TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

CERTIFICATE i
CERTIFICATE ii
CERTIFICATE iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
DECLARATION v
LIST OF FIGURES 1
LIST OF TABLES 2
ABBREVIATIONS 3
ABSTRACT 4
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………5-9

1.1 MOTIVATION…………………………………………………………………......5

1.2 OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………………….…...7

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK…………………………………………………………….…....7

1.4 LIMITATIONS………………………………………………………………....…...7

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT………………………………………………….9

CHAPTER 2 EXISTING SYSTEM………………………………………………10-19

2.1 TRADITIONAL POWER SYSTEMS…………………………………………….10

2.2 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY………………………………………………….11

2.2.1 ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY………………………………………………….11

2.2.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY………………………………………………………..12

2.3 THE VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER ……………………………………..12

2.4 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES………………………………………13

2.5 THE VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR…………………………….13

.
2.5.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VSG…………………………………...15

2.5.2 SWING EQUATION FOR VSG INERTIA EMULATION……………………16

2.5.3 DEPENDENCE OF VSG ON INERTIA………………………………………16

CHAPTER 3 MATLAB………………………………………………………………20-24

3.1 MATLAB……………………………………………...……………………………...20
3.2 MAIN FEATURES OF MATLAB………………………………………………….20
3.3 KEY COMPONENTS OF MATLAB SOFTWARE…………………………………21
3.3.1 STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE BLOCKS USED IN MATLAB…………….…….21
3.4 WHAT IS SIMULATION……………………………………………………...…….22
3.4.1 WHY WE USE SIMULATION……………………………………………………23
3.4.2 BASIC SIMULATION PROCEDURE…………………………………………….23

CHAPTER 4 MODELING…………………………………………………………25-47

4.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………...25

4.2 PHASE LOOP LOCK………………………………………………………………..28

4.2.1 PHASE COMPARATOR…………………………………………………………30

4.2.2 LOOP FILTER…………………………………………………………………...31

4.2.3 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR……………………………………31

4.3 SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………….31

4.4 ADVANTAGES……………………………………………………………………32

4.5 DISADVANTGES………………………………………………………………….33

4.6 APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………………………34

4.7 SIMULATION MODELS…………………………………………………………..37

RESULTS…………………………………………………….…..…………………..48-49

CONCLUSION…………………..………………………………………………………50

REFFERENCES…………………… ………..……………………………………….....51
 LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Simplified block diagram of a VSG unit 14

2.2 Power angle curve of a typical synchronous machine 17

4.1 Block diagram of VSG unit 26

4.2 Govener diagram 27

4.3 Simple block of phase loop lock 28

4.4 Simulation model 37

4.5 Block diagram of PLL 38

4.6 Simulation model of PLL 39

4.7 Simulation model of VSG 41

4.8 Simulation model of sub system 43

4.9 Block diagram of dc sub grid 45

4.10 Simulation model dc power system 45

Output waveform of 3 phase power 48

Output waveform of PLL 48

Output waveform of VSG 49

Output waveform of voltage 49

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 LIST OF TABLES

2.3 Machine models during oscillation 18

3.2 Main features of Matlab 20

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 ABBREVIATION

AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
DER Distributed Energy Resource
DG Distributed Generator
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
PCC Point of Common Coupling
PQ Power Quality
PLL Phase Locked Loop
PWM Pulse width modulation
SG Synchronous Generator
SM Synchronous Machine
SRF Synchronous Reference Frame
VSC Voltage Source Converter
VSG Virtual Synchronous Generator

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 ABSTRACT
The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is a control scheme applied to the inverter of a
distributed generating unit to support power system stability by imitating the behavior of a
synchronous machine. The VSG design of our research incorporates the swing equation of a
synchronous machine to express a virtual inertia property. Unlike a real synchronous machine,
the parameters of the swing equation of the VSG can be controlled in real time to enhance the
fast response of the virtual machine in tracking the steady-state frequency. Based on this
concept, the VSG with alternating moment of inertia is elaborated in this paper. The damping
effect of the alternating inertia scheme is investigated by transient energy analysis. In addition,
the performance of the proposed inertia control in stability of nearby machines in power system
is addressed. The idea is supported by simulation and experimental results, which indicates
remarkable performance in the fast damping of oscillations.

Index Terms-Grid connected inverter, smart grid, transient stability, virtual synchronous
generator (VSG), voltage source inverter.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the reader to the subject of the report and
covers the motivation for the thesis, the objectives, the scope of work, the limitation and
finally describes the structure of the report.

1.1 MOTIVATION:
In classical power systems, the Synchronous Machine (SM)
with speed governor and excitation control offers favorable features to support the system
operation within a dis- tributed control scheme. Indeed, SMs contribute to the system
damping through their inertia, participate in the primary frequency regulation through the
droop response of the speed controller, and provide local control of voltage or reactive
power flow.Thesecapabilities, and especially the inertial and damping response common
to all SMs, are not inherently offered by the power electronics interfaces commonly
adopted for the integration of renewable energy sources.
A distributed model for production and local control is also opening the possibility
of islanded operation, which is inherently feasiblewith one or more controllable SMs in the
islanded area. Such islanding operation is usually more complex to achieve with power
converter interfaces designed for integrationwith a large-scale power system.Power from
many traditional large-scale generation facilities is currently being replacedby distributed
generation capacity from wind power and photovoltaics.

The traditional control structures implemented in the power converters for these
applications rely on the synchronization to a stable grid frequency supported by large
rotating inertias and are not inherently suitable in a Smart Grid context. Thus, from an
implementation perspective, significant research efforts are still devoted towards
development of controlschemes for power electronic converters explicitly conceived to
address the conditionsemerging in future Smart Grids.

Given the inherent benefits of the SMs outlined above,a captivating approach is the
control of power electronic converters to replicate the most essential properties of the SM
and by that gain equivalent features from a functional point of view.Thus, several
alternatives for providing auxiliary services like reactive power control, damping of

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 CHAPTER 1

oscillations and emulation of rotating inertia with power electronic converters have been
proposed. Some of these control strategies are explicitly designed to mimic the dynamic
response of the traditional SM, and can therefore be classified in broad terms as Virtual
Synchronous Generators (VSG). Conventional enormous synchronous generators (SGs)
comprise rotating inertia dueto their rotating parts. These generators are capable of
injecting the kinetic potential energy preserved in their rotating parts to the power grid in
the case of disturbancesor sudden changes.

Therefore, the system is robust against instability. On the other hand, penetration of
distributed generating (DG) units in power systems is increasing rapidly. The most
challenging issue with the inverter-based units is to synchronize theinverter with the grid
and then to keep it in step with the grid even when disturbances or changes happen . A power
system with a big portion of inverter based DGs is proneto instability due to the lack of
adequate balancing energy injection within the proper time interval. The solution can be
found in the control scheme of inverter based DGs.

By controlling the switching pattern of an inverter, it can emulate the behavior

of a realsynchronous machine. In the VSG concept, the power electronics interface of the
DG unit is controlled in a way to exhibit a reaction similar to that of a synchronous machine
to a change or disturbance. The VSG control generates amplitude, frequency, and phase
angle for its terminal voltage based on its power command. Therefore, as a corollary, it
can contribute to the regulation of grid voltage and frequency. The VSG concept and
application were investigated in the same concept under the title of synchro-converter is
described in the VSG systems addressed in is designed to connect an energy storage unit
to the main grid. The work carried out in introduces a mechanism for voltage, frequency,
and active and reactive power flowcontrol of the VSG.

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 CHAPTER 1

1.2 OBJECTIVES:

The aim of this thesis is to explore the characteristics of a Virtual

Synchronous Genera- tor and its performances in various fields and how it can be an
alternative to conventional Synchronous Machine. Also the operation of the VSG with
fixed inertia compared to its operation with alternating inertia will be discussed in detail.
The following objectives are to be carried out:

1. Design a relevant system to study

2. Build a simulink model of the system

3. Explore the system behavior and identify relevant test cases

4. Simulate said test cases

5. Present and discuss the results

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK:

As stated in the task description, the focus of this thesis is on the
applicability of VSG when connected to the power grid. The VSG may be in parallel with
other machines or it may be also used as an interface between Synchronous Generator and
the Grid. The aim will be to study how the controllers of the different components will
interact with each other and what effect they have on load flow and other parameters such
as grid frequency. The stability of the grid and its enhancement due to the introduction of
alternating inertia will be studied in the events of fault at load point or in the case of voltage
sag.

1.4 LIMITATIONS:
when modeling in order to better fit the scope, and to make the modeling
easier. The modeling is covered in detail in Chapter 3, so this section will cover what
limitations the model has, and why it has them. As mentioned in the scope of work, the
modeling of the physical components themselves has not been a priority. The power
electronic converters in the model for example, is based on average models. The average
model ofa converter cannot represent harmonics, so harmonics cannot be studied.The
average model also assumes the converter to be ideal, which implies that there are no
lossesin the electronics.

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 CHAPTER 1

The power system studied in this thesis is not very complex and has been
simplified to a great extent in order to make analysis and simulations easier.This low
complexity imposes limitations on how advanced the test cases can be. It alsolimits the
relevancy of the findings to real life cases by making them more theoretical and related to
only a small part of an actual system. This is of course all related tothe scope of work
and a design and analysis of much more complex system would nothave been feasible with
the time and resources at hand. The system do not contain any infrastructure for
reconnecting the VSG to the grid if it initially was running in island operation.The system
would need to have a synchronization controller suchas the one described in [10] in order
to make reconnection possible. The lack of this technology in the system means that
scenarios such as synchronization of the VSG with an already operational synchronous
generator.

Furthermore, noapplication specific constraints of the DC side of the

VSC are considered and thus the modeling and control of the energy source or storage on
the DC side of the converter isnot further discussed.

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 CHAPTER 1
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
The work in five chapters is described as given below.

Chapter 1 gives an introduction to Virtual Synchronous Generators. It also gives a

comparison between the conventional SM and the VSG. It discusses about the drivingforce
behind doing this project and along with it the various objectives that needs tobe carried
out. It also throws some light on the scope of its work and at the same time restricts itself with
the unavoidable limitations.

Chapter 2 covers the background for the technologies and concepts of the subject matter
studied in the thesis. A detailed information about the VSGs and its characteristic behavior in
different aspects has been discussed. The role of virtual inertia in the working of VSG has been
broadly discussed. Lastly, it mentions about the VSG control unitand how it generates the
necessary control signals.

Chapter 3 gives an overview of the system description and also the modeling of the system
has been covered. Here the possible configuration of the VSG with the rest of the system such
as the Grid and other machines has been discussed.

Chapter 4 discusses all the results of the simulations of the relevant test cases while
presenting graphical plots for the same. Various comparisons are done for the enhancement of
performance of the VSG and the same will be proved with the help of the results.
Chapter 5 presents the important conclusions of the work.

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 CHAPTER 2

EXISTING SYSTEM

This chapter covers all the technical aspects of the various concepts studied in this thesis and
also all the state of the different technologies are discussed.

2.1 TRADITIONAL POWER SYSTEMS

In traditional power systems, generation is provided by a rather small number of large

power plants, which are connected to the transmission system. In a traditional power
generation unit, a prime mover (usually a turbine or a combustion engine) converts the
primary source of energy into mechanical energy.
The prime mover drives a synchronous machine (SM), which transforms the mechanical
energy into electrical energy. A governor (speed controller/governor) controls the power
output or the speed, based on a given active power-frequency droop characteristic. An exciter
provides the field (excitation) current, necessary to create the magnetic field inside the SM.
An automaticvoltage regulator (AVR) controls the field current and, in consequence, the SM
terminal voltage. The stability of a traditional power system is strongly affected by its
controls, which are highly distributed in a hierarchical configuration. Controllers operate
directly on individual elements like boilers, prime movers, excitation systems, power
(electronic) converters and transformer tap changers. The controllers of closely linked
elements are coordinated by plant controllers. System controllers supervise the plant
controllers at system control centers, and pool-level controllers coordinate the system
controllers at pool control centers.

Within the distributed control structure, traditional power generation units support
traditional power system operation in different ways. They participate in the system damping
via their inertia, contribute in the primary frequency regulation by means of their governor
droop characteristics, and take part in the local control of voltage or reactive power flow
through their excitation controls. Such features are not intrinsic to the conventional control
of the renewable energy sources (RES) power electronics interfaces,which depend on the
synchronization to a stable grid frequency.

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. CHAPTER 2

2.2 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY:

Power system stability refers to the capacity of an electric power system to recover operating
equilibrium after undergoing a disturbance, with most of the system remainingintact. The
initial operating conditions and the nature of the disturbance influence this ability. Power
systems undergo a great diversity of disturbances. Load variations take place constantly,
acting as small disturbances, and power systems have to operate satisfactorily while adapting
to such changing conditions. The components must also come through large disturbances,
such as the loss of a large generator or a short circuit in a transmission line. Such disturbances
can result in structural changes caused by the isolation of faulted elements or deliberate
disconnections to maintain the major part ofthe system in operation. Interconnected power
systems can also be deliberately dividedinto independent systems called "islands".

Simplifying assumptions are made to concentrate on the aspects determining the specific
kinds of stability problems. Stability in traditional power systems has been consequently
classified into various categories. This facilitates the identification of essentialaspects that
contribute to instability and the development of methods for enhancing stability.

2.2.1 ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY

For SMs to be interconnected, the frequency of their stator voltages and currents has tobe the
same, and, since their rotors mechanical angular speed is synchronized to that angular
frequency, the rotors of all interconnected SMs need to be in synchronism.
The stability category concerned with the capacity of the interconnected SMs of a power
system to stay in synchronism after undergoing a disturbance is called rotor angle stability.
Such ability is determined by the capacity of each SM to sustain or regain equilibrium even
after small disturbances. That operating equilibrium is disrupted when the powersystem
undergoes a disturbance, which causes the acceleration or deceleration of the rotors.

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. CHAPTER 2

2.2.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY

The stability category concerned with the capacity of a power system to keep
voltage levels within their limits at all buses after undergoing a disturbance is called voltage
stability. Such ability is determined by the capacity to sustain or regain equilibrium between
power (load) supply and demand. Corresponding instability arises as a gradualvoltage drop
or increase in some buses. Voltage instability occurs often together with rotor angle stability.
One can result in the other, and it can be difficult to differentiate them. The distinction has
been made nevertheless in the traditional classification of power system stability with the
purpose of comprehending the factors causing the problems, so that suitable design and
operating methods can be elaborated.

2.3 THE VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER

In this thesis, voltage source converters will be used as an application to be the interfaceof
the grid with a battery storage unit. It will be controlled as a virtual synchronous machine
and the combination of the VSC and battery may sometimes be referred toas simply "the
VSG".
A voltage source converter is a power electronic device usedto convert DC to AC (inverter
mode) or AC to DC (rectifier mode). The VSC use transistors, usually the insulated- gate
bipolar transistor (IGBT) in parallel with diodes to achieve self-commutation. The IGBT is
controlled by a signal which enables the closing or opening of the IGBT switch. The operation
of the VSC is done through the concept of pulse-width-modulation(PWM).This involves
comparing a control signal with a saw-tooth signal to provide "on or off" orders to the
IGBT/diode blocks of the VSC. However, this thesis will not focus on the switching
operation of the VSC, but rather on the controller of the VSC.
The control signals to the VSC are sent by the VSG control unit after being modulatedby
the PWM. The VSG control unit generates signals with the help of the reference provided
by the Frequency detector and the Power meter which are basically the volt- ages and
currents measurements of the Grid.

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. CHAPTER 2

2.4 DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES

Environmental, technological and economic incentives are shifting paradigms in

powersystems. Traditional generation units exploiting centralized energy resources are giving
way to smaller, more distributed energy resources (DER). DER include distributedstorage
(DS), demand response (DR) loads and distributed generation (DG), and encompass a wide
range of emerging technologies, most of which have power electronics interfaces to the
electrical power system. As opposed to traditional generation units, most DER are connected
to distribution networks.One of the major differences from traditional generation is that DG
interfaced with power electronics cannot inherently supply the instantaneous power needs
because of the absence of large rotors.
Since most DG are inertia-less and respond slowly to control signals, load tracking problems
occur when operating without the presence of traditional generation. Thus, a system with groups
of such DG designed to operate in that condition needs some sort of (distributed) energy storage
to guarantee initial energy balance.The technical challenges associated with the centralized
control of a significant numberof units is a fundamental problem for DER. In such a complex
control system, the mal-function of a control, communication or software component could
potentially cause asystem collapse.

2.5 VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

The concept of a Virtual Synchronous Generator was first presented in the paperuses the
abbreviation "VISMA", while this thesis will use "VSG". The original application for the
VSG was for use in distributed energy sources.
As discussed in, thetraditional power system has a vertical structure with power production
in one end andconsumption in the other. The large, centralized power plants of the traditional
power system use synchronous machines for electric power generation. The synchronous ma-
chine possess several important parameters such as inertia and damping that are crucial for the
operation of a power system. However, the power system is moving toward moredistributed
energy sources, such as photovoltaics (PV) and local energy storage. The connection of these
sources to the grid is achieved through the use of power electronics such as VSC.

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. CHAPTER 2

Fig. 2.1 Simplified block diagram of a VSG unit

A distributed power source that is connected to the grid with a VSC does not introduce
properties such as inertia and damping of which the power system relies on. The idea of the
VSG is therefore to control the VSC in such a way that it mimics the behavior of a
synchronous machine, and in that way provide the propertiesof damping and inertia that the
power system is wanting as shown in Fig 2.1.
The underlying idea behind the VSG concept is to emulate the essential behavior of a real
SMby controlling a power electronic converter. Thus, any VSG implementation contains
more or less explicitly a mathematical model of a SM. The specific model of the SM and its
parameters is largely an arbitrary design choice as proved by the many differentsolutions
discussed in literature. However, the emulation of the inertial characteristic and damping of
the electromechanical oscillations are common features for every VSGimplementation.
Additional aspects as the transient and sub-transient dynamics can be included or
neglected, depending on the desired degree of complexity and accuracy inreproducing the
SM dynamics. Furthermore, the parameters selected for VSG implementations are not
constrained by the physical design of any real SM. Thus, the VSG parameters can be selected
to replicate the behavior of a particular SM design or can bespecified during the control system
design to achieve a desired behavior.
If the purpose of VSG is to accurately replicate the dynamic behavior of a SM, a full order
model of the SM has to be included in the converter control system. This includesa 5th order
electrical model with dq-representation of stator windings, damper windingsand the field
winding, together with a 2nd order model resulting in a 7th order model.

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. CHAPTER 2

2.5.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VSG

The VSG concept can offer a basis for realizing flexible decentralized converter control
schemes that can operate both in grid connected and islanded conditions, and that can almost
seamlessly switch between the corresponding operating modes.
Furthermore, the inherent inertial characteristic of the VSG can provide services as
frequency support and transient power sharing as primary control actions. These are indeed
based only on local measurement and do not depend on external communications as in typical
alternative schemes.
Still, there is no conflict between this local controllability and the ability to operate
in a hierarchical structure while following external referencesand set-points provided by a
centralized controller for optimizing the system operation.Moreover, a further advantage of
the VSG approach lies in its conceptual simplicity, due to the immediate and intuitive physical
interpretation of its behavior with analogy to the corresponding behavior of a physical
machine.The dominant behavior of SMs in terms of inertia response and damping can be
modelled by the traditional swing equation. Considering these general characteristics, several
control strategies have been developed for allowing power electronic convertersto provide
synthetic or virtual inertia to the power system, and have been proposed fora variety of
applications like for instance wind turbines, energy storage systems and HVDC transmission
schemes.
Some of these control methods provide a synthetic inertial response to variations in the
grid frequency and only a few aims to explicitly replicate the features of the traditional SMs.
However, emulation of the inertia and damping effects requires an energy buffer with
sufficient capacity to represent the energy storage effect of the emulated rotating inertia
available. Thus, the amount of virtual inertiathat can be added to the system by a single VSG
unit will be limited by the DC-side configuration and by the current rating of the converter.

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. CHAPTER 2

2.5.2 SWING EQUATION FOR VSG INERTIA EMULTION

While a full order model faithfully represents the behavior of a real SM, it adds un
necessary complexity if the goal of the VSM is to emulate the inertia and damping properties
of the SM. Indeed, these two main aspects can be already captured by the swing equation
(2.1) well known from the literature on power system stability and dynamics.

𝑑𝑤𝑛
Pin – Pout = Jwn ( )+ 0Δw
𝑑𝑡
where Pin, Pout Fig. 2.1 Simplified block diagram of a VSG unit [15], J, ωm and
D are the input power (as same as the prime mover power in a SG), the output power of the
VSG, the moment of inertia of the virtual rotor, the virtual angular velocity of the virtual
rotor, and the damping factor, respectively. ∆ω is given by ∆ω = ωm - ωgrid, ωgrid being the
grid frequency or the reference frequency when the grid is not available. Having the essential
parameters, (2.1) can be solved bynumerical integration.

2.5.3 DEPENDENCE OF VSG ON INERTIA

The quantities of the VSG, such as its output frequency and power oscillate after
a change or disturbance similar to those of a synchronous machine. However, the transient
condition tolerance of an inverter-based generating unit is much less than a real synchronous
machine. Therefore, a VSG system may stop working redundantly due to oscillations with
high amplitude after a change or disturbance. On the other hand, VSG control has an
advantage in that its swing equation parameters can be adopted in real time to obtain a faster
and more stable operation. This property of the VSG systemis used to introduce the VSG with
adoptive virtual inertia. This scheme removes the oscillations and thereby, increases the
reliability of the VSG unit against changes or disturbances. In this concept, the value of the
virtual moment of inertia is changed based on the relative virtual angular velocity (the
difference between virtual mechanical velocity generated by the VSG and grid angular
frequency) and its rate of change.

Consider the power-angle curve of Fig. 2.2. After a change in system, for
example,a change in prime mover power from Pin0 to Pin1, the operating point moves along

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. CHAPTER 2

the power curve, from point a to c and then from c to a. The machine condition during each
phase of an oscillation cycle is summarized in Fig 2.3. One cycle of the oscillationconsists of
four segments. During each segment, the sign of the dωm/dt together with the sign of the
relative angular velocity ∆ω defines the acceleration or deceleration. Forexample, in segment
3 of Fig. 2.2, during transition from points c to b, both dωm/dt and ∆ω are negative and act in
the same direction; therefore, it is an acceleration periods wheareas, when they have opposite
signs like segment 4, it is a deceleration period.

Fig. 2.2 Power angle curve of a typical Synchronous Machine

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. CHAPTER 2

Fig. 2.3 Machine modes during oscillation [1]

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. CHAPTER 2

Based on this fact, one can select a large value of J during acceleration phases (a to b and c
to b) to reduce theacceleration and a small value of J during deceleration phases (b to c and b to
a) to boost the deceleration.

The big moment of inertia Jbig and the small one Jsmall can be chosen within a wide range
depending on the rated power so that the difference between Jbig and Jsmall determines the
damped power in each half-cycle of oscillation by alternatinginertia. The value of Jbig can be
equal to the normal value of J.

However, applying a very larger value than the normal J will result in a smaller frequency
excursion at the first quarter-cycle but a sluggish response. The value of Jsmall determines the
transient of the second quarter-cycle of oscillation. A very small value of Jsmall (<0.1kgm2) will
result in a satisfactory response.

During each cycle of oscillations, the value of J is switched four times. Each switchinghappens
at the points that the sign of either ∆ω or dωm/dt varies. Before the disturbance, the VSG is
operating with the normal value of J. When the disturbance happens, the transition from a to
b starts with ∆ω > 0 and dωm/dt > 0.

In this condition, the Jbig is adopted. At the end of the first quarter-cycle, that is point b, the sign
of dωm/dt changes.It means that the small value for J is adopted at this point. At point c, the
sign of ∆ω changes and J retrieves it big value.

It will be the end of the first half-cycle. During the second half-cycle, the value of J is
switched to the Jsmall at point b, and again at theend of one cycle at point a, Jbig is adopted.
This procedure is repeated for each cycle ofoscillation until the transients are suppressed and
∆ω equals zero at the new equilibrium point, that is, point b. A threshold for ∆ω can be applied
to avoid the chattering of J during normal operation. However, this threshold is set to zero
in this paper.

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 CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

3.1 MATLAB

MATLAB (short for Matrix Laboratory) is a high-level programming language and

interactive environment developed by MathWorks. It is specially designed for:

• Numerical computation

• Data analysis

• Algorithm development

• Modeling and simulation

• Visualization

3.2 Main features of MATLAB

Feature Description

Matrix-based Core data element is a matrix—ideal for linear algebra and system
language modeling.

Specialized libraries for areas like Control Systems, Signal

Toolboxes
Processing, AI.

Data visualization Powerful tools for plotting and data representation in 2D/3D.

Interactivity Easy-to-use interface with code, plots, and apps in one window.

Works with other languages (C, C++, Python) and hardware

Integration
(Arduino, Raspberry Pi).

Simulink A graphical tool for simulation and model-based design.

3.2 Main features of Matlab

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 CHAPTER 3

3.3 Key Components of MATLAB Software

1. Editor – For writing and editing code (M-files).

2. Command Window – For direct execution of commands.

3. Workspace – Displays current variables.

4. Figure Window – For plots and visualizations.

5. Simulink – Block-diagram environment for modeling/simulation.

3.3.1 Step-by-Step Procedure to Use Blocks in Simulink

1. Open Simulink

• Open MATLAB.

• In the Command Window, type:

• The Simulink Library Browser will open.

2. Create a New Model

• Click File > New > Model in Simulink.

• A blank model window will open.

3. Drag and Drop Blocks

• Browse through categories (e.g., Sources, Sinks, Math Operations,

Continuous).

• Drag blocks like:

o Constant

o Sum

o Gain

o Scope

o Integrator

• Drop them into the model window.

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 CHAPTER 3

4. Connect Blocks

• Click and drag from the output port of one block to the input port of
another.

• Use lines to connect them logically to form a system or flow.

5. Set Block Parameters

• Double-click on any block to configure it.

• Example: Double-click a Gain block and enter a value like 5.

6. Run the Simulation

• Click the Run button (green triangle).

• The simulation will execute.

• View output using blocks like Scope or Display.

7. Save the Model

• File > Save As

• Save your Simulink model with a .slx extension.

3.4 What is Simulation?

Simulation is the process of imitating the behavior of a real-world system using a

mathematical model on a computer. It allows engineers, scientists, and researchers to test
and study how systems behave under different conditions—without physically building
them.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.4.1 Why Use Simulation?

• To test designs before building hardware.

• To understand system behavior over time.

• To save costs and time.

• To study "what-if" scenarios.

• To analyze complex systems that are hard to solve analytically.

3.4.2 Basic Simulation Procedure

Here’s a general procedure to perform a simulation:

1. Define the System

o Identify the physical system (e.g., mass-spring-damper).

o Derive the mathematical model (differential equations).

2. Open Simulink in MATLAB

o Type Simulink in the MATLAB Command Window.

3. Create a New Model

o File > New > Model.

4. Add and Connect Blocks

o Use blocks for math, input, output, integrators, etc.

o Example: Constant → Sum → Gain → Scope.

5. Set Parameters

o Double-click blocks to configure values (mass, spring constant, gain, etc.).

constant, gain, etc.).

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 CHAPTER 3

6. Set Simulation Time

o Use the model's "Simulation Settings" to choose time step, duration, solver.

7. Run the Simulation

o Click the "Run" button.

o Observe output on a Scope or Display.

8. Analyze Results

o Check if the system behaves as expected.

o Modify parameters to optimize performance.

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 CHAPTER 4

MODELING

In this chapter a detailed analysis of the considered system has been carried out, as wellas a
description on how it has been modeled has been discussed.

4.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The studied system, seen in Fig. 3.1, is representing the block diagram of a simplified VSG
unit connected to the grid. It consists of:
1. A Distributed Generator
2. An Energy Storage device
3. A VSG control unit
4. A Frequency detector
5. A Power measurement device
6. A VSC unit
Fig. 3.1 shows the structure of a DG using the basic VSG control. The primary source of the
DG could be photovoltaic panels, fuel cells, a gas engine or other distributed energy
resources (DERs). The energy storage is designed for emulating the kinetic energystored in
rotating mass of a SG, in order to supply or absorb insufficient/surplus powergenerated by
the primary source in transient state [9].
As this paper focuses on the control scheme of the inverter, the design and control of the
primary source and energystorage are beyond the scope of this paper. In this scheme, a
distributed resource is connected to the main power system via an inverter controlled with
the VSG concept. Thewell-known swing equation of SGs is used as the heart of the VSG
model. A governor

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 Fig. 4.1 Block diagram of a VSG unit

model shown in Fig. 3.2 is implemented to tune the input power command based on the
frequency deviation. Having the essential parameters, the Swing Equation can be solved by
numerical integration. By solving this equation in each control cycle, the momentary ωm is
calculated and by passing through an integrator, the virtual mechanical phase angle θm is
produced. Vre f in Fig. 3.1 is the voltage reference that determines thevoltage magnitude at the
inverter terminal. Implementing a controller for Vre f results ina regulated voltage and reactive
power at the VSG terminal.
However, Vre f is set con- stant in the simulations and experiments because voltage
control does not affect the ideaof this paper. The phase angle and the voltage magnitude
reference are used as the VSGoutput voltage angle and magnitude commands for generating
pulse width modulation pulses for the inverter. The value of J together with D determines the
time constantof the VSG unit. Selecting the proper value of them is a challenging issue
without a routine. Mimicking a synchronous machine, J is given by J = 2HSbase/ω2 where
0
H is the machine inertia constant, Sbase is the base power of the machine, and ω is the system
frequency. The parameter H tells that for which period of time the machine is able to supply
the nominal load based solely on the energy stored in the rotating mass.The higher H, the
bigger the time constant, resulting in a slower response but smaller frequency deviation after
a change or disturbance.
 Although it depends on the machinesize and power, for typical synchronous machines H
varies between 2 and 10 secs. Voltage source converter is used as an interface of the grid
with a battery storage unit. Itwill be controlled as a virtual synchronous machine and the
combination of the VSC and battery may sometimes be referred to as simply "the VSG". A
voltage source converter

Fig. 4.2 Governor diagram

is a power electronic device used to convert DC to AC (inverter mode) or AC to DC (rectifier

mode). The VSC use transistors, usually the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in
parallel with diodes to achieve self-commutation. The IGBT is controlled bya signal which
enables the closing or opening of the IGBT switch.

The operation of the VSC is done through the concept of pulse-width-

modulation(PWM). This involves comparing a control signal with a saw-tooth signal to
provide "on or off" orders to the IGBT/diode blocks of the VSC. However, this thesis will
not focus on the switching operation of the VSC, but rather on the controller of the VSC.The
control signals to the VSC are sent by the VSG control unit after being modulatedby the
PWM. The VSG control unit generates signals with the help of the references provided by
the Frequency detector and the Power meter which are basically the volt- ages and currents
measurements of the grid.

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 4.2 PHASE LOOP LOCK

phase-locked loop or phase lock loop (PLL) is a control system that

generates an output signal whose phase is fixed relative to the phase of an input signal.
Keeping the input and output phase in lockstep also implies keeping the input and output
frequencies the same, thus a phase-locked loop can also track an input frequency.
Furthermore, by incorporating a frequency divider, a PLL can generate a stable frequency
that is a multiple of the input frequency.These properties are used for clock synchronization,
demodulation, frequency synthesis, clock multipliers, and signal recovery from a noisy
communication channel. Since 1969, a single integrated circuit can provide a complete PLL
building block, and nowadays have output frequencies from a fraction of a hertz up to many
gigahertz.Thus, PLLs are widely employed in radio, telecommunications, computers (e.g. to
distribute precisely timed clock signals in microprocessors), grid-tie inverters (electronic
power converters used to integrate DC renewable resources and storage elements such as
photovoltaics and batteries with the power grid), and other electronic application.Simple
analog PLL is an electronic circuit consisting of a variable frequency oscillator and a phase
detector in a feedback loop . The oscillator generates a periodic signal Vo with frequency
proportional to an applied voltage, hence the term voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The
phase detector compares the phase of the VCO's output signal with the phase of periodic
input reference signal Vi and outputs a voltage (stabilized by the filter) to adjust the
oscillator's frequency to match the phase of Vo to the phase of Vi.

Figure 4.3 :Simple block of phase loop lock

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 PLL is a feedback control system that synchronizes the phase of a signal (in this case, the
VSG's output) with a reference signal (the grid's frequency).

Frequency Tracking:

It tracks the grid's frequency and adjusts the VSG's output frequency accordingly, ensuring
they remain in sync.

Synchronization Mechanism:

The PLL uses a phase detector, a loop filter, and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to
track the grid's frequency.

Stability:

By maintaining the correct frequency, the PLL helps prevent oscillations and ensures stable
power transfer between the VSG and the grid.

Why is PLL important in VSG control?

Grid Synchronization:

PLL is essential for ensuring that the VSG's output frequency matches the grid's, which is
crucial for power transfer and stability.

Accurate Frequency Control:

The PLL helps the VSG maintain its output frequency even when the grid frequency
fluctuates, supporting grid stability.

Complementary Control:

PLL often works in conjunction with other VSG control loops (like power and voltage loops)
to provide comprehensive control and stabilization of the grid.

In the context of VSGs with alternating moment of inertia:

Enhanced Stability:

The alternating moment of inertia in the VSG, combined with the PLL, can improve the
damping of oscillations and enhance the overall stability of the power system.

Adaptive Control:

The alternating inertia can be adjusted based on system conditions, allowing the VSG to
adapt its behavior to changing grid conditions, which can further improve stability.

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 Reduced Oscillations:

By combining the PLL's synchronization capabilities with the adaptive inertia, the VSG can
effectively reduce oscillations and improve the overall stability of the power system.

4.2.1 PHASE COMPARATOR

It compares the phases o two signals, and generators a voltage according to the phase
differences. It multiplies the reference input and the voltage controlled oscillator output.

Function:

Phase comparators essentially act as frequency mixers or multipliers, generating a signal that
represents the phase difference between the input signals.

Applications:

Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs): A core component in PLLs, which are used to synchronize
oscillators or other signals.

Power Systems: Used in protective relays to determine the direction of power flow.

High Voltage Applications: Used to check phase coincidence in medium and high voltage
systems.

Digital Pulse Comparators: Used to compare digital pulse streams.

Output:

The output signal from a phase comparator can be a slowly varying component that provides
information about the phase difference or a series of output pulses whose width is
proportional to the phase difference.

In essence, a phase comparator is a versatile tool for measuring and comparing the phase
relationships between signals, finding applications in diverse fields like electronics, power
systems, and communication.

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 4.2.2 LOOP FILTER

A loop filter in a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is a critical component that determines the
dynamic behavior and stability of the PLL system. It processes the output of the phase
detector and shapes the control signal applied to the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).

Purpose of the Loop Filter

Noise Reduction: It smooths out high-frequency noise and spurious signals from the phase
detector output, ensuring a clean control signal for the VCO.

Stability: It helps maintain the stability of the PLL by controlling the loop dynamics, such
as damping and bandwidth.

Frequency Response: It defines the trade-off between the PLL's lock time (speed of
response) and its ability to reject noise.

4.2.3 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR

A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a electronic oscillator

whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage
determines the instantaneous oscillation frequency. Consequently, a VCO can be used
frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM) by applying a modulating signal to
the control input. A VCO is also an integral part of a phase looped lock .VCOs are used
in synthesizes to generate a wave form whose pitch can be adjusted by a voltage determined
by a musical instruments or other input.

A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) is a special type of VCO designed to be

very linear in frequency control over a wide range of input control voltages.

4.3 SUMMARY
The system as shown in Fig. 3.1 has been modelled in Matlab Simulink to study the
performance of the VSG. Also two more configurations of the system are considered.
i.e VSG in parallel with an SG and VSG as an interface between SG and Grid. In all the
cases the performance characteristic of the VSG has been studied.
The performanceof the VSG with fixed moment of inertia and with alternating inertia
has been focused.And it has been confirmed in Chapter 4 that the VSG with alternating
inertia has the capacity to maintain stability in the mentioned .

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 4.4 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT:

1. Enhanced Grid Stability:

The VSG emulates the behavior of traditional synchronous generators by

providing inertia to the grid. In a traditional power system, the inertia of synchronous
generators helps dampen frequency fluctuations. With the VSG, even if there's no physical
inertia, the system can simulate this effect, which stabilizes the frequency during
disturbances like load changes or generation loss.The alternating moment of inertia approach
can allow the system to dynamically adjust its inertia response based on real-time grid
conditions, making it more responsive and adaptable compared to traditional methods.
2. Improved Frequency Regulation:

VSGs can actively contribute to frequency regulation by mimicking the

inertial response of synchronous generators. This is particularly important in systems with
high penetration of renewable energy sources, which are often intermittent and don't
inherently provide inertia.The alternating moment of inertia could allow for more fine-tuned
control over how much inertia is provided during different operating conditions, potentially
reducing the risk of overcompensating or undercompensating for frequency deviations.
3. Support for Renewable Energy Integration:
As renewable energy sources (such as wind and solar) are largely inverter-based, they
don't provide natural inertia to the grid. By incorporating VSGs, the power system can be
made more resilient to the variability of these energy sources, enhancing the grid's ability to
handle rapid changes in generation and demand.The alternating moment of inertia could
make the VSG even more effective by allowing it to quickly adjust its behavior based on
how much renewable generation is active at any given time.
4. Dynamic Response to Grid Disturbances:
The use of an alternating moment of inertia means the VSG can respond more
flexibly to disturbances like sudden changes in load, generation losses, or system faults.
By adjusting the moment of inertia dynamically, the VSG could provide a more appropriate
level of inertial response for different grid scenarios, helping to stabilize the system more
effectively.This approach could lead to more efficient damping of frequency oscillations and
reduced system stress after disturbances.

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 5. Reduced Wear on Traditional Generators:
By providing virtual inertia, VSGs can reduce the need for conventional synchronous
generators to react to every small fluctuation, potentially leading to less wear and tear on
traditional machines, which could result in cost savings and longer lifespans for these assets.
6. Better Load and Generation Balancing:
VSGs can provide active power support to balance load and generation in the system. The
alternating inertia could further enhance their ability to handle variations in generation and
demand more effectively, improving overall system reliability.
7. Potential for Scalable Implementation:
Virtual Synchronous Generators can be deployed in a variety of systems, from small
distributed energy resources (DERs) to larger, grid-scale systems. The flexibility and
scalability of VSGs with alternating inertia could help make them an attractive option for
both small-scale and large-scale grid stabilization projects.
4.5 DISADVANTAGES OF PROJECT :

1. Complexity in Control Design :

The implementation of VSGs with alternating moment of inertia introduces complexity in the
control design. The system needs to continuously adjust the moment of inertia, which
requires advanced control algorithms and precise synchronization with grid dynamics.
This complexity can lead to increased risks of malfunction or instability if not carefully
managed.
2. Increased Computational Demand:
Dynamic adjustments of the moment of inertia require real-time computational resources to
calculate and control the variations. This can increase the computational burden on system
controllers and hardware, leading to potential delays or limitations in response times,
especially if the computational power is not sufficient.

3. Potential Negative Impact on System Efficiency:

Adjusting the virtual inertia dynamically can consume additional energy, which may
decrease the overall efficiency of the system. Since VSGs are trying to mimic physical
inertia, they might need to draw power from the grid or other energy storage systems,
especially when responding to frequency fluctuations, leading to potential losses in energy
efficiency.

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 4. Limited Performance in Large-Scale Systems:
For large-scale power grids with significant renewable energy integration, VSGs with
alternating moment of inertia may struggle to maintain effective stabilization across the
entire network. The power system might face challenges due to the sheer scale of
synchronization requirements and the variability in renewable generation (e.g., wind and
solar).
6. Cost and Maintenance Overhead
The infrastructure for controlling VSGs with alternating inertia may require more advanced
hardware and software components. This increases the upfront cost of installation,
maintenance, and system upgrades. Additionally, since the technology is relatively new,
there could
7. Interaction with Other Stability Mechanisms :
The interaction between VSGs and traditional stability mechanisms (such as primary and
secondary control) could be complex. Improper coordination could lead to negative
interference, where the dynamic responses of different components are not well-
synchronized, potentially leading to suboptimal system performance.

4.6 APPLICATIONS OF PROJECT :

1. Grid Frequency Regulation :
Dynamic Frequency Control: VSGs can simulate the inertia characteristics of
conventional synchronous generators, which are crucial for maintaining grid frequency
stability during sudden disturbances (e.g., load changes or generation outages). By using
AMoI, the virtual inertia can dynamically adjust, improving the response to frequency
deviations.
Response to Disturbances: When the frequency drops due to an imbalance between
generation and load, the VSG with AMoI can provide active power support by emulating the
kinetic energy response of traditional generators.
This helps to mitigate frequency excursions.

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 2. Improving Transient Stability:
Enhanced Damping of Oscillations: VSGs with alternating inertia can provide
damping to the low-frequency oscillations in the power system. These oscillations can arise
from changes in load or generation, particularly in systems with high renewable penetration.

The alternating moment of inertia can adjust to the system's needs, providing a more flexible
response compared to static inertia.
3. Integration of Renewable Energy Sources:
Variable Renewable Energy (VRE): The integration of renewable sources like solar
and wind is often challenged by their variability and intermittent nature. VSGs can enhance
the grid’s ability to handle these fluctuations by providing virtual inertia, which smooths out
the rapid changes in power output from renewable sources.
Wind and Solar Power Stabilization: VSGs can be particularly beneficial in wind
and solar power plants, where energy generation can be variable. By adjusting their inertia
characteristics, VSGs can help mitigate the impacts of sudden generation changes or
fluctuations in renewable generation.
4. Load-Frequency Control (LFC):
Dynamic Load Balancing: In systems with high penetration of renewable
energy, where conventional synchronous generators might not be able to respond rapidly
enough to load fluctuations, VSGs can act as a supplementary dynamic resource to control
the load-frequency balance in real time.
Frequency Restoration: VSGs with alternating inertia can also assist in
frequency restoration after a disturbance by gradually adjusting the power output, mimicking
the role of traditional generators in stabilizing the grid frequency.
Resilient Operation: These systems can maintain stable operation even during
faults or transitions, helping microgrids function autonomously without the need for
conventional generators

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 5. Voltage Stability Enhancement:
Support for Reactive Power Management: In addition to active power
control, VSGs can provide reactive power support, helping to maintain voltage levels within
the grid. The alternating inertia feature can optimize the reactive power compensation to
prevent voltage instability, especially in systems with high renewable energy penetration.
Voltage Control during Transients: During transient events, the dynamic
control of reactive power from VSGs can provide voltage support and help the grid maintain
voltage stability.
6. Virtual Synchronous Machines (VSM) in Microgrids :
Islanding Capability: In microgrids or isolated grids, VSGs with alternating
inertia can simulate the behavior of a traditional synchronous machine, allowing the system
to operate independently when disconnected from the grid.
7. Dynamic Stability for HVDC and FACTS Devices :
Stabilizing HVDC Links: VSGs can provide additional stability to High-
Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) links, which are increasingly used to connect distant parts
of the power grid

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 4.7 SIMULATION MODELS

Figure4.4 : simulation model

The image displays a Simscape model, likely simulating a power system with an inverter.
Here's a breakdown of the components and their probable functions:
Discrete 2.0e-06 s. (Top Left): This block likely indicates the discrete time step used for
the simulation, which is 2×10−6 seconds.
PLL1 (Phase-Locked Loop): This block, receiving three-phase input (likely from the grid
or an AC source), is essential for synchronizing the inverter with the utility grid. It outputs
Uabc, which probably represents the synchronized three-phase voltage.
Loads (LOAD and LOAD2): Two load blocks are visible at the bottom left, connected to
the three-phase lines. These represent electrical loads drawing power from the system. One
load (LOAD2) appears to be connected via a switch, indicating it might be switched on or
off during the simulation.
VSG (Virtual Synchronous Generator): This is a key component, likely representing an
inverter operating as a Virtual Synchronous Generator. It takes the synchronized Uabc and
a DC voltage (Vdc) as inputs. Its outputs include Ua,Ub,Uc (three-phase voltages), Pe
(electrical power), and V+ (DC voltage). The VSG aims to emulate the characteristics of a
traditional synchronous generator, contributing to grid stability.

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 DC_Subgrid: This block receives V+, Idc (DC current), and Pdc (DC power). It seems to
represent a DC subgrid or a DC bus where DC power is managed. It outputs Vdc, Idc, and
Pdc, which are likely measured or controlled values within the DC subgrid.
Measurement and Display Blocks:
Several scope blocks (e.g., connected to Pe from VSG, outputs from DC_Subgrid, and Uabc
after the VSG) are present to visualize various signals during the simulation.
Display blocks (e.g., showing "sum(t)" and "sum(0)" near the scopes) are used to show
numerical values.
Three-Phase Voltage Measurement Block (bottom center): This block takes three-phase
input (A,B,C) and outputs Pe and Uabc, likely measuring power and voltage at that point.

Figure 4.5 block diagram of pll

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 Figure 4.6 simulation model of phase loop lock

The image displays a Simulink model, and the block you're asking about is a Phase-Locked
Loop (PLL), likely designed for grid synchronization or frequency/phase estimation in a
three-phase system.
Let's break down the components and their likely functions within this PLL:
Vabc Input (leftmost): This is the three-phase AC voltage input to the PLL.
abc to dq0 Transformation Block: This crucial block converts the three-phase (abc) input
voltages into a rotating dq0 (direct, quadrature, zero sequence) reference frame. In a balanced
three-phase system, the direct (d) and quadrature (q) components represent the magnitude
and phase of the voltage vector.
Udp and Uq Outputs: These are the direct (d) and quadrature (q) components of the input
voltage in the rotating reference frame.
Multiplier (*) and Summation (+) Blocks for Mag Output:
The Udp and Uq components are squared and summed, and then a square root is taken. This
calculates the instantaneous magnitude of the voltage vector (Mag). This output can be used
to monitor the voltage amplitude.
Uq Path for Phase Detection:
The Uq component (quadrature component) is typically used as the error signal for the PLL.
When the PLL is perfectly synchronized, Uq should be zero. Any deviation from zero
indicates a phase difference between the input voltage and the PLL's internal reference.
Gain Block (0.0009447): This likely represents a proportional gain or a scaling factor
applied to the Uq error signal.
Transfer Function Block (num(z)/den(z)): This is a discrete-time transfer function. It acts
as a filter (often a low-pass filter) to smooth out the Uq error signal and remove high-
frequency noise. The output of this block is labeled euq, which stands for error in Uq.

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 PI Controller (PI block): The euq error signal is fed into a Proportional-Integral (PI)
controller. The PI controller's job is to drive the euq to zero.
The proportional part responds to the current error.
The integral part eliminates steady-state error by accumulating past errors.
The output of the PI controller is a frequency adjustment signal.
Summation Block (+) with 314: The output of the PI controller is summed with 314. Since
2π×50 Hz≈314.159 rad/s (for a 50 Hz system) or 2π×60 Hz≈376.99 rad/s (for a 60 Hz
system), 314 represents the nominal angular frequency of the grid (assuming a 50 Hz
system). This sum gives the instantaneous angular frequency command.
Integrator (K Ts / (z-1) or 1/s in continuous): This block integrates the angular frequency
command to produce the phase angle (theta). In discrete time, K Ts / (z-1) represents a
discrete integrator (where Ts is the sample time).
Modulo Block (mod): The mod block keeps the phase angle within a specific range (e.g., 0
to 2π radians or 0 to 360 degrees). This prevents the angle from continuously increasing and
ensures it wraps around correctly.
Sine (sin) and Cosine (cos) Blocks: The calculated phase angle (theta) is fed into sine and
cosine functions to generate sin(wt) and cos(wt). These are the synchronous reference frame
signals that are fed back to the abc to dq0 transformation block to complete the PLL feedback
loop. This feedback ensures that the rotating frame aligns with the incoming three-phase
voltage.
Outputs (f, wt):
The output f (frequency) is derived from the angular frequency command (after the PI
controller and summation).
The output wt (omega * t, or angular position) is the integrated phase angle (theta) before
the mod block, or perhaps a scaled version of it. This represents the continuously increasing
phase angle synchronized with the grid.

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 `

Figure 4.7 simulation model of virtual synchronous generator

The Simulink model depicts a power electronic converter system, most likely a grid-
connected inverter with control mechanisms. Here's a breakdown of the key components and
their inferred roles:
1. AC Grid / Source (Leftmost):
Three-Phase Inputs (1, 2, 3 labeled Ua, Ub, Uc): These represent the three-phase AC
voltages from the utility grid or a similar AC source.
Three-Phase Resistor/Inductor Block: This component acts as an interface between the
grid and the rest of the system, potentially modeling grid impedance or a filter.
PLL1 (Phase-Locked Loop): This block receives the three-phase grid voltage and is crucial
for synchronizing the inverter with the grid. It typically outputs the grid frequency and phase
angle (implied by the connection to Controller2), which are essential for proper control of
the inverter.
2. AC Side Measurements and Loads:
abc to dq0 Transformations: Several instances of this block are visible. These convert
three-phase AC signals into a rotating dq0 reference frame, which simplifies control of AC
quantities by transforming them into DC quantities under steady-state conditions.
Current Measurement Blocks (i_load1, i_inv1_measr): These blocks measure currents at
different points, likely monitoring load currents and inverter output currents.
Voltage Measurement Blocks (v_load1, v_dc_link): These measure voltages, such as load
voltages and the DC link voltage.

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 Load Blocks: Indicated by connections labeled i_load and v_load, these represent electrical
loads drawing power from the AC side.
3. Inverter Section (Center-Right):
Inv_1_measr (Inverter Current Measurement): This block likely measures the three-
phase currents output by the inverter.
Three-Phase Inverter Block (Power Electronics Converter): This is the core power
conversion stage, typically a six-pulse voltage source inverter (VSI) using IGBTs or similar
switching devices. It converts DC power from the DC link into AC power.
DC Link Capacitor (+ to - terminals with capacitor symbol): This capacitor acts as an
energy buffer on the DC side, smoothing out voltage fluctuations and providing a stable DC
voltage for the inverter.
Load on DC Side (Resistor chain with V+ output): This seems to indicate a DC load or
connection to a DC bus, consuming power from the DC link.
4. Control System (Top Section):
Controller2: This is a central control block for the inverter. It receives multiple inputs:
Signals from the PLL (frequency, phase angle).
Measured AC currents and voltages (i_load_abc, v_load_abc).
DC link voltage (v_dc_link).
Possibly reference signals for current or power.
Highlighted inputs Udc_ctrl and P_load suggest control inputs related to DC voltage
regulation and power flow.
Modulator: This block takes control signals (e.g., voltage references TLa, TLb, TLc from
Controller2) and generates the switching pulses for the inverter. The square wave input at
the top (with pulse train) might be a carrier signal for PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
Scope Blocks: Numerous scope blocks (_disp_) are present throughout the model, indicating
that various signals (voltages, currents, power, control signals) are being monitored and
visualized during simulation.
5. Power Measurement:
Pm and Pe Outputs: These likely represent mechanical power and electrical power
measurements, respectively, possibly related to the overall power flow in the system.

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 Probable Functionality:
This model likely simulates a grid-tied inverter system. The primary goal is to:
Synchronize with the grid: The PLL ensures the inverter's output is in phase and at the
same frequency as the utility grid.
Control power flow: Controller2 is designed to regulate the power exchanged between the
DC side and the AC grid. This could involve injecting power from a DC source (like solar
PV or battery) into the grid, or possibly drawing reactive power for grid support.
Regulate DC link voltage: Udc_ctrl input to the controller suggests that the DC link voltage
is being actively regulated.

Figure 4.8 simulation model of subsystem

Simulink Model Report

Overview
This Simulink model simulates a grid-connected inverter system with a feedback control

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 mechanism. The core objective appears to be power monitoring and control of the inverter
interfacing with the AC grid and DC link.
Block Descriptions
1. Inverter Block
Inputs:
Gate signals g
DC voltage Udc
Grid phase inputs A, B, C (three-phase)
Outputs:
Iabc_inv: Inverter current
Iabc_load: Load current
V_abc: Output 3-phase voltage
Purpose: Converts DC power into AC, synchronizes with the grid. Feeds AC voltage to
loads and interfaces with the control block.
2. Control_block
Inputs:
i_abc_inv: Inverter-side current
i_abc_load: Load-side current
V_abc: Three-phase voltage
Udc: DC link voltage
Outputs:
Gate signals for the inverter
Purpose: Implements control strategy (e.g., current or voltage control loop, PLL, or VSG-
like logic). Ensures inverter output synchronizes with the grid and regulates power flow.
3. Measurement and Monitoring
Voltage & Current Measurements:
Vabc and Iabc are passed to a measurement block for calculating:
P: Active power
Q: Reactive power
Outputs:
Power values sent to display blocks.
Uabc and Pe values are also monitored.

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 Figure 4.9 block diagram of dc subgrid

Figure 4.10 simulation model of dc power system

JNTUHUCER DEPT OF EEE 45

 This Simulink model appears to represent a DC Power System with a PV Droop Control
Implementation, likely for a DC microgrid or a standalone DC system.
Here's a breakdown of the components and their probable functions, forming the basis of a
report:
Simulink Model Analysis: DC Power System with PV Droop Control
This Simulink model simulates a DC power system featuring a voltage source, a filter, and
a component labeled "Pv_droop," which suggests the implementation of a droop control
strategy for power sharing or voltage regulation, often associated with distributed
generation like solar PV systems.
1. DC Source and Filtering:
DC Voltage Source (top left, with a sine wave symbol): This block, despite the sine
wave symbol, is likely configured to provide a DC voltage. In some Simulink libraries, a
generic voltage source symbol is used, and its configuration determines if it's AC or DC.
Given the context of a DC link and Pv_droop, it's almost certainly a DC source.
LC Filter (Resistor-Capacitor Network): The series resistor, inductor (represented by a
series resistor in series with a capacitor, suggesting an LC filter), and parallel capacitor
form a filter network. This filter is crucial for smoothing the DC voltage and current,
especially if the source has ripple or if there are switching converters upstream (not
explicitly shown here). It helps maintain a stable DC bus voltage.
2. Measurements:
Voltage Measurement Blocks (V+, V-): These blocks are used to measure the DC link
voltage.
V+ and V- outputs suggest positive and negative terminals of the DC bus, with the
measured voltage being the difference between them. One of the outputs Vdc directly
represents the measured DC voltage.
Current Measurement Block (i_dc1_msr): This block measures the current flowing out
from the DC source/filter section towards the rest of the system (which is likely the
Pv_droop block or what it controls).
Power Calculation (X multiplier and Pdc output): A multiplier block X is used to
calculate the DC power (Pdc) by multiplying the measured DC voltage (Vdc) and DC
current (Idc). This is a fundamental measurement for power flow analysis.

JNTUHUCER DEPT OF EEE 46

 3. Pv_droop Block (Key Control Component):
Inputs:
v (voltage): This input receives the measured DC bus voltage (Vdc).
P (power): This input receives the calculated DC power (Pdc).
4. Outputs from the System:
V+ and V-: These are the positive and negative terminals of the DC bus, providing the
main DC voltage to other parts of the system.
Vdc: The measured DC bus voltage.
Idc: The measured DC current, likely the total current drawn from the main DC bus.
Pdc: The calculated total DC power.

JNTUHUCER DEPT OF EEE 47

 RESULTS

OUTPUTGRAPHS

output waveform of 3-phase power

output waveform of phase loop lock

JNTUHUCER DEPT OF EEE 48

 output waveform of vsg

output waveform of voltage

JNTUHUCER DEPT OF EEE 49

 CONCLUSION

In this work, the concept of using a Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) with an
alternating moment of inertia has been explored for enhancing power system stability. The
VSG emulates the dynamic behavior of a traditional synchronous generator, providing
inertia and damping characteristics necessary for frequency and voltage regulation in
modern power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources.

By implementing an alternating or adaptive moment of inertia, the system dynamically

adjusts its response based on the grid conditions. This improves the transient stability and
enhances the damping of oscillations during disturbances or faults.

Simulation results from the MATLAB/Simulink model demonstrate that the VSG with
variable inertia significantly reduces frequency deviations and stabilizes the system faster
compared to conventional control methods.

Overall, the use of VSG with an alternating moment of inertia is an effective solution for
maintaining grid stability in low-inertia systems and supports the reliable integration of
renewable energy sources into the power grid.

JNTUHUCER DEPT OF EEE 50

 REFERENCES

[1] Alipoor, Jaber and Miura, Yushi and Ise, Toshifumi. "Power system stabilization using
virtual synchronous generator with alternating moment of inertia." IEEE Journel of
Emerging and selected topics in Power Electronics, 2015: 451-458.

[2] Zhong, Qing-Chang and Hornik, Tomas. Control of power inverters in renewable
energy and smart grid integration. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

[3] Driesen J and Visscher K. "Virtual synchronous generator." In Proceedings of the IEEE
PES Meeting, 20-24. 2008.

[4] Zhong, Qing-Chang and Weiss, George. "Synchronverters: Inverters that mimic
synchronous generators." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2011: 1259- 1267.

[5] Van Wesenbeeck, MPN and De Haan, SWH and Varela, Pablo and Visscher, Klaas.
"Grid tied converter with virtual kinetic storage." In PowerTech, 2009 IEEE Bucharest, 1-7.
2009.

[6] Hesse, Ralf and Turschner, Dirk and Beck, Hans-Peter. "Micro grid stabilization using
the Virtual Synchronous Machine (VISMA)." In Proceedings of the International
Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, 15-17. Valencia, Spain, 2009.

[7] Xiang-Zhen, Yang and Jian-hui, Su and Ming, Ding and Jin-Wei, Li and Yan, Du.
"Control strategy for virtual synchronous generator in microgrid." Electric Utility
Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 1633-1637. IEEE, 2011

JNTUHUCER DEPT OF EEE 51

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