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Expanded Computer Network Notes

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including types (LAN, MAN, WAN), topologies, and layered architecture models (OSI and TCP/IP). It details the functions and protocols of various layers, including physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers, along with transmission modes and network devices. Key concepts such as addressing, error detection, and client-server paradigms are also discussed.

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3 views3 pages

Expanded Computer Network Notes

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including types (LAN, MAN, WAN), topologies, and layered architecture models (OSI and TCP/IP). It details the functions and protocols of various layers, including physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers, along with transmission modes and network devices. Key concepts such as addressing, error detection, and client-server paradigms are also discussed.

Uploaded by

shagunp382
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks - Layered Architecture Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. Types of Computer Networks:


- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area (e.g., school, home).
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers city-wide (e.g., cable TV network).
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large area, often global (e.g., the Internet).

2. Internet and Intranet:


- Internet: Global network of networks.
- Intranet: Private network accessible only within an organization.

3. Network Topologies:
- Bus: Single central cable, nodes attached (e.g., early Ethernet).
- Star: All devices connected to central hub (used in most LANs).
- Ring: Devices connected in a circular fashion.
- Mesh: Every device connected to every other (used in military).
- Tree: Hierarchical layout.
- Hybrid: Combination (e.g., star-bus).

4. Network Classifications:
- Based on scale, connection type (wired/wireless), etc.

5. Layered Architecture Approach:


- Breaks down communication into layers with specific tasks.

6. OSI Model (7 Layers): Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.

7. TCP/IP Model (4 Layers): Link, Internet, Transport, Application.

8. Transmission Modes:
- Simplex: One-way (TV broadcast).
- Half Duplex: Two-way, one direction at a time (walkie-talkie).
- Full Duplex: Two-way simultaneously (telephone).

9. Network Devices:
- Hub, Switch, Router, Modem, Repeater, Gateway.

PHYSICAL LAYER

1. Analog vs Digital Signal:


- Analog: Continuous waveforms (radio).
- Digital: Discrete pulses (used in computer networks).

2. Data Rate:
- Depends on bandwidth and noise level (Shannon & Nyquist Theorems).

3. Transmission Media:
Computer Networks - Layered Architecture Notes

- Guided:
- Twisted Pair (Ethernet cables)
- Coaxial Cable (cable TV)
- Fiber Optics (high-speed internet)
- Unguided:
- Radio Waves (Wi-Fi)
- Infrared (TV remote)
- Microwave (satellite communication)

4. Multiplexing:
- FDM: Different frequencies (radio channels).
- TDM: Time slots (digital telephony).
- WDM: Light wavelengths (fiber optics).

5. Wireless & Satellite Transmission:


- Used in mobile communication, satellite TV, GPS.

DATA LINK AND MAC LAYER

1. Services:
- Framing, Addressing, Error Control, Flow Control.

2. Error Detection/Correction:
- Parity, CRC (used in Ethernet), Hamming Code.

3. Protocols:
- Stop-and-Wait: One frame at a time.
- Go-Back-N: Multiple frames, retransmit on error.
- Selective Repeat: Only incorrect frames are retransmitted.

4. MAC Protocols:
- CSMA/CD (used in wired Ethernet)
- CSMA/CA (used in Wi-Fi)

5. MAC Address:
- 48-bit hardware address, unique to each device.
- Example: 00:14:22:01:23:45

NETWORK LAYER

1. Functions:
- Routing, Addressing, Packet Forwarding.

2. Virtual Circuits vs Datagrams:


- Virtual Circuit: Path established before sending data (e.g., ATM).
- Datagram: Each packet is routed independently (e.g., IP).
Computer Networks - Layered Architecture Notes

3. Addressing:
- IPv4: 32-bit (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
- Subnetting: Divides network for efficiency.
- IPv6: 128-bit (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334)

4. Routing Algorithms:
- Dijkstra: Shortest Path (link-state)
- Distance Vector: Routing by sharing vector tables (e.g., RIP)

5. Protocols:
- ARP: IP to MAC mapping.
- ICMP: Sends error messages (e.g., ping).
- DHCP: Dynamic IP assignment.
- RARP: MAC to IP (obsolete).
- IPv4/IPv6: Core network layer protocols.

TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYER

1. Process-to-Process Delivery:
- Uses port numbers to deliver data to correct application.

2. Protocols:
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Reliable, ordered delivery.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Unreliable, fast.

3. Client-Server Paradigm:
- Server: Provides services (web, mail)
- Client: Requests services (browser, email client)

4. Flow Control:
- TCP sliding window manages data rate.

5. Application Layer Protocols:


- HTTP: Web browsing (port 80)
- HTTPS: Secure web (port 443)
- FTP: File transfer
- DNS: Domain name resolution
- SMTP: Sending email

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