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Microprogrammed Control

The document discusses microprogrammed control, focusing on control memory, address sequencing, and the design of control units. It explains concepts such as control words, microinstructions, microprograms, and subroutines, detailing their roles in executing operations within a computer system. Additionally, it covers the structure of symbolic microinstructions and the organization of microprogram routines.

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3 views33 pages

Microprogrammed Control

The document discusses microprogrammed control, focusing on control memory, address sequencing, and the design of control units. It explains concepts such as control words, microinstructions, microprograms, and subroutines, detailing their roles in executing operations within a computer system. Additionally, it covers the structure of symbolic microinstructions and the organization of microprogram routines.

Uploaded by

mohammedalfahad890
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microprogrammed Control

Chapter Seven
Microprogrammed Control

• Control Memory
• Address Sequencing
• Microprogram Example
• Design of Control Unit
Control Memory

• control word
• The control variables at any given time can be represented by a string of 1’s and 0’s
called a control word
• As such, control words can be programmed to perform various operations on the
components of the system.
• Microinstruction
• Each word in control memory contains within it a microinstruction.
• The microinstruction specifies one or more microoperations for the system.
• Microprogram
• A sequence of microinstructions constitutes a microprogram.
Microprogram 1

Microoperation

Microoperation

Microoperation
----

Microprogram i Microinstruction (Control word)

Control memory
Address Sequencing
• Microinstructions are stored in control memory in groups, with each
group specifying a routine.
• In summary, the address sequencing capabilities required in a control
memory are:
• 1. Incrementing of the control address register.
• 2. Unconditional branch or conditional branch, depending on
status bit conditions.
• 3. A mapping process from the bits of the instruction to an
address for control memory.
• 4. A facility for subroutine call and return.
Mapping of Instruction
Subroutines
• Subroutines are programs that are used by other routines to
accomplish a particular task.
• A subroutine can be called from any point within the main body of
the microprogram
• subroutine register:
• It stores the incremented output from the control address register.
Microprogram Example
• Computer Configuration
• Two memory units
• Main memory for storing instructions and data
• Control memory for storing the microprogram
• Four registers are associated with the processor unit and two with the control unit.
• The processor registers
• Program counter PC
• Address register AR
• Data register DR
• Accumulator register AC.
• The control unit has:
• Control address register CAR
• Subroutine register SBR
Instruction format
Microinstruction Format
Symbolic Microinstructions
• Each symbolic microinstruction is divided into five fields:
• 1. The label field may be empty or it may specify a symbolic address. A label is
terminated with a colon (:).
• 2. The microoperations field consists of one, two, or three symbols, separated by
commas, from those defined in Table 7-1. There may be no more than one symbol from
each F field. The NOP symbol is used when the microinstruction has no
microoperations. This will be translated by the assembler to nine zeros.
• 3. The CD field has one of the letters U, I, S, or Z.
• 4. The BR field contains one of the four symbols defined in Table 7-1.
• 5. The AD field specifies a value for the address field of the microinstruction in one of
three possible ways:
• a. With a symbolic address, which must also appear as a label.
• b. With the symbol NEXT to designate the next address in sequence.
• c. When the BR field contains a RET or MAP symbol, the AD field is left empty and is converted to
seven zeros by the assembler.
ORG
• We will use also the pseudoinstruction ORG to define the origin, or
first address, of a microprogram routine. Thus the symbol ORG 64
informs the assembler to place the next microinstruction in control
memory at the decimal address 64, which is equivalent to the binary
address 1000000.
The Fetch Routine
Symbolic Microprogram
• The INDRCT subroutine has two microinstructions:
Binary
Microprogram
Design of
Control Unit
Microprogram
Sequencer
End

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