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Computer Network Layers Notes

The document outlines the layered architecture of computer networks, detailing the functions and characteristics of the Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, and Application layers. Key topics include signal types, transmission media, error detection methods, routing algorithms, and communication protocols. It also compares TCP and UDP, highlighting their use cases in network communication.

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4 views2 pages

Computer Network Layers Notes

The document outlines the layered architecture of computer networks, detailing the functions and characteristics of the Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, and Application layers. Key topics include signal types, transmission media, error detection methods, routing algorithms, and communication protocols. It also compares TCP and UDP, highlighting their use cases in network communication.

Uploaded by

shagunp382
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networks - Layered Architecture Notes

PHYSICAL LAYER

1. Analog and Digital Signals:


- Analog: Continuous wave (e.g., voice over telephone lines).
- Digital: Discrete binary signals (e.g., data in a computer network).

2. Maximum Data Rate of a Channel:


- Nyquist's Theorem and Shannon Capacity determine limits.
- Example: For a channel with bandwidth of 3 kHz and signal levels of 4, max rate = 2 * 3000 * log2(4) = 12,000 bps.

3. Transmission Media:
- Guided: Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optic (used in Ethernet, cable internet).
- Unguided: Radio, Microwave, Infrared (used in Wi-Fi, TV remotes).

4. Multiplexing Techniques:
- FDM: Different frequencies (TV channels).
- TDM: Different time slots (telecom systems).
- WDM: Light signals (fiber optics).

5. Wireless Transmission and Satellite:


- Example: GPS, satellite TV use satellite transmission.

DATA LINK AND MAC LAYER

1. Functions:
- Framing, error control, flow control, addressing (MAC).

2. Error Detection/Correction:
- Parity, CRC, Hamming Code.

3. Protocols:
- Stop & Wait, Go Back N, Selective Repeat.

4. Multiple Access:
- CSMA/CD (Ethernet), ALOHA.

5. MAC Address:
- Example: 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E (unique device address).

NETWORK LAYER

1. Virtual Circuits & Datagrams:


- Datagram: Independent packets (used in IP).
- Virtual Circuits: Predefined route (used in ATM).

2. Addressing & Subnetting:


Computer Networks - Layered Architecture Notes

- IPv4: 192.168.1.1, IPv6: 2001:db8::1.


- Subnet Mask Example: 255.255.255.0.

3. Routing Algorithms:
- Dijkstra: Computes shortest path from source to all nodes.
- Distance Vector: Bellman-Ford, routers exchange vectors.

4. Network Protocols:
- ARP: Maps IP to MAC.
- ICMP: Error reporting (ping).
- DHCP: Dynamically assigns IP.
- IPv4/IPv6: Network layer addressing.

TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYER

1. Process-to-Process Communication:
- Uses port numbers (e.g., HTTP = port 80).

2. TCP vs UDP:
- TCP: Reliable, used for web, email.
- UDP: Unreliable, used for video streaming, DNS.

3. Flow Control:
- TCP Sliding Window prevents overflow.

4. Application Layer Protocols:


- HTTP: Browsing.
- FTP: File Transfer.
- DNS: Resolves domains.
- SMTP: Email delivery.

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