UNIT I & 2

DATA TYPES, EXPRESSIONS, STATEMENTS

PART- A (2 Marks)
1. What is meant by interpreter?
An interpreter is a computer program that executes instructions written in a programming language. It can
either execute the source code directly or translate the source code in a first step into a more efficient
representation and executes this code.
2. How will you invoke the python interactive interpreter?
The Python interpreter can be invoked by typing the command "python" without any parameter followed
by the "return" key at the shell prompt.
3. What are the commands that are used to exit from the python interpreter in UNIX and windows?
CTRL+D is used to exit from the python interpreter in UNIX and CTRL+Z is used to exit from the python
interpreter in windows.
4. Define a variable and write down the rules for naming a variable.
A name that refers to a value is a variable. Variable names can be arbitrarily long. They can contain both
letters and numbers, but they have to begin with a letter. It is legal to use uppercase letters, but it is good
tobegin variable names with a lowercase letter.
5. Write a snippet to display “Hello World” in python interpreter.
In script mode:
>>>print("Hello World")Hello World
In Interactive Mode:
>>> "Hello World"'Hello World'
6. List down the basic data types in Python.
 Numbers
 String
 List
 Tuple
 Dictionary
7. Define keyword and enumerate some of the keywords in Python. (Jan-2019)
A keyword is a reserved word that is used by the compiler to parse a program. Keywords cannot be used
asvariable names. Some of the keywords used in python are:
 and
 del
 from
 not
  while
 is
 continue
8. What do you mean by an operand and an operator? Illustrate your answer with relevant example.
An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on the operands. The data items that
anoperator acts upon are called operands. The operators +, -, *, / and ** perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and exponentiation.
Example: 20+32.In this example, 20 and 32 are operands and + is an operator.
9. Explain the concept of floor division.
The operation that divides two numbers and chops off the fraction part is known as floor division.
Example:>>> 5//2= 2
10. Define an expression with example.
An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators. An expression is evaluated using
assignment operator. Example= X + 17
11. Define statement and mention the difference between statement and an expression.
A statement is a unit of code that the Python interpreter can execute. The important difference is that
anexpression has a value but a statement does not have a value.
12. What is meant by rule of precedence? Give the order of precedence.
The set of rules that govern the order in which expressions involving multiple operators and operands are
evaluated is known as rule of precedence. Parentheses have the highest precedence followed by
exponentiation. Multiplication and division have the next highest precedence followed by addition and
subtraction.
13. Illustrate the use of * and + operators in string with example.
The * operator performs repetition on strings and the + operator performs concatenation on strings.
Example:>>> ‘Hello*3’
Output: HelloHelloHello
>>>’Hello+World’
Output: HelloWorld
14. What is function call?
A function is a named sequence of statements that performs a computation. When you define a function,
you specify the name and the sequence of statements. Later, you can “call” the function by name is called
function call.
Example:
sum() //sum is the function name
15. What is a local variable?
A variable defined inside a function. A local variable can only be used inside its function.
Example:
Def ():
s = "Me too." // local variableprint(s)
a = "I hate spam."f()
print (a)
16. Define arguments and parameter.
A value provided to a function when the function is called. This value is assigned to the corresponding
parameter in the function. Inside the function, the arguments are assigned to variables called parameters.
17. What do you mean by flow of execution?
 In order to ensure that a function is defined before its first use, you have to know the order in which
statements are executed, which is called the flow of execution.
 Execution always begins at the first statement of the program. Statements are executed one at a time,
inorder from top to bottom.
18. What is the use of parentheses?
Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression to evaluate in the order you
want. It also makes an expression easier to read.
Example: 2 + (3*4) * 7
19. What do you mean by an assignment statement?
An assignment statement creates new variables and gives them values:
>>> Message = 'And now for something completely different'
>>> n = 17
This example makes two assignments. The first assigns a string to a new variable named Message; the second
gives the integer 17 to n.
20. What is tuple? (or) What is a tuple? How literals of type tuples are written? Give example (Jan-
2018)
A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, like lists. The differences
between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples use parentheses, whereas
lists use square brackets. Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-separated values. Comma-
separated values between parentheses can also be used.
Example: tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000); tup2= ();
21. Define module.
A module allows to logically organizing the Python code. Grouping related code into a module
 makes the code easier to understand and use. A module is a Python object with arbitrarily named attributes
that can bind and reference. A module is a file consisting of Python code. A module can define functions,
classes and variables. A module can also include runnable code.
22. Name the four types of scalar objects Python has. (Jan-2018)
 int
 float
 bool
 None
23. List down the different types of operator.
Python language supports the following types of operators:
 Arithmetic operator
 Relational operator
 Assignment operator
 Logical operator
 Bitwise operator
 Membership operator
 Identity operator
24. What is a global variable?
Global variables are the one that are defined and declared outside a function and we need to use them inside
a function.
Example: #This function uses global variable sdef f ():
print(s)# Global scope
s = "I love India"f ()
25. Define function.
A function in Python is defined by a def statement. The general syntax looks like this:
def function-name (Parameter list):
statements # the function body

The parameter list consists of zero or more parameters. Parameters are called arguments, if the function is
called. The function body consists of indented statements. The function body gets executed every time the
function is called. Parameter can be mandatory or optional. The optional parameters (zero or more) must
follow the mandatory parameters.
26. What is the purpose of using comment in python program?
Comments indicate information in a program that is meant for other programmers (or anyone reading the
 source code) and has no effect on the execution of the program. In Python, we use the hash (#) symbol to
start writing a comment. Example: #This is a comment
27. State the reasons to divide programs into functions. (Jan-2019)
Creating a new function gives the opportunity to name a group of statements, which makes program easier
to read and debug. Functions can make a program smaller by eliminating repetitive code. Dividing a long
program into functions allows to debug the parts one at a time and then assemble them into a working
whole. Well-designed functions are often useful for many programs.
28. Outline the logic to swap the content of two identifiers without using third variable. (May 2019)
a=10b=20
a=a+bb=a-ba=a-b
print (“After Swapping a=”a,” b=”,b)

29. State about Logical operators available in python language with example. (May 2019)
Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.

Opera Meaning Exam

tor ple
And True if both the operands are true x and
y
Or True if either of the operands is true x or y
Not True if operand is false (complements the not x
operand)
30. Compare Interpreter and Compiler (Nov / Dec 2019)
Compiler: A Compiler is a program which translates the source code written in a high-level language in
to object code which is in machine language program. Compiler reads the whole program written in high
level language and translates it to machine language. If any error is found, it displays error message on the
screen.
Interpreter: Interpreter translates the high-level language program in line by line manner. The interpreter
translates a high-level language statement in a source program to a machine code and executes it
immediately before translating the next statement. When an error is found the execution of the program is
halted and error message is displayed on the screen

31. Write a python program to circulate the values of n variables (Nov / Dec 2019)
no_of_terms = int(input("Enter number of values : "))
list1 = []
 for val in range(0,no_of_terms,1):
ele = int(input("Enter integer : "))
list1.append(ele)
print("Circulating the elements of list ", list1)
for val in range(0,no_of_terms,1):
ele = list1.pop(0)
list1.append(ele)
print(list1)
PART B (16 MARKS)
1. What is the role of an interpreter? Give a detailed note on python interpreter and interactive mode of
operation. (or) Sketch the structures of interpreter and compiler. Detail the differences between them.
Explain how Python works in interactive mode and script mode with examples. (Jan 2019) [Page No: 2
to 4]
2. Illustrate values and different standard data types with relevant examples. [Page No: 4 to 6]
3. Define variables. List down the rules for naming the variable with example. [Page No: 7]
4. List down the different types of operators and their function with suitable example. [Page No: 10 to 16]
5. What are the two modes of operation in python? Analyze the differences between them.
6. What do you mean by rule of precedence? List out the order of precedence and demonstrate in detail with
example. [Page No: 17 to 18]
7. Elaborate on tuple assignment. [Page No: 10]
8. What is the use of function? Explain the role of function call and function definition with example. (or)
Outline about function definition and call with example. Why are function needed? (May 2019)
9. Describe flow of execution of function with an example.
10. Write a Python program to circulate the values of n variables.
11. Write a python program to swap two variables.
12. Write a python program to check whether a given year is a leap year or not.
13. Write a python program to convert celsius to fahrenheit .(Formula: celsius * 1.8 = fahrenheit –32).
14. a) What is a numeric literal? Give examples. (4) (Jan-2018) [Page No: 5]
b) Appraise the arithmetic operators in Python with an example. (12) (Jan-2018) [Page No: 11 to 12]
15. a) Outline the operator precedence of arithmetic operators in Python. (6) (Jan-2018) [Page No: 17]
b) Write a Python program to exchange the value of two variables. (4) (Jan-2018)
c) Write a Python program using function to find a sum of first ‘N’even numbers and print
the result.(6)(Jan 2018)
16. a) Mention the list of keywords available in Python. Compare it with variable name. (8) (May 2019)
[Page No: 7]
 b) What are Statement? How are they constructed from variable and expression in Python. (8) (May 2019)
[Page No: 8 to 9]
17. (a) Write a python program to rotate a list by right n times with and without slicing technique (4 + 4)
(Nov / Dec 2019)
(b) Discuss about keyword arguments and default arguments in python with example. (4 + 4) (Nov / Dec
2019)
18. (a) Write a python program to print the maximum among ‘n’ randomly generate ‘d’ numbers by storing
them in a list (10) (Nov / Dec 2019)
19. (b) Evaluate the following expressions in python (6) (Nov / Dec 2019)
i) 24 // 6 % 3
ii) float(4 + int(2.39) % 2)
iii) 2 ** 2 ** 3

--------------------------------------- The End ----------------------------------------

 CONTROL FLOW, FUNCTIONS, STRINGS

PART- A (2 Marks)

1. Define Boolean Expression with example.

A boolean expression is an expression that is either true or false. The values true and false are called boolean

values. The following examples use the operator “==” which compares two operands and produces True if

they are equal and False otherwise:

Example :>>> 5 == 6

False

True and False are special values that belongs to the type bool; they are not strings:

2. What are the different types of operators?

 Arithmetic Operator (+, -, *, /, %, **, // )

 Relational operator ( == , !=, <>, < , > , <=, >=)

 Assignment Operator ( =, += , *= , - =, /=, %= ,**= )

 Logical Operator (AND, OR, NOT)

 Membership Operator (in, not in)

 Bitwise Operator (& (and), | (or) , ^ (binary Xor), ~(binary 1’s complement , << (binary left shift), >>

(binary right shift))

 Identity(is, is not)

3. Explain modulus operator with example.

The modulus operator works on integers and yields the remainder when the first operand is divided by the

second. In Python, the modulus operator is a percent sign (%). The syntax is the same as for other operators:

Example:

>>> remainder = 7 % 3

>>> print remainder

So 7 divided by 3 is 2 with 1 left over.

4. Explain ‘for loop’ with example.

for loops are traditionally used when you have a block of code which you want to repeat a fixed number of

times. he Python for statement iterates over the members of a sequence in order, executing the block

each time.

The general form of a for statement is

Syntax:

for variable in sequence:

code block

Example:x = 4

for i in range(0, x):

print i

Output:0 1 2 3

5. Explain relational operators.

The == operator is one of the relational operators; the others are:

X! = y # x is not equal to y

x > y # x is greater than y x

< y # x is less than y

x >= y # x is greater than or equal to y

x <= y # x is less than or equal to y

6. Explain while loop with example. (or) Explain flow of execution of while loop with Example.(Jan 2019)

The statements inside the while loop is executed only if the condition is evaluated to true.

Syntax:
while condition:
statements
Example:

# Program to add natural numbers upto, sum = 1+2+3+...+10

n = 10

# initialize sum and counter

 sum = 0

i=1

while i <= n:

sum = sum + i

i = i+1 # update counter

# print the sum

print("The sum is", sum)

7. Explain if-statement and if-else statement with example (or) What are conditional and alternative

executions?

If statement:

The simplest form of if statement is:

Syntax: if (condition):
statement

Example:

if x > 0:

print 'x is positive'

The boolean expression after ‘if’ is called the condition. If it is true, then the indented statement gets

executed. If not, nothing happens.

If-else:

A second form of if statement is alternative execution, in which there are two possibilities and the condition

determines which one gets executed. The syntax looks like this:

Example:

if x%2 == 0:

print 'x is even'

else:

print 'x is odd'

If the remainder when x is divided by 2 is 0, then we know that x is even, and the program displays a
 message to that effect. If the condition is false, the second set of statements is executed. Since the condition

must be true or false, exactly one of the alternatives will be executed.

8. What are chained conditionals?

Sometimes there are more than two possibilities and we need more than two branches. One way to express

a computation like that is a chained conditional:

Eg:

if x < y:

print 'x is less than y'

elif x > y:

print 'x is greater than y'

else:

print 'x and y are equal'

elif is an abbreviation of “else if.” Again, exactly one branch will be executed. There is no limit on the

number of elif statements. If there is an else clause, it has to be at the end, but there doesn’t have to be one.

9. What is a break statement?

When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated and the program

control resumes at the next statement following the loop.

Eg:

while True:

line = raw_input('>')

if line == 'done':

break

print line

print'Done!'
10. What is a continue statement?

The continue statement works somewhat like a break statement. Instead of forcing termination, it forces the

next iteration of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between.

Example:

for num in range(2,10):

if num%2==0;

print “Found an even number”, num

continue

print “Found a number”, num

11. What is recursion? (or) Define Recursion with an example.(Jan 2019) (May 2019)

The process in which a function calls itself directly or indirectly is called recursion and the corresponding

function is called as recursive function. Using recursive algorithm, certain problems can be solved quite

easily. Examples of such problems are Towers of Hanoi (TOH), Inorder/Preorder/Postorder Tree Traversals,

Depth First Search (DFS) of Graph, etc.

Example:

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n-1)
12. Compare return value and composition.

Return Value Composition

Return gives back or replies to the caller of the Calling one function from another is called

function. The return statement causes your composition.

function to exit and handback a value to its caller. Example:

Example: def circle_area(xc, yc, xp, yp):

def area(radius): radius = distance(xc, yc, xp, yp)

temp = math.pi * radius**2 result = area(radius)

return temp return result

13. Define string immutability.

Python strings are immutable. ‘a’ is not a string. It is a variable with string value. You can’t mutate the

string but can change what value of the variable to a new string.

Program: Output:

a = “foo” #foofoo

# a now points to foo #foo

b=a It is observed that ‘b’ hasn’t changed even

# b now points to the same foo that a points to though ‘a’ has changed.

a=a+a

# a points to the new string “foofoo”, but b points to the

same old “foo”

print a

print b
14. Explain about string module.

The string module contains number of useful constants and classes, as well as some deprecated legacy

functions that are also available as methods on strings.

Example:

Program: Output:

import string upper => MONTY PYTHON'S

text = "Monty Python's Flying Circus" FLYING CIRCUS

print "upper", "=>", string.upper(text) lower => monty python's flying

print "lower", "=>", string.lower(text) circus

print "split", "=>", string.split(text) split => ['Monty', "Python's",

print "join", "=>", string.join(string.split(text), "+") 'Flying', 'Circus']

print "replace", "=>", string.replace(text, "Python", "Java") join =>

print "find", "=>", string.find(text, "Python"), string.find(text, Monty+Python's+Flying+Circus

"Java") replace => Monty Java's Flying

print "count", "=>", string.count(text, "n") Circus

find => 6 -1

count => 3

15. Explain global and local scope. (or) Comment with an example on the use of local and global variable

with the same identifier name. (May 2019)

The scope of a variable refers to the places that you can see or access a variable. If we define a variable on

the top of the script or module, the variable is called global variable. The variables that are defined inside a

class or function is called local variable.

Example:
def my_local():

a=10

print(“This is local variable”)

 Example:
a=10

def my_global():

print(“This is global variable”)

16. Compare string and string slices.

A string is a sequence of character.

Eg: fruit = ‘banana’

String Slices:

A segment of a string is called string slice, selecting a slice is similar to selecting a character.

Eg:>>> s ='Monty Python'

>>> print s[0:5]

Monty

>>> print s[6:12]

Python

17. Mention a few string functions.

s.captilize() – Capitalizes first character of string

s.count(sub) – Count number of occurrences of sub in string

s.lower() – converts a string to lower case

s.split() – returns a list of words in string

18. What are string methods?

A method is similar to a function. It takes arguments and returns a value. But the syntax is different. For

example, the method upper takes a string and returns a new string with all uppercase letters:

Instead of the function syntax upper(word), it uses the method syntax word.upper()

.>>> word = 'banana'

>>> new_word = word.upper()

>>> print new_word

BANANA
19. Write a Python program to accept two numbers, multiply them and print the result. (Jan-2018)

print(“Enter two numbers”)

val1=int(input())

val2=int(input())

prod=val1*val2

print(“The product of the two numbers is:”,prod)

20. Write a Python program to accept two numbers, find the greatest and print the result. (Jan-2018)

print(“Enter two numbers”)

val1=int(input())

val2=int(input())

if (val1>val2):

largest=val1

else:

largest=val2

print(“Largest of two numbers is:”,largest)

21. What is the purpose of pass statement?

Using a pass statement is an explicit way of telling the interpreter to do nothing.

Example:

def bar():

pass

If the function bar() is called, it does absolutely nothing.

22. What is range() function?

If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It

generates arithmetic progressions:

Example:

# Prints out the numbers 0,1,2,3,4

for x in range(5):

print(x)

This function does not store all the values in memory, it would be inefficient. So it remembers the start,

stop, step size and generates the next number on the go.

23. Define Fruitful Function.

The functions that return values, is called fruitful functions. The first example is area, which returns the areaof

a circle with the given radius:

def area(radius):
temp = 3.14159 * radius**2
return temp

In a fruitful function the return statement includes a return value. This statement means: Return immediately

from this function and use the following expression as a return value.

24. What is dead code?

Code that appears after a return statement, or any other place the flow of execution can never reach, is called

dead code.

25. Explain Logical operators

There are three logical operators: and, or, and not. For example, x > 0 and x < 10 is true only if x is greater

than 0 and less than 10. n%2 == 0 or n%3 == 0 is true if either of the conditions is true, that is, if the number

is divisible by 2 or 3. Finally, the not operator negates a boolean expression, so not(x > y) is true if x > y is

false, that is, if x is less than or equal to y. Non-zero number is said to be true in Boolean expressions.
26. Do loop statements have else clauses? When will it be executed? (Nov / Dec 2019)

Loop statements may have an else clause, it is executed when the loop terminates through exhaustion of the

list (with for) or when the condition becomes false (with while), but not when the loop is terminated by a

break statement.

27. Write a program to display a set of strings using range( ) function (Nov / Dec 2019)

for i in range(len(a)):

print(i,a[i])

PART B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain in detail various types of operators. (Jan 2019) [Page No:

2. Discuss conditional alternative and chained conditional in detail. (Jan 2019) ------[Page No: 1 to 6]

3. Explain in detail about iterations. ------[Page No: 8 to 14]

4. Explain in detail about Fruitful Functions. ------[Page No: 19 to 24]

5. Describe in detail about Recursion. ------[Page No: 24]

6. a). Discuss in detail about string slices and string immutability. .(Jan 2019)(or) Analyse String slicing.

Illustrate how it is done in python with example. (May 2019) [Page No: 25 - 28]

b). Write a python code to search a string in the given list. (May 2019)

7. Explain string functions and methods in detail.

8. Write a Python program to find the square root of a number.

9. Explain about string modules in detail.

10. a) Write a Python program to find GCD of two numbers.

b) Write a Python program to find the exponentiation of a number.

c) Write a Python program to sum an array of numbers. ------[Page No: 19 to 24]

11. Explain in detail about list as arrays. ------[Page No: 29 to 30]

12. a) Write a Python program to perform linear search.

b) Write a Python program to perform binary search. (Jan 2019)

13. a) Appraise with an example nested if and elif header in Python (6) (Jan 2018) ------[Page No: 7 to 28]

b) Explain with an example while loop, break statement and continue statement in Python. (10) (Jan

2018) [Page No: 9, 10, 11, 15 to 17]

14. a) Write a Python program to find the factorial of the given number without recursion with

recursion. (8) (Jan-2018)

b) Write a Python program to generate first ‘N’ Fibonacci series numbers. (Note: Fibonacci numbers are

0, 1,1,2,3,5,8… where each number is the sum of the preceding two).(8) (Jan-2018)

15. (a) If you are given three sticks, you may or may not be able to arrange them in a triangle. For example, if

one of the sticks is 12 inches long and the other two are one inch long, you will not be able to get the short

sticks to meet in the middle. For any three lengths, there is a simple test to see if it is possible to form a

triangle. If any of the three lengths is greater than the sum of the other two, then you cannot form a triangle.

Otherwise, you can. (Nov / Dec 2019)

i) Write a function named is_triangle that takes three integers as arguments, and that prints either “yes” or

“no”, depending on whether you can or cannot form a triangle from sticks with the given lengths. (4)

ii) Write a function that prompts the user to input three stick lengths, converts them to integers, and uses

is_triangle to check whether sticks with the given lengths can form a triangle. (4)

(b) Write a python program to generate all permutations of a given string using built-in function (8) (Nov /

Dec 2019)

16. (a) Compare lists and array with example. Can list be considered as an array? Justify. (6) (Nov / Dec

2019)

(b) Write a python function Anagram1()to check whether two strings are anagram of each other or notwith

built-in string function and are Anagram2( ) to check the anagram without using built-in string function.

(10) (Nov / Dec 2019)

 LISTS, TUPLES, DICTIONARIES

PART- A (2 Marks)

1. What is a list? (Jan-2018)

A list is an ordered set of values, where each value is identified by an index. The values that make up a
list are called its elements. Lists are similar to strings, which are ordered sets of characters, except that the
elements of a list can have any type.
2. Relate String and List? (Jan 2018) (Jan 2019)
String:
String is a sequence of characters and it is represented within double quotes or single quotes. Strings are
immutable.
Example: s=”hello”
List:
A list is an ordered set of values, where each value is identified by an index. The values that make up a list
are called its elements. Lists are similar to strings, which are ordered sets of characters, except that the
elements of a list can have any type and it is mutable.
Example:
b= [’a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’d’, 1, 3]
3. Solve a)[0] * 4 and b) [1, 2, 3] * 3.
>>> [0] * 4
[0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
4. Let list = [’a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’d’, ’e’, ’f’]. Find a) list[1:3] b) t[:4] c) t[3:] .
>>> list = [’a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’d’, ’e’, ’f’]
>>> list[1:3]
[’b’, ’c’]
>>> list[:4]
[’a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’d’]
>>> list[3:]
[’d’, ’e’, ’f’]
5. Mention any 5 list methods.
 append()
 extend ()
 sort()
  pop()
 index()
 insert
 remove()
6. State the difference between lists and dictionary.
Lists Dictionary
 List is a mutable type meaning that it  Dictionary is immutable and is a key
can be modified. value store.
 List can store a sequence of objects in a  Dictionary is not ordered and it requires
certain order. that the keys are hashable.
 Example: list1=[1,’a’,’apple’]  Example: dict1={‘a’:1, ‘b’:2}

7. What is List mutability in Python? Give an example.

Python represents all its data as objects. Some of these objects like lists and dictionaries are mutable, i.e.,
their content can be changed without changing their identity. Other objects like integers, floats, strings and
tuples are objects that cannot be changed.
Example:
>>> numbers = [17, 123]
>>> numbers[1] = 5
>>> print numbers [17, 5]
8. What is aliasing in list? Give an example.
An object with more than one reference has more than one name, then the object is said to be aliased.
Example:If a refers to an object and we assign b = a, then both variables refer to the same object:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a
>>> b is a True
9. Define cloning in list.
In order to modify a list and also keep a copy of the original, it is required to make a copy of the list itself,
not just the reference. This process is sometimes called cloning, to avoid the ambiguity of the word “copy”.
Example:
def Cloning(li1):
li_copy = li1[:]
return li_copy
# Driver Code
li1 = [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
li2 = Cloning(li1)
print("Original List:", li1)
 print("After Cloning:", li2)
Output:
Original List: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
After Cloning: [4, 8, 2, 10, 15, 18]
10. Explain List parameters with an example.
Passing a list as an argument actually passes a reference to the list, not a copy of the list. For example, the
function head takes a list as an argument and returns the first element:
Example:
def head(list):
return list[0]
Here’s how it is used:
>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3]
>>> head(numbers)
>>> 1
11. Write a program in Python returns a list that contains all but the first element of the given list.
def tail(list):
return list[1:]
Here’s how tail is used:
>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3]
>>> rest = tail(numbers)
>>> print rest [2, 3]
12. Write a program in Python to delete first element from a list.
def deleteHead(list): del list[0]
Here’s how deleteHead is used:
>>> numbers = [1, 2, 3]
>>> deleteHead(numbers)
>>> print numbers [2, 3]
13. What is the benefit of using tuple assignment in Python?
It is often useful to swap the values of two variables. With conventional assignments a temporary variable
would be used.
For example, to swap a and b:
>>> temp = a
>>> a = b
>>> b = temp
This solution is cumbersome; tuple assignment is more elegant:
>>> a, b = b, a
14. Define key-value pairs.
The elements of a dictionary appear in a comma-separated list. Each entry contains an index and a value
separated by a colon. In a dictionary, the indices are called keys, so the elements are called key-value pairs.
15. Define dictionary with an example.
A dictionary is an associative array (also known as hashes). Any key of the dictionary is associated (or
mapped) to a value. The values of a dictionary can be any Python data type. So dictionaries are unordered
key-value-pairs.
Example:
>>> eng2sp = {} # empty dictionary
>>> eng2sp[’one’] = ’uno’
>>> eng2sp[’two’] = ’dos’
16. How to return tuples as values?
A function can only return one value, but if the value is a tuple, the effect is the same as returning multiple
values. For example, if you want to divide two integers and compute the quotient and remainder, it is
inefficient to compute x/y and then x%y. It is better to compute them both at the same time.
>>> t = divmod(7, 3)
>>> print t (2, 1)
17. List two dictionary operations.
 Del -removes key-value pairs from a dictionary
 Len - returns the number of key-value pairs
18. Define dictionary methods with an example.
A method is similar to a function. It takes arguments and returns a value but the syntax is different. For
example, the keys method takes a dictionary and returns a list of the keys that appear, but instead of the
function syntax keys(dictionary_name), method syntax dictionary_name.keys() is used.
Example:>>> eng2sp.keys() [’one’, ’three’, ’two’]
19. Define List Comprehension.
List comprehensions apply an arbitrary expression to items in an iterable rather than applying function. It
provides a compact way of mapping a list into another list by applying a function to each of the elements of
the list.
20. Write a Python program to swap two variables.
x=5
y = 10
temp = x
x=y
y = temp
print('The value of x after swapping: {}'.format(x))
print('The value of y after swapping: {}'.format(y))
21. Write the syntax for list comprehension.
The list comprehension starts with a '[' and ']', to help you remember that the result is going to be a list.
The basic syntax is[ expression for item in list if conditional ].
Example:
new_list = []
for i in old_list:
if filter(i):
new_list.append(expressions(i))
22. How list differs from tuple. (Jan-2018)
List Tuple
 List is a mutable type meaning that it can be  Tuple is an immutable type
modified. meaning that it cannot be modified.
 Syntax: list=[]  Syntax: tuple=()
 Example: list1=[1,’a’]  Example: tuple1=(1,’a’)

23. How to slice a list in Python. (Jan-2018)

The values stored in a list can be accessed using slicing operator, the colon (:) with indexes starting at 0 in
the beginning of the list and end with -1.
Example:
>>> list = [’a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’d’, ’e’, ’f’]
>>> list[1:3]
[’b’, ’c’]
24. Write python program for swapping two numbers using tuple assignment?
a=10
b=20
a,b=b,a
print(“After swapping a=%d,b=%d”%(a,b))
25. What is list loop?
In Python lists are considered a type of iterable . An iterable is a data type that can return its elements
separately, i.e., one at a time.
Syntax: for <item> in <iterable>:
<body>

Example:
>>>names = ["Uma","Utta","Ursula","Eunice","Unix"]
>>>for name in names:
print("Hi "+ name +"!")
26. What is mapping?
A list as a relationship between indices and elements. This relationship is called a mapping; each index
“maps to” one of the elements.The in operator also works on lists.
>>> cheeses = ['Cheddar', 'Edam', 'Gouda']
>>> 'Edam' in cheeses
True
>>> 'Brie' in cheeses
False
27. Give a function that can take a value and return the first key mapping to that value in a
dictionary.(Jan 2019)
a={‘aa’:2, ”bb”:4}
print(a.keys()[0])
28. How to create a list in python? Illustrate the use of negative indexing of list with example.
(May 2019)
List Creation:
days = ['mon', 2]
days=[]
days[0]=’mon’
days[1]=2
Negative Indexing:
Example:
>>> print(days[-1])
Output: 2
29. Demonstrate with simple code to draw the histogram in python. (May 2019)
def histogram( items ):
for n in items:
output = ''
times = n
while( times > 0 ):
output += '*'
times = times - 1
print(output)
histogram([2, 3, 6, 5])
Output:
**
***
******
*****
30. How will you update list items? Give one example. (Nov / Dec 2019)
Using the indexing operator (square brackets) on the left side of an assignment, we can update one of thelist
items
fruit = ["banana","apple","cherry"]
print(fruit)
['banana', 'apple', 'cherry']
fruit[0] = "pear"
fruit[-1] = "orange"
print(fruit)
['pear', 'apple', 'orange']
31. Can function return tuples? If yes Give examples. (Nov / Dec 2019)
Function can return tuples as return values.
def circle_Info(r):
#Return circumference and area and tuple
c = 2 * 3.14 * r
a = 3.14 * r * r
return(c,a)
print(circle_Info(10))
Output
(62.800000000000004, 314.0)

PART B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain in detail about lists, list operations and list slices. (Jan-2019) ------[Page No: 1, 3, 4]

2. Discuss in detail about list methods and list loops with examples. ------[Page No: 4, 5]

3. Explain in detail about mutability and tuples with a Python program. . ------[Page No: 10, 11]

4. What is tuple assignment? Explain it with an example. . ------[Page No: 12, 13]

5. Is it possible to return tuple as values? Justify your answer with an example.

6. Explain in detail about dictionaries and its operations. (or)What is a dictionary in Python? Give example.(4)

(Jan-2018) ------[Page No: 14 - 20]

7. Describe in detail about dictionary methods. (or) What is Dictionary? Give an example. (4) (May 2019) ----

- [Page No: 20 - 21]

8. Explain in detail about list comprehension. Give an example. ------[Page No: 20]
9. Write a Python program for

a) selection sort (8) (Jan-2018)

b) insertion sort.

10. Write a Python program for

a) merge sort (May 2019)

b) quick sort.

11. Appraise the operations for dynamically manipulating dictionaries (12) (Jan-2018)

12. Write a Python program to perform linear search on a list (8) (Jan-2018)

13. Demonstrate with code the various operations that can be performed on tuples. (May 2019)

14. (a) Define Dictionary in python. Do the following operations on dictionaries. (10) (Nov / Dec 2019)

i) Initialize two dictionaries with key and value pairs.

ii) Compare two dictionaries with master key list and print missing keys.

iii) Find keys that are in first and not in second dictionary.

iv) Find same keys in two dictionaries.

v) Merge two dictionaries and create a new dictionary using a single expression.

(b) What is list comprehension in python? Explain with example. (6)

15. (a) What is tuple in python? How does it differ from list? (8) (Nov / Dec 2019)

(b) Write a python program to sort n numbers using merge sort (8) (Nov / Dec 2019)
 FILES, MODULES, PACKAGES
PART- A (2 Marks)
1. What is a text file?
A text file is a file that contains printable characters and whitespace, organized in to lines separated bynewline
characters.
2. Write a python program that writes “Hello world” into a file.
f =open("ex88.txt",'w')
f.write("hello world")
f.close()
3. Write a python program that counts the number of words in a file.
f=open("test.txt","r")
content =f.readline(20)
words =content.split()
print(words)
4. What are the two arguments taken by the open() function?
The open function takes two arguments : name of the file and the mode of operation.
Example: f = open("test.dat","w")
5. What is a file object?
A file object allows us to use, access and manipulate all the user accessible files. It maintains the state about
the file it has opened.
Example: f = open("test.dat","w") // f is the file object.
6. What information is displayed if we print a file object in the given program?
f= open("test.txt","w")
print f
The name of the file, mode and the location of the object will be displayed.
7. What is an exception?
Whenever a runtime error occurs, it creates an exception. The program stops execution and prints an error
message.
Example:
#Dividing by zero creates an exception:
print 55/0
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo

1
8. What are the two parts in an error message?
The error message has two parts: the type of error before the colon, and specification about the error after
the colon.
Example:
>>> 10 * (1/0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
9. What are the error messages that are displayed for the following exceptions?
a. Accessing a non-existent list item
b. Accessing a key that isn’t in the dictionary
c. Trying to open a non-existent file
a. IndexError: list index out of range
b. KeyError: what
c. IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'filename'

10. How do you handle the exception inside a program when you try to open a non-existent file?
filename = raw_input('Enter a file name: ')
try:
f = open (filename, "r")
except IOError:
print 'There is no file named', filename
11. How does try and execute work?
The try statement executes the statements in the first block. If no exception occurs, then except statement is
ignored. If an exception of type IOError occurs, it executes the statements in the except branch and then
continues.

try:
// try block code
except:
// except blcok code

2
 Example:
try:
print "Hello World"
except:
print "This is an error message!"
12. What is the function of raise statement? What are its two arguments?
The raise statement is used to raise an exception when the program detects an error. It takes two arguments:
the exception type and specific information about the error.

13. What is a pickle?

Pickling saves an object to a file for later retrieval. The pickle module helps to translate almost any type of
object to a string suitable for storage in a database and then translate the strings back in to objects.
14. What is the use of the format operator?
The format operator % takes a format string and a tuple of expressions and yields a string that includes the
expressions, formatted according to the format string.
Example:
>>> nBananas = 27
>>> "We have %d bananas." % nBananas
'We have 27 bananas.'
15. What are the two methods used in pickling?
The two methods used in pickling are
1. pickle.dump()
2. pickle.load().
To store a data structure, dump method is used and to load the data structures that are dumped, load methodis
used.
16. What are modules?(or) Write a note on modular design (Jan-2018)
Modules are files containing Python definitions and statements (ex: name.py)
Modules can contain executable statements along with function definitions.
Each modules has its own private symbol table used as the global symbol table all functions in the module.
Modules can import other modules.

Syntax: import <modulename>

3
17. What is a package?
Packages are namespaces that contain multiple packages and modules themselves. They are simply
directories.

from <mypackage> import <modulename>

Example: from Game.Level.start import select_difficulty

18. Write a Python script to display the current date and time. (Jan-2018)
import datetime
print(“date and time”, datetime.datetime.now())
19. What is the special file that each package in Python must contain?
Each package in Python must contain a special file called init .py. init .py can be an empty file butit
is often used to perform setup needed for the package(import things, load things into path, etc).
Example :
package/
init .py
file.py
file2.py
file3.py
subpackage/
init .py
submodule1.py
submodule2.py
20. How do you delete a file in Python?
The remove() method is used to delete the files by supplying the name of the file to be deleted as argument.
Syntax:
os.remove(filename)

Example:
import os
os.remove("ChangedFile.csv")
print("File Removed!")

4
21. How do you use command line arguments to give input to the program? (or) What is command line
argument? (May 2019)
Python sys module provides access to any command-line arguments via sys.argv. sys.argv is the list of
command-line arguments. len(sys.argv) is the number of command-line arguments.
Example:
import sys
program_name = sys.argv[0]
arguments = sys.argv[1:]
count = len(arguments)
22. What are the different file operations?
In Python, a file operation takes place in the following order.
1. Open a file
2. Read or write (perform operation)
3. Close the file
23. What are the different file modes?
 'r' - Open a file for reading. (default)
 'w - Open a file for writing. Creates a new file if it does not exist or truncates the file if it exists.

 'x' - Open a file for exclusive creation. If the file already exists, the operation fails.
 'a' - Open for appending at the end of the file without truncating it. Creates a new file if it does not
exist.
 't' - Open in text mode. (default)
 'b' - Open in binary mode.
 '+' - Open a file for updating (reading and writing)
24. How to view all the built-in exception in python.
The built-in exceptions using the local() built-in functions as follows.

Syntax: >>> locals()[' builtins ']

This will return us a dictionary of built-in exceptions, functions and attributes.

5
25. What do you mean IndexError?
IndexError is raised when index of a sequence is out of range.
Example:
>>> l=[1,2,3,4,5]
>>> print l[6]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module>
print l[6]
IndexError: list index out of range
26. Find the syntax error in the code given:
while True print(‘Hello World’) (Jan 2019)
In the above given program, colon is missing after the condition. The right way to write the aboveprogram
is
while True:
print(‘Hello World’)
27. Categorise the different types errors arises during programming. Interpret the following python
code (May 2019)
>>>import os

>>>cwd = os.getcwd()

>>>print cwd

Basic types of errors:

Syntax Error:

Raised by the parser when a syntax error is encountered.

Semantic Error:
Raised by the parser when there is logical error in the program.

Here in the above given program, Syntax error occurs in the third line (print cwd)
SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'.

6
28. How to use command line arguments in python? (Nov / Dec 2019)
Access to the command line parameters using the sys module. len(sys, argv) contains the number of
arguments. To print all of the arguments str(sys,argv)

29. Write method to rename and delete files ( Nov / Dec 2019)
os.rename(current_file_name, new_file_name)
os.remove(file_name)

PART B (16 MARKS)

1. Write a function that copies a file reading and writing up to 50 characters at a time. (or) Explain the

commands used to read and write into a file with example. (Jan 2019) -------[Page No: 3]

2. (a). Write a program to perform exception handling.

(b). Write a Python program to handle multiple exceptions.

3. Write a python program to count number of lines, words and characters in a text file. (May 2019)

4. Write a Python program to illustrate the use of command-line arguments.

5. Mention the commands and their syntax for the following: get current directory, changing directory, list,

directories and files, make a new directory, renaming and removing directory.

6. Write a Python program to implement stack operations using modules.

7. Write a program to illustrate multiple modules.

8. Write a Python program to dump objects to a file using pickle.

9. Tabulate the different modes for opening a file and briefly explain the same. (Jan-2018) (Jan 2019) ------

[Page No:1 - 2]

10. (a). Appraise the use of try block and except block in Python with example. (6) (Jan-2018)

(b). Explain with example exceptions with argument in Python. (10) (Jan-2018) -------[Page No: 6 to 10]

11. a) Describe how exceptions are handled in python with necessary examples. (8) (Jan 2019, May 2019) -----

- [Page No: 8 to 10]

7
 b) Discuss about the use of format operator in file processing. (8) (or) Explain about the file reading and

writing operations using format operator with python code. (16) (Jan 2019, May 2019) -------[Page No: 3 to

4]

12. (a) What are exceptions? Explain the method to handle them with example. (8) (Nov / Dec 2019) -------[Page

No: 6 to 10]

(b) Write a python program to count the number of words in a text file. (8) (Nov / Dec 2019)

13. (a) How to merge multiple files to a new file using python (6) (Nov / Dec 2019)

(b) What are modules in python? How will you import them? Explain the concept by creating andimporting

a module (10) (Nov / Dec 2019) -------[Page No: 10 to 13]

----------------ALL THE BEST-----------------