Class 11 Mathematics Notes Chapter 4 Complex Numbers and Quadratic
Class 11 Mathematics Notes Chapter 4 Complex Numbers and Quadratic
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For Session 2025-26
Best Notes
CBSE CLASS 11 MATHS
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5. Powers of i
i = √−1;
i2 = -1;
i3 = -i
i4 = 1
1 1
6. If n>4, then i-n = = where k is the reminder when n is divided by 4.
ⅈn k
7. We have io = 1.
8. A number in the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, is said to be a complex number.
9. In complex number z = a + ib, a is the real part, denoted by Re z and b is the imaginary part
denoted by Im z of the complex number z.
10. √−1 =i is called iota, which is a complex number.
11. The modulus of a complex number z = a + ib denoted by |z| is defined to be a non-
13. Conjugate of a complex number z = a + ib, denoted as z , is the complex number a − ib.
14. The number z = r(cos θ +isin θ) is the polar form of the complex number z = a + ib.
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17. The plane having a complex number assigned to each of its points is called the Complex
plane orArgand plane.
19. Let a0,a1,a2,...be complex numbers and x is a complex variable. Then, the real polynomial of
a complex variable with complex coefficients is given as
22. Polynomials of degree 3 and 4 are known as cubic and biquadratic polynomials.
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27. The values of the variable satisfying a given equation are called its roots.
29. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that ‘A polynomial equation of degree n has n
roots.’
Top Concepts
1. Addition of two complex numbers: If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex
numbers, then the sum
z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i(b + d).
2. Sum of two complex numbers is also a complex number. This is known as the closure
property.
3. The addition of complex numbers satisfy the following properties:
i. Addition of complex numbers satisfies the commutative law. For any two complex
numbers z1 andz2, z1 + z2 = z2 + z1.
ii. Addition of complex numbers satisfies associative law for any three complex
numbers z1, z2, z3,(z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3).
iii. There exists a complex number 0 + i0 or 0, called the additive identity or the zero
complex number,such that for every complex number z,
z + 0 = 0 + z = z.
iv. To every complex number z = a + ib, there exists another complex number –z =–a +
i(-b) calledthe additive inverse of z.
z+(-z)=(-z)+z=0
4. Difference of two complex numbers: Given any two complex numbers If z1 = a +
ib andz2 = c +id the difference z1 – z2 is given by
z1 – z2 = z1 + (-z2) = (a - c) + i(b - d).
5. Multiplication of two complex numbers Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two
complex numbers. Then, the product z1 z2 is defined as follows:
z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc)
6. Properties of multiplication of complex numbers: Product of two complex numbers is a
complexnumber; the product z1 z2 is a complex number for all complex numbers z1 and z2.
i. Product of complex numbers is commutative, i.e. for any two complex numbers
z1 and z2,z1 z2 = z2 z1
ii. Product of complex numbers is associative, i.e. for any three complex numbers
z1, z2, z3,(z1 z2) z3 = z1 (z2 z3).
(3)
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v.distributive law: For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3,
a. z1 (z2 + z3) = z1.z2 + z1.z3
b. (z1 + z2) z3 = z1.z3 + z2.z3
7. Division of two complex numbers: Given any two complex numbers z1 = a + ib
𝑧1
and z2 = c + id, where z2 ≠ 0, the quotient is defined by
𝑧2
(4)
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10. The order of a relation is not defined in complex numbers. Hence there is no meaning in z1
z.
11. Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal iff Re (z1) = Re (z2) and Im (z1) Im (z2).
12. The sum and product of two complex numbers are real if and only if they are conjugate of
each other.
13. For any integer when a<0 and b<0.
14. The polar form of the complex number z = x + iy is r (cos θ + i sinθ), where r is the modulus
of z and θ is known as the argument of z.
15. For a quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 with real coefficients a, b and c and a ≠ 0. If the
discriminant D = b² − 4ac 0, then the equation has two real roots given by
(5)
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is a rational number and hence the roots are rational and unequal.
19. If b2 - 4ac = 0, then the roots of the quadratic equation are real and equal.
20. If b2 - 4ac = 0 but it is not a perfect square, then the roots of the quadratic equation are
irrational and unequal.
25. Multiplication of a complex number by i results in rotating the vector joining the origin
to the pointrepresenting z through a right angle.
26. Argument of the complex number z can take any value in the interval [0, 2π). Different
orientations of z are as follows
(6)
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(7)
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(8)
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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
Question 1. Let z1 and z2 be two roots of the equation z² + az + b = 0, z being
complex. Further assume that the origin, z1 and z2 form an equilateral triangle. Then
(a) a² = b
(b) a² = 2b
(c) a² = 3b
(d) a² = 4b
Question 2. The value of ii is
(a) 0
(b) e-π
(c) 2e-π/2
(d) e-π/2
Question 3. The value of √(-25) + 3√(-4) + 2√(-9) is
(a) 13 i
(b) -13 i
(c) 17 i
(d) -17 i
So, √(-25) + 3√(-4) + 2√(-9) = 17 i
Question 4. If the cube roots of unity are 1, ω and ω², then the value of (1 + ω / ω²)³
is
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) ω
(d) ω²
Question 5. If {(1 + i)/(1 – i)}ⁿ = 1 then the least value of n is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Question 6. The value of [i19 + (1/i)25]² is
(9)
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(a) -1
(b) -2
(c) -3
(d) -4
Question 7. If z and w be two complex numbers such that |z| ≤ 1, |w| ≤ 1 and |z +
iw| = |z – iw| = 2, then z equals {w is congugate of w}
(a) 1 or i
(b) i or – i
(c) 1 or – 1
(d) i or – 1
Question 8. The value of {-√(-1)}4n+3, n ∈ N is
(a) i
(b) -i
(c) 1
(d) -1
Question 9. Find real θ such that (3 + 2i × sin θ)/(1 – 2i × sin θ) is real
(a) π
(b) nπ
(c) nπ/2
(d) 2nπ
Question 10. If i = √(-1) then 4 + 5(-1/2 + i√3/2)334 + 3(-1/2 + i√3/2)365 is equals to
(a) 1 – i√3
(b) -1 + i√3
(c) i√3
(d) -i√3
Very Short Questions:
Evaluate i-39
1
1. Solved the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 =0
√2
1+𝑖 𝑚
2. If (
1−𝑖
) = 1, then find the least positive integral value of m.
3. Evaluate (1+ i)4
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COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
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1+𝑖 1−𝑖
4. Find the modulus of −
1−𝑖 1+1
5. Express in the form of a + ib. (1+3i)-1
6. Explain the fallacy in -1 = i. i. = √−1. √−1 = √−1(−1) = √1 = 1.
1
7. Find the conjugate of
2−3𝑖
8. Find the conjugate of – 3i – 5.
𝑧1 𝑧2
9. Let z1 = 2 – i, z2 = -2 + i Find Re ( )
𝑧1
Short Questions:
𝑎+𝑖𝑏
1. If x + iy = Prove that x2 + y2 = 1
𝑎−𝑖𝑏
3+2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2. Find real θ such that is purely real.
1−2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
(1+𝑖)(2+𝑖)
3. Find the modulus of
3+𝑖
1+𝑏+𝑎𝑖
4. If |a + ib|= 1 then Show that = 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑖
1+𝑏−𝑎𝑖
𝑎−𝑖𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2
5. If x – iy = √ Prove that (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 =
𝑐−𝑖𝑑 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
Long Questions:
1−𝑖 2
1. If z = x + i y and w = Show that |w| = 1 ⇒ z is purely real.
𝑍−𝑖
−16
2. Convert into polar form
1+𝑖 √3
3. Find two numbers such that their sum is 6 and the product is 14.
𝑖−1
4. Convert into polar form 𝑧 = 𝜋 𝜋
cos 3+𝑖 sⅈn 3
𝛽−𝛼
5. If α and β are different complex number with |β| = 1 Then find | |
1−𝛼𝛽
Assertion (A): If i = √−1, then i4k = 1, i4k + 1 =i, i4k + 2 = − 1 and i4k +3 = −
i.
Reason (R) : i4k + i4k + 1 + i4k + 2 + i4k + 3 = 1.
(11)
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
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(i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.
2. In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by
a corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the
correct answer as.
Assertion (A): Simplest form of i −35 is −i.
Reason (R) : Additive inverse of (1 − i) is equal to – 1 + i.
(i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.
Answer Key:
MCQ
1. (c) a² = 3b
2. (d) e-π/2
3. (c) 17 i
4. (b) -1
5. (d) 4
6. (d) -4
7. (c) 1 or – 1
8. (a) i
9. (b) nπ
10.(c) i√3
Very Short Answer:
1.
(12)
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2.
3.
(13)
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4.
5.
Let z =
6.
7.
is okay but
is wrong.
(14)
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8.
Let z =
9. Let z = 3i – 5
10.z1 z2 = (2 – i)(-2 + i)
Short Answer:
1.
(15)
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x2 + y2 = 1
[i2 = -1]
2.
3.
4.
(16)
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5.
(17)
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Long Answer:
1.
w=
2.
(18)
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3.
Let x and y be the no.
x+y=6
xy = 14
4.
(19)
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5.
(20)
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
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(21)
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