () will return
method True if the
path
argument
exists and is
a folder and
will return
False
otherwise.
The is file os.path.isfile () will return
method True if the
path
argument
exists and is
a file and will
return False
otherwise.
Path os.path.join () It joins a list
joining of folders
method and file by “\
or path \” to give
constructin the path of
g method the file.
II. File handling operations: -
Method Syntax working example
name
Open open() This
method opens a
file and
transfers
the
contents
to a
object or
variable
Read fh.read() called as
method file handle
or file
object
Readline fh.readline() Returns a
method line form
the file its
repitative
the more
you use it
more line
you get
from the
file
Readlines fh.readlines() Returns a
method list of
lines from
the given
text file.
Write fh.write() This is
method used to
write a
string on
to a file
Write fh.writelines( This Is
lines ) takes a
method list of
strings as
an
argument
and
writes
those
strings
onto a file.
Close fh.close() This is
method used to
close a file
to save
the
changes
you have
made.
