University Of Diyala

College Of Engineering
Computer Engineering Department

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE I

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Asst. Prof. Ahmed Salah Hameed

Second stage
2022-2023

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Pre-requisites:
• Fundamentals of Logic Design
• Digital Logic Circuits I

Textbook:
• Morries Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, 1993
• Willian Stalling, Computer Organization and Architecture, 6th edition, 1999.

• Chapter 1: Introduction (Digital Computer system)

• Chapter 4: Register Transfer and Microoperations
• Chapter 5: Basic Computer Organization and Design
• Chapter 6: Programming the Basic Computer
• Chapter 7: Microprogrammed Control
• Chapter 8: Central Processing Unit
• Chapter 9: Pipeline and Vector Processing

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COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE : is concerned with the structure and
behaviour of the computer as seen by the user. It includes the information
formats, the instruction set, and techniques for addressing memory. The
architectural design of a computer system is concerned with the
specifications of the various functional modules, such as processors and
memories, and structuring them together into a computer system.
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION: is concerned with the way the hardware
components operate and the way they are connected together to form the
computer system. The various components are assumed to be in place and
the task is to investigate the organizational structure to verify that the
computer parts operate as intended.
COMPUTER DESIGN: is concerned with the hardware design of the
computer. Once the computer specifications are formulated, it is the task of
the designer to develop hardware for the system. Computer design is
concerned with the determination of what hardware should be used and how
the parts should be connected. This aspect of computer hardware is
sometimes referred to as computer implementation.

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ARCHITECTURE & ORGANIZATION

Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer

• Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O
mechanisms, addressing techniques.
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture

Organization is how features are implemented

• Realization and implementation of architecture
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• Organization differs between different versions

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DIGITAL
COMPUTER.

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INTEL CORE I3, I5 AND I7 HAVE SAME
ARCHITECTURES?

Model Core i3 Core i5 Core i7

Number of
2 4 4
cores
Hyper-
Yes No Yes
threading
Turbo boost No Yes Yes
K model No Yes Yes

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STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Structure is the way in which components

relate to each other

Function is the operation of individual

components as part of the structure

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FUNCTION
All computer functions are:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

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FUNCTIONAL VIEW

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OPERATIONS
(1) DATA MOVEMENT

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OPERATIONS
(2) STORAGE

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OPERATIONS
(3) PROCESSING FROM/TO STORAGE

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OPERATIONS
(4) PROCESSING FROM STORAGE TO I/O

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 STRUCTURE - TOP LEVEL

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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STRUCTURE - THE CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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 STRUCTURE - THE CONTROL UNIT

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Random Access Memory (RAM)
Hard Drive / Disk

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COMPUTER MEMORY

Address Data
 Memory ~ RAM
0 36
 Looks like a table
1 3765
 Address and Data
 Address is the 2 786
location 3 356
 Data is the actual 4 252
value 5 67980
 Memory stores both 6 2355
data and assembly
instructions 7 4234
8 3466

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 Also called the “chip” or
“processor”
 The brain of the computer
 Major components:
Control Address Bus
 Arithmetic Logic Unit Unit
(ALU) Memory
(Registers)
 calculator
 Control unit ALU
Data Bus
 controls the calculator
 Memory (Registers)
 Communication bus
systems

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REGISTERS

Temporary storage containers used inside

the CPU
Extremely fast
Fixed size, usually multiples of 8-bits
Also called a “word”
Example: 32-bit machines (4-byte words)

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CACHE

 Slower than registers

 Faster than RAM
 Located in front of
main RAM
 Different levels of
cache
 Level1 (L1) and Level2
(L2)
 Size is usually around
1 MB

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MEMORY HIERARCHY

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 HOMEWORK 1
1. Hierarchy of Memory system.
2. Cache memory.
3. RISC and CISC instruction sets
4. Parallel architectures.
5. Multicore Architectures
6. Multicore memory hierarchy
7. CPU Performance Improvement techniques
8. Micro-controllers for embedded applications
9. GPU Architectures
10.Von Neumann architecture
11.Harvard Architecture

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