Transformer-

An electrical transformer is a device used to transfer electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction.
It is also known as a voltage converter because it can convert high voltage to low voltage and vice versa.

Working Principle-

The working principle of a transformer is based on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

(and mutual induction), which states that a change in magnetic flux in a coil of wire will induce
an electromotive force (EMF) in the coil.

Construction-

1. Primary Coil : An alternating current (AC) is supplied to the primary coil of the
transformer. This AC current creates a time-varying magnetic field around the coil.
2. Magnetic Core: The primary coil is wound around a magnetic core, usually made
of laminated iron sheets.
3. Secondary Coil: Secondary coil is also wound around the same core. The
changing magnetic field in the core induces a varying magnetic flux in the secondary coil.
According to Faraday’s Law, this changing magnetic flux induces an EMF in the secondary coil.

Turn ratio of transformer- The ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the number
of turns in the primary coil is called turn ratio of a transformer.This is given by the formula:
Types of Transformers

1. Step-Up Transformer: Increases the voltage from the primary to the secondary
coil.
The step-up transformer accomplishes this by using a larger number of turns in
the primary coil.
2. Step-Down Transformer: Decreases the voltage from the primary to the
secondary coil.
The step-down transformer accomplishes this by using a larger number of turns
in the secondary coil.
Applications of Transformer

● The transformer transmits electrical energy through wires over long distances.
● Transformers with multiple secondaries are used in radio and TV receivers, which require
several different voltages.
● Transformers are used as voltage regulators.

Solved Examples
Ex.1. The number of primary and secondary windings is 90 and 120
respectively. The secondary voltage is given by 310V, which determines the
primary voltage.

Solution:

Given:

Np = 90,

Ns= 120

Vs = 310V

By using the transformer calculation formula, we get:

Vp/Vs=Np/Ns

Vp=Ns/Np x VS

VP= 90/120 x 310

Vp = 232.5 volt
Ex.2. The number of primary and secondary windings is 110 and 240,
respectively. The primary voltage is given by 300V, which determines the
secondary voltage.
Induction motor-

An induction motor, also known as an asynchronous motor, is a type of electric

motor that operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It is widely
used in various industrial and commercial applications due to its reliability and
cost-effectiveness.

Types of Induction Motors:

Induction motors are categorized into two main types: single-phase and three-phase induction motors. And there are
further classifications based on their way of starting.

Single-phase induction motors

The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. A single-phase AC current supplies the primary winding and
produces a magnetic field. These motors are designed to operate from single-phase supply and are manufactured in
large quantities for use in homes, offices, factories, etc.

Applications of single-phase induction motors

Single-phase induction motors are used more widely than the three-phase system for domestic, commercial, and
sometimes industrial purposes. Single-phase induction motors are favoured because the single-phase system is
more economical, and the power demand load is lower in these environments.

● Pumps
● Compressors
● Small fans
● Mixers
 ● Toys
● High-speed vacuums
● Electric shavers
● Drilling machines

There are four types of single-phase induction motors.

1. Split-Phase Induction Motor-

● Construction: Has a starting and running winding.

• Starting Mechanism: Uses a starting winding with high resistance.

•. Applications: Fans, blowers, small machine tools.

2. Capacitor-Start Induction Motor-

• Construction: Has a capacitor in series with the starting winding.

• Starting Mechanism: High starting torque due to the capacitor.

• Applications: Refrigerators, air conditioners, compressors.

3. Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run Induction Motor-

• Construction: Two capacitors – one for starting and one for running.

• Starting Mechanism: High starting torque and efficient running.

• Applications: Pumps, air compressors, conveyors.

.4. Shaded-Pole Induction Motor-

. Construction: Has shaded poles for starting.

• Starting Mechanism: Low starting torque.

• Applications: Small fans, clocks, toys.

Three-phase induction motors

Three-phase induction motors are self-starting, so they require no starting device like single-phase motors. In a
three-phase system, three wires provide the same voltage. The three-phase induction motor converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The two types of three-phase induction motors are:

● Squirrel cage motors-Simple construction, rugged, low cost, high efficiency, and low maintenance. Used in
industrial drives, pumps, fans, and compressors.
 ● Slip ring motors- Higher starting torque, lower starting current, and better speed control compared to
squirrel cage motors. Suitable for applications requiring high starting torque and adjustable speed, such as
cranes, elevators, and hoists.

Applications of three-phase induction motors

Three-phase induction motors are used for commercial and industrial purposes, ideal for higher-power applications.

● Lifts
● Cranes
● Hoists
● Large exhaust fans
● Lathe machines
● Crushers
● Oil extracting mills
● Textiles
● Commercial electric and hybrid vehicles

Battery-

A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy through electrochemical
reactions. It typically consists of one or more electrochemical cells, each of which contains a positive electrode
(cathode), a negative electrode (anode), and an electrolyte. Batteries are widely used in various applications, from
small electronic devices to large-scale energy storage systems.
Types of Batteries-

• Lithium Batteries: Used in small electronics like cameras, calculators, and medical devices due to
their long life and stable discharge rate.

• Lead-Acid Batteries: Commonly used in automotive applications, uninterruptible power supplies

(UPS), and solar energy storage systems.

• Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Widely used in laptops, smartphones, electric vehicles, and other
portable electronics due to their high energy density and low self-discharge rate.

Ampere-hour (Ah) capacity-Ampere-hour (Ah) capacity is a measure of a battery’s energy storage capacity. It
indicates how much electric charge a battery can deliver over the period of one hour. The capacity is typically
represented in ampere-hours (Ah) for larger batteries or milliampere-hours (mAh) for smaller batteries.

Efficiency of a battery-The ratio of the energy output during discharge to the energy input during charging,
expressed as a percentage.

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)-

An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is a device that provides backup power when the main power source fails. It
ensures continuous power to connected devices by using stored energy in batteries.

Types of UPS Systems-

1. Standby (Offline) UPS

• Function: This type of UPS stays inactive until a power failure is detected. When the main power
fails, it switches to battery power within a few milliseconds.

• Applications:

• Personal computers
 • Home office equipment

• Small business networks

2. Line-Interactive UPS

• Function: It provides voltage regulation by boosting the incoming voltage. This type of UPS can
correct minor power fluctuations without switching to battery power.

• Applications:

• Small to medium-sized businesses

• Network equipment

3. Online (Double-Conversion) UPS-

• Function: It continuously converts incoming AC power to DC and then back to AC, providing the
highest level of power quality and protection. The transfer time is zero since the inverter is always on.

• Applications:

• Data centers

• Industrial applications

• Critical systems (hospitals, telecommunications)

4. Ferroresonant UPS-

• Function: Uses a ferroresonant transformer to provide a stable output voltage even when input
voltage varies. It offers inherent voltage regulation and can handle certain power anomalies.

• Applications:

• Industrial control systems

• Telecommunications

• Systems requiring high reliability and minimal maintenance

5. Delta Conversion Online UPS-

• Function: A more energy-efficient variant of the online UPS. It allows the bypass of power
conversion during normal operation, reducing energy loss and improving efficiency.

• Applications:

• Large data centers

• Industrial applications where efficiency and reliability are crucial