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Real_SQL_and_Coding_Interview_Questions

This document contains a comprehensive list of SQL and coding interview questions along with their answers. It covers fundamental SQL concepts such as commands, keys, joins, normalization, and various SQL functions, as well as coding problems related to string manipulation, number theory, and data structures. The content serves as a resource for preparing for technical interviews in database management and programming.

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2 views7 pages

Real_SQL_and_Coding_Interview_Questions

This document contains a comprehensive list of SQL and coding interview questions along with their answers. It covers fundamental SQL concepts such as commands, keys, joins, normalization, and various SQL functions, as well as coding problems related to string manipulation, number theory, and data structures. The content serves as a resource for preparing for technical interviews in database management and programming.

Uploaded by

binilnilquadium
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Interview Questions and Answers

1. Q: What is SQL?

A: SQL stands for Structured Query Language, used to communicate with databases.

2. Q: What are the types of SQL commands?

A: They include DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.

3. Q: What is a primary key?

A: A primary key uniquely identifies each row in a table and cannot be NULL.

4. Q: What is a foreign key?

A: A foreign key links two tables and refers to the primary key in another table.

5. Q: What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?

A: WHERE filters rows before grouping, HAVING filters after grouping.

6. Q: What is the difference between INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN?

A: INNER JOIN returns matching rows; LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table.

7. Q: What is normalization?

A: The process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity.

8. Q: What is denormalization?

A: The process of combining tables to improve read performance.

9. Q: What is a constraint?

A: Rules applied on columns to limit the data, e.g., NOT NULL, UNIQUE.

10. Q: What is an index?

A: A database object that improves the speed of data retrieval.

11. Q: What is a view?

A: A virtual table based on the result of an SQL query.

12. Q: What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

A: DELETE removes specific rows; TRUNCATE removes all rows; DROP removes the table.

13. Q: What is a subquery?


A: A query within another SQL query.

14. Q: What is a stored procedure?

A: A group of SQL statements stored and executed in the database.

15. Q: What is a trigger?

A: A procedure that runs automatically in response to events on a table.

16. Q: What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?

A: UNION removes duplicates; UNION ALL includes duplicates.

17. Q: What is a NULL value?

A: A field with no value.

18. Q: How do you check for NULL values?

A: Using IS NULL or IS NOT NULL.

19. Q: What is a transaction?

A: A unit of work performed within a database.

20. Q: What are ACID properties?

A: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.

21. Q: What is a cursor?

A: A pointer used to retrieve rows from a result set one at a time.

22. Q: What is the use of GROUP BY?

A: To group rows with the same values in specified columns.

23. Q: What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?

A: CHAR has fixed length; VARCHAR has variable length.

24. Q: What is a schema?

A: A collection of database objects like tables, views, and procedures.

25. Q: What is a composite key?

A: A primary key made of two or more columns.

26. Q: What is a unique key?


A: It ensures all values in a column are different.

27. Q: What is a self join?

A: A table joined with itself.

28. Q: What is a cross join?

A: Returns the Cartesian product of two tables.

29. Q: How do you find duplicate records in a table?

A: Using GROUP BY and HAVING COUNT > 1.

30. Q: What is an alias in SQL?

A: A temporary name for a table or column.

31. Q: What is CASE in SQL?

A: Used for conditional logic within queries.

32. Q: How do you sort data in SQL?

A: Using the ORDER BY clause.

33. Q: How do you get the current date in SQL?

A: Using functions like GETDATE() or CURRENT_DATE.

34. Q: What is the LIMIT clause?

A: Used to specify the number of records to return.

35. Q: What is a default constraint?

A: Assigns a default value when no value is specified.

36. Q: What are wildcards in SQL?

A: Symbols like %, _, used with LIKE for pattern matching.

37. Q: What is a correlated subquery?

A: A subquery that uses values from the outer query.

38. Q: What is EXISTS in SQL?

A: Checks if a subquery returns any records.

39. Q: How do you rename a table?


A: Using the RENAME or ALTER TABLE command.

40. Q: What is the difference between SQL and MySQL?

A: SQL is a language; MySQL is a database system.

41. Q: What is data integrity?

A: Ensuring accuracy and consistency of data.

42. Q: What is a temporary table?

A: A table created for short-term use, often within a session.

43. Q: What is the BETWEEN operator?

A: Used to filter values within a range.

44. Q: How do you fetch even or odd rows in SQL?

A: Using modulo: % 2 = 0 for even, % 2 != 0 for odd.

45. Q: What is COALESCE()?

A: Returns the first non-null value among its arguments.

46. Q: What is the IFNULL() function?

A: Replaces NULL with a specified value.

47. Q: What is the difference between IN and EXISTS?

A: IN compares with a list; EXISTS checks for result presence.

48. Q: What is the use of DISTINCT?

A: Removes duplicate values in results.

49. Q: How do you find the second highest salary in a table?

A: Using subqueries or LIMIT with OFFSET.

50. Q: How do you avoid SQL injection?

A: Using prepared statements or parameterized queries.


Coding Questions and Answers

1. Q: Write a program to reverse a string.

A: Use slicing like string[::-1] or a loop.

2. Q: Find the factorial of a number.

A: Use recursion or a loop multiplying from 1 to n.

3. Q: Check if a number is prime.

A: Divide n by all numbers from 2 to sqrt(n).

4. Q: Find the largest element in an array.

A: Use max() or iterate and track the max.

5. Q: Check if a string is a palindrome.

A: Compare the string with its reverse.

6. Q: Find the Fibonacci sequence up to n terms.

A: Use a loop and store previous two values.

7. Q: Check if a number is even or odd.

A: Use modulo operator: n % 2.

8. Q: Swap two numbers without using a third variable.

A: Use arithmetic: a = a + b, b = a - b, a = a - b.

9. Q: Find duplicates in a list.

A: Use a set or a dictionary to count occurrences.

10. Q: Count the number of vowels in a string.

A: Iterate and check if each char is a vowel.

11. Q: Sort an array without using built-in sort.

A: Use bubble sort, selection sort, etc.

12. Q: Find the sum of digits of a number.

A: Use a loop: sum += n % 10; n //= 10.

13. Q: Reverse a number.


A: Use a loop to extract and build reverse.

14. Q: Find the length of a string without using len().

A: Use a loop to count characters.

15. Q: Find the GCD of two numbers.

A: Use Euclidean algorithm.

16. Q: Find the LCM of two numbers.

A: Use formula: LCM = (a*b)//GCD.

17. Q: Check if two strings are anagrams.

A: Sort both and compare or use a frequency map.

18. Q: Find the missing number in an array 1 to n.

A: Sum of n natural numbers - sum of array.

19. Q: Check if a year is a leap year.

A: Divisible by 4, but not by 100 unless also by 400.

20. Q: Implement binary search.

A: Use divide and conquer by halving the search space.

21. Q: Find the first non-repeating character in a string.

A: Use a dictionary to count and check.

22. Q: Check if a string contains only digits.

A: Use str.isdigit() or iterate and check each char.

23. Q: Convert a decimal number to binary.

A: Use bin() or repeated division by 2.

24. Q: Implement a stack using a list.

A: Use append() for push and pop() for pop.

25. Q: Find the second largest number in an array.

A: Track max and second max.

26. Q: Reverse a linked list.


A: Use iterative method with 3 pointers.

27. Q: Check if a linked list has a cycle.

A: Use Floyd's cycle detection algorithm.

28. Q: Implement a queue using two stacks.

A: Use two stacks to simulate enqueue/dequeue.

29. Q: Find intersection of two arrays.

A: Use sets or loops to find common elements.

30. Q: Implement a basic calculator.

A: Parse the expression and evaluate with stack for precedence.

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