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Foundational Concepts in Computer Programming

The document outlines foundational concepts in computer programming, including algorithms, syntax, variables, control structures, and functions. It distinguishes between high-level and low-level programming languages, highlighting their differences in abstraction, portability, ease of use, and execution speed. Additionally, it describes basic debugging techniques such as print statements, step-by-step execution, and using debugging tools to enhance code quality.

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Ali S Dukuray
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4 views2 pages

Foundational Concepts in Computer Programming

The document outlines foundational concepts in computer programming, including algorithms, syntax, variables, control structures, and functions. It distinguishes between high-level and low-level programming languages, highlighting their differences in abstraction, portability, ease of use, and execution speed. Additionally, it describes basic debugging techniques such as print statements, step-by-step execution, and using debugging tools to enhance code quality.

Uploaded by

Ali S Dukuray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Foundational Concepts in Computer Programming

Computer programming involves writing instructions that a computer can execute to perform
specific tasks. The fundamental concepts in programming include:

1. Algorithms and Logic: A step-by-step procedure used to solve problems, often


implemented using loops, conditionals, and functions.
2. Syntax and Semantics: The rules governing how code is written (syntax) and the
meaning behind the code’s execution (semantics).
3. Variables and Data Types: Variables store data, which can be of different types,
such as integers, strings, or floating-point numbers.
4. Control Structures: Includes loops (e.g., for, while) and conditionals (if, else) to
control program flow.
5. Functions and Modularity: Functions allow for reusable blocks of code, improving
efficiency and maintainability.

Distinction Between High-Level and Low-Level Languages

Programming languages are categorized based on their abstraction level from machine code.

Feature High-Level Languages (e.g., Low-Level Languages (e.g.,


Python, Java) Assembly, Machine Code)
Abstraction Closer to human language, Closer to machine language, harder for
easy to read/write humans to understand
Portability Can run on different systems Hardware-specific, often requiring
with minimal changes rewriting for different systems
Ease of Use Uses simple syntax, making it Complex and requires in-depth
beginner-friendly knowledge of computer architecture
Execution Slightly slower due to higher Faster because it runs directly on the
Speed abstraction hardware
Examples Python, Java, C++ Assembly Language, Machine Code

High-level languages are preferred for most applications due to their readability and ease of
debugging, while low-level languages are used for system programming and performance-
critical applications.

Basic Debugging Techniques

Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in a program. Common debugging
techniques include:

1. Print Statements: Using print() statements in Python to track variable values and
program flow.
2. Step-by-Step Execution: Running code line by line using a debugger to identify the
exact point of failure.
3. Error Messages and Logs: Reading error messages and logs to understand the cause
of a program crash.
4. Code Reviews and Peer Debugging: Reviewing code with others to identify
potential issues.
5. Breakpoints: Setting breakpoints in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
like PyCharm or Visual Studio Code to pause execution and inspect variables.
6. Using Debugging Tools: Built-in debuggers in IDEs help examine variable states and
track execution flow.

By mastering these foundational concepts, distinguishing between programming languages,


and using effective debugging techniques, programmers can write efficient and error-free
code.

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