CSE 412: Big Data and IoT

Introduction to IoT !

Md. Mahedi Hassan

Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Daffodil International University
Table of Contents
KEY TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS LECTURE

• What is IoT?
• The Evolution of IoT
• Key Components of IoT
• Applications of IoT
• Benefits and Challenges
• Future Trends in IoT

© Md. Mahedi Hassan

Introduction to IoT
What is IoT?
• The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software,
and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices over the internet. These
"things" can range from everyday household items to sophisticated industrial machinery.
• Example:
⚬ Smart Homes: Devices like smart thermostats (e.g., Nest), security systems (e.g., Ring), and smart
lighting (e.g., Philips Hue) that can be controlled remotely via a smartphone app.
⚬ Wearables: Fitness trackers like Fitbit or smartwatches like Apple Watch that monitor health metrics
such as heart rate, steps, and sleep patterns.
⚬ Industrial IoT (IIoT): Automated production lines in manufacturing plants where sensors monitor
machine performance to predict maintenance needs, reducing downtime.
⚬ Connected Vehicles: Modern cars equipped with GPS, real-time traffic updates, and infotainment
systems that enhance the driving experience.
⚬ Smart Cities: Traffic management systems that adjust traffic lights based on real-time traffic
conditions, reducing congestion and improving safety.
Some IoT Projects done by our Students
The Evolution of IoT
Brief History:

⚬ M2M Communication: The early concept of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, where

machines communicated with each other without human intervention, laid the groundwork for
IoT.
⚬ RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): RFID technology, which enables wireless
communication between a reader and an RFID tag attached to an object, was a precursor to
IoT. It allowed objects to be identified and tracked automatically.
⚬ IPv6: The introduction of IPv6, which provides a vast number of IP addresses, was crucial for
supporting the growing number of IoT devices.
⚬ Cloud Computing: The development of cloud computing enabled scalable storage and
processing of the massive amounts of data generated by IoT devices.
The Evolution of IoT

• Key Milestones:

⚬ 2008-2009: The number of connected devices exceeded the global human population, marking
a significant milestone in the evolution of IoT.
⚬ 2010: The launch of the first smart home devices, such as the Nest Thermostat, marked the
beginning of IoT's entry into consumer markets.
⚬ 2014: The introduction of wearable devices like the Apple Watch and Fitbit brought IoT to the
forefront of personal health and fitness monitoring.
Key Components of IoT
1. Sensors and Actuators:
⚬ Sensors: Devices that detect changes in the environment and collect data, such as
temperature, humidity, motion, or light. For example, temperature sensors in a smart thermostat
measure the ambient temperature and adjust heating or cooling systems accordingly.
⚬ Actuators: Devices that perform actions based on signals from a control system. For example,
an actuator in a smart lock receives a signal to unlock a door when the correct code is entered.
2. Connectivity:
⚬ Wired Connectivity: Traditional methods like Ethernet, where devices are connected via cables,
offering reliable and high-speed communication.
⚬ Wireless Connectivity: Includes various wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi (used in most
smart home devices), Bluetooth (used in wearables and short-range communication), Zigbee
(used in low-power, low-data-rate applications), and cellular networks (4G/5G, used in
connected vehicles).
Key Components of IoT
3. Data Processing:
⚬ Edge Computing: Involves processing data close to the source (e.g., in the IoT device itself or
at a local gateway) to reduce latency and bandwidth usage. For example, a security camera
might process video footage locally to detect motion before sending relevant data to the cloud.
⚬ Cloud Computing: Centralized data processing in remote servers, which allows for large-scale
data analytics and storage. For example, data from multiple smart home devices might be
stored in the cloud, where it can be analyzed to optimize energy usage.
4. User Interface:
⚬ Mobile Apps: Allow users to interact with IoT devices from anywhere. For example, a smart
thermostat app lets users adjust their home’s temperature while they are away.
⚬ Dashboards: Provide a visual interface for monitoring and controlling IoT systems. For example,
an industrial IoT dashboard might display real-time data from various sensors across a factory
floor.
Applications of IoT

• Smart Homes:

⚬ Devices: Smart home appliances and security systems.

⚬ Benefits: Enhanced convenience through remote control, energy
savings by optimizing heating and cooling, and improved security
through real-time monitoring and alerts.

• Healthcare:
⚬ Devices: Wearable health trackers like Fitbit, remote patient monitoring
systems, and smart medical devices like insulin pumps.
⚬ Benefits: Continuous health monitoring, early detection of health
issues, and personalized treatment plans based on real-time data.
Applications of IoT
• Industry:
⚬ Devices: Sensors on production lines, robotic arms, and inventory management
systems.
⚬ Benefits: Increased operational efficiency through automation, predictive
maintenance to prevent breakdowns, and reduced downtime.
• Transportation:
⚬ Devices: GPS trackers, fleet management systems, and autonomous vehicles.
⚬ Benefits: Improved logistics with real-time tracking, reduced fuel consumption
through route optimization, and enhanced safety with driver assistance
systems.
• Agriculture:
⚬ Devices: Soil moisture sensors, automated irrigation systems, and livestock
monitoring systems.
⚬ Benefits: Higher crop yields through precision farming, efficient water usage,
and improved livestock health through constant monitoring.
Benefits and Challenges of IoT
• Benefits
⚬ Efficiency: IoT systems streamline processes and reduce manual intervention, leading to increased productivity and
efficiency.
⚬ Convenience: IoT devices can be controlled and monitored remotely, offering users greater flexibility and convenience.
⚬ Automation: IoT enables the automation of routine tasks, such as turning on lights or adjusting thermostats, improving the
user experience.
⚬ Real-Time Insights: Continuous data collection from IoT devices allows for real-time decision-making, which is critical in
industries like healthcare and manufacturing.
• Challenges
⚬ Security Concerns: IoT devices can be vulnerable to hacking, which can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data or
control over devices. For example, a smart home security camera could be hacked to spy on the homeowner.
⚬ Data Privacy: The collection of vast amounts of personal data by IoT devices raises concerns about how that data is stored,
used, and shared. Regulations like GDPR in Europe aim to protect user privacy.
⚬ Standardization: The lack of universal standards for IoT devices and protocols can lead to compatibility issues between
devices from different manufacturers.
⚬ Scalability: As the number of connected devices grows, managing the data they generate and ensuring reliable
communication becomes increasingly complex.
Future Trends in IoT

• Growth in IoT Devices: The number of IoT devices is expected to grow exponentially, reaching an
estimated 75 billion devices by 2025.
• Integration with AI and ML: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) will be
increasingly integrated with IoT to enable more intelligent and autonomous systems. For
example, AI can analyze data from IoT sensors to predict equipment failures before they happen.
• 5G Connectivity: The rollout of 5G networks will provide faster and more reliable connectivity for
IoT devices, enabling real-time communication and new use cases like autonomous vehicles.
• Edge Computing: As IoT devices generate more data, processing that data at the edge (closer to
where it is generated) will become more important to reduce latency and bandwidth usage.
References
1. Ashton, K. (2009). That ‘Internet of Things’ Thing. RFID Journal.
• This article introduced the concept of the Internet of Things and laid the foundation for the future development of IoT.
2. Evans, D. (2011). The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. Cisco Internet
Business Solutions Group (IBSG).
• This white paper provides an overview of the IoT and its potential impact on various industries.
3. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements,
and Future Directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645-1660.
• This paper discusses the architecture, components, and challenges of IoT.
4. Lee, I., & Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises.
Business Horizons, 58(4), 431-440.
• A comprehensive overview of IoT applications, investments, and challenges.
5. Rose, K., Eldridge, S., & Chapin, L. (2015). The Internet of Things: An Overview. Internet Society (ISOC).
• This document provides a high-level overview of the IoT, including its potential benefits and challenges.
 Next
Lecture

Microcontrollers and Sensors in IoT

© Md. Mahedi Hassan

Thank
You
© Md. Mahedi Hassan