Cognizant Interview Preparation: SQL, Java, CSS & JavaScript Questions with Answers
SQL Database Important Questions with Answers
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Java Important Topics with Answers
1. What are the features of Java?
• Platform Independent
• Object-Oriented
• Robust and Secure
• High Performance via Just-In-Time compiler
• Multithreaded and Portable
2. Explain the four pillars of OOPs in Java.
• Encapsulation: Wrapping data with code (Getters/Setters)
• Abstraction: Hiding implementation details
• Inheritance: Reusing existing class features
• Polymorphism: One name, many forms (Overloading/Overriding)
3. Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM
• JDK: Java Development Kit (JRE + Development Tools)
• JRE: Java Runtime Environment (JVM + Libraries)
• JVM: Java Virtual Machine (executes bytecode)
4. Difference between == and .equals()
• == compares object references
• .equals() compares object content
Example:
String a = new String("hello");
String b = new String("hello");
System.out.println(a == b); // false
System.out.println(a.equals(b)); // true
5. What is a constructor in Java? Types?
• A constructor initializes an object. Types:
• Default
• Parameterized
• Copy constructor (by convention)
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6. What is method overloading and overriding?
• Overloading: Same method name, different parameters (compile-time)
• Overriding: Redefining method in subclass (runtime)
7. Difference between abstract class and interface
Feature Abstract Class Interface
Methods Can have both concrete & abstract All methods abstract (Java 7)
Access Can have access modifiers All methods public (Java 7)
Inheritance One class only Multiple interfaces
8. What are access modifiers in Java?
• private: Within class
• default: Within package
• protected: Package + subclass
• public: Everywhere
9. What is encapsulation? How is it implemented? Encapsulation hides internal details using private
variables and public getters/setters.
class Person {
private String name;
public String getName() { return name; }
public void setName(String n) { name = n; }
}
10. What is polymorphism? Give real-time examples. Polymorphism = many forms. Real-time: Printer
class printing PDF, DOC, Images.
• Overloading = compile-time
• Overriding = runtime
11. What is exception handling in Java? Managing runtime errors using try , catch , finally ,
and throw/throws .
12. Difference between throw and throws
• throw is used to manually throw exception
• throws declares exception type in method signature
13. Use of final, finally, and finalize
• final: Const or unchangeable
• finally: Block always executed
• finalize(): Called by GC before destroying object
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14. Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions
• Checked: Compile-time (IOException)
• Unchecked: Runtime (NullPointerException)
15. Difference between String, StringBuffer, and StringBuilder
Type Mutable Thread-safe
String No Yes
StringBuffer Yes Yes
StringBuilder Yes No
16. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList
• ArrayList: Fast access, slow insertion/deletion
• LinkedList: Slow access, fast insertion/deletion
17. Difference between HashMap and Hashtable
• HashMap: Not thread-safe, allows null keys/values
• Hashtable: Thread-safe, no nulls
18. Difference between Set, List, and Map
• Set: No duplicates
• List: Ordered with duplicates
• Map: Key-value pairs
19. How to iterate over Map/List?
for(String item : list) {}
for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {}
20. What is the use of generics in Java? Ensures type safety at compile time.
List<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
21. What is multithreading? Running multiple threads (tasks) simultaneously. Achieved via Thread
or Runnable .
22. Runnable vs Thread class
• Runnable: Implements interface (preferred)
• Thread: Extends class
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23. What are static variables and methods? Belong to class, not object.
static int count;
static void show() {}
24. Difference between this and super keyword
• this : Current class instance
• super : Parent class instance
25. What is garbage collection? Process of freeing memory by destroying unused objects, done by JVM
automatically.
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