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Diagramatic Representation of International Date Line

The document covers key concepts in geography and astronomy, including the International Date Line, Daylight Saving Time, and theories about the origin of the universe such as the Big Bang Theory. It also explains the life cycle of a star, detailing the stages from nebula to potential outcomes like white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. The next class will continue discussing the universe.

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Darshan Kalita
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6 views3 pages

Diagramatic Representation of International Date Line

The document covers key concepts in geography and astronomy, including the International Date Line, Daylight Saving Time, and theories about the origin of the universe such as the Big Bang Theory. It also explains the life cycle of a star, detailing the stages from nebula to potential outcomes like white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. The next class will continue discussing the universe.

Uploaded by

Darshan Kalita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary
Geography Class 04

Last class revision (5:13 PM)

International date line (5:36 PM)

Diagramatic representation of international date line:

It is an imaginary line of demarcation on the earth running from the North to South poles
and demarcating the change of calendar day.
It was agreed in 1884.
IDL is not a straight line and follows a zig-zag path.
If a person crosses IDL from West to East, she/he gains a day.
If a person crosses IDL from East to West, she/he loses a day.

Daylight saving time (5:54 PM)

It is the practice of shifting time by 1 hour ahead by forwarding the time in the clock just
before the beginning of summer.
It is practised in those regions where the length of the day varies between summers and
winters.

Universe (6:05 PM)

The limitless expanse of space surrounding us consists of the solar systems, stars,
galaxies, etc.
The Universe has around 100-400 billion galaxies with each galaxy having 100-400 billion
stars.
Origin of the Universe:
Steady-state Theory:
It was proposed by Fred Hoyle.
The overall size and mass of the universe remain constant at any point in time.
The universe has no beginning and no end and is always expanding, creating new stars
and galaxies at the rate old ones become unobservable.
Pulsating Theory:
Proposed by Arthur Eddington.
As per the theory Universe expands and contracts alternatively.
Big Bang Theory:
It was proposed by Gorgeous Lemaitry in 1927.
According to the theory, 13.7 billion years ago, the Universe was an extremely compact,
dense, and hot singularity.
There was no matter, no space, and no time.
13.7 billion years ago, a cosmic explosion happened called as Bing bang.
From that time the universe started to expand and is continuing today.
The expansion subsequently created the forces of Physics including Gravity, the
formation of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, gaseous compounds, stars, and
galaxies.
Hubble, in 1929, proposed that all observable stars and galaxies are moving away from
earth.
He discovered this through the phenomenon of the Red Shift.
The rate of expansion of the universe is called Hubble's constant.

The life cycle of a star (7:16 PM)

Diagrammatic representation of the life cycle of a star:

A nebula is a huge cloud of gas and dust mainly consisting of hydrogen.


The gas is pulled together by gravity and the entire nebula starts to spin.
The spinning gaseous mass reaches a high temperature resulting in the formation of a hot
core called ProtoStar.
When the temperature of the core crosses 15 million degrees, a nuclear fusion reaction
begins at the core resulting in the birth of a star.
When the supply of hydrogen runs out the core contracts and simultaneously the outer
shell expands due to the fusion reaction resulting in Red Giant.
If it is a low-mass star with less than 10 times the mass of the sun the core collapses
leading to the formation of a planetary nebula
If it is an average star with less than 10 times the mass of the Sun, the core of the Red
giant collapses and leads to the formation of a Planetary nebula which is a spherical shell
of gas.
After some time, only the core is left inside the shell, which is called a White dwarf.
A white dwarf becomes a Black dwarf over some time.
If the mass of a star is more than 10 times the Sun, the star results in Red Supergiant.
A Red Supergiant results in a supernova explosion due to the explosion of the iron core
If the remnant core after the Supernova explosion is between 1.4 to 3 times the mass of
the sun, it leads to the formation of a neutron star, which is a very heavy dense body
consisting of closely packed neutrons.
If the remnant core after the supernova explosion is more than 3 times the mass of the
sun, the core collapses under gravity leading to the formation of a black hole.
A black hole is a body with infinite gravity and density that even light can not escape
from it.

The topic of the next class: Universe to continue.

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