Database

Management System

NAME: LAIBA JABEEN SIKANDAR

ROLL NO: 008686
SUBJECT: ICT
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 1 JUNE

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Database Management System

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION TO DBMS: .................................................................................................... 1
2. TYPES OF DBMS: ........................................................................................................................... 1
HIERARCHICAL DBMS: ............................................................................................................... 1
NETWORK DBMS: ......................................................................................................................... 1
RELATIONAL DBMS (RDBMS): .................................................................................................. 1
OBJECT-ORIENTED DBMS (OODBMS): ................................................................................... 1
NoSQL DBMS: .................................................................................................................................. 1
3. COMPONENTS OF DBMS ............................................................................................................ 2
Hardware ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Software .............................................................................................................................................. 2
Data ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Database Access Language ................................................................................................................. 2
Users ................................................................................................................................................... 2
4. DATABASE MODELS ................................................................................................................... 2
➢ Relational Model: ...................................................................................................................... 2
➢ Document Model: ...................................................................................................................... 2
➢ Graph Model: ............................................................................................................................ 2
➢ Key-Value Model: ..................................................................................................................... 2
5. DBMS LANGUAGES: ..................................................................................................................... 2
6. NORMALIZATION ......................................................................................................................... 3
7. KEYS IN DBMS: .............................................................................................................................. 3
• Primary Key .............................................................................................................................. 3
• Foreign Key: .............................................................................................................................. 3
• Candidate Key ........................................................................................................................... 3
• Super Key .................................................................................................................................. 3
• Composite Key .......................................................................................................................... 3
8. DATA SECURITY AND INTEGRITY ...................................................................................... 3
9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: .................................................................................. 3
10. POPULAR DBMS SOFTWARE ................................................................................................... 4
11. REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS: .............................................................................................. 4

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Database Management System

TABLE OF FIGURES:
Figure 1 Understanding of DBMS............................................................................................................ 1
Figure 2: DBMS Languages ..................................................................................................................... 2

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Database Management System

1. INTRODUCTION TO DBMS:
A DBMS is software that allows users to store, retrieve, and manage data efficiently. Instead
of storing data in multiple files (like in the past), DBMS centralizes everything in a structured
way, ensuring data consistency, security, and easy access.1

Figure 1 understanding of DBMS

2. TYPES OF DBMS:
HIERARCHICAL DBMS: OBJECT-ORIENTED DBMS
Organizes data in a tree structure. Fast
(OODBMS):
access but rigid structure. Example: IBM's
IMS. Stores data as objects (like in
programming).
NETWORK DBMS:
More flexible than hierarchical; uses graphs NoSQL DBMS: 2
to represent relationships.
Best for big data and real-time web apps.
RELATIONAL DBMS (RDBMS): Includes document, key-value, and graph-
Stores data in tables. Most common type based systems.
(e.g., MySQL, Oracle).

1
DBMS provides a centralized framework for managing large volumes of data efficiently, reducing duplication
and inconsistency.
2
NoSQL databases are designed to handle unstructured and semi-structured data, offering flexible schemas
and high scalability

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 Database Management System

3. COMPONENTS OF DBMS

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

Physical devices such as servers, storage devices, and network

Hardware infrastructure.

Software The DBMS software itself (e.g., MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL).

Data The actual stored data that users interact with and manage.

The language used to access and manipulate the database is

Database Access Language typically SQL.

Users Different roles that interact with the DBMS

Table 1:

4. DATABASE MODELS
Defines how data is structured:

➢ Relational Model: Uses tables.

➢ Document Model: Uses documents (like JSON in MongoDB).

➢ Graph Model: Shows relationships like a social network.

➢ Key-Value Model: Stores data like a dictionary.3

5. DBMS LANGUAGES:

DDL (Data DML (Data DCL (Data TCL (Transaction

Definition Manipulation Control Control
Language): Language): Language): Language):

For For managing

creating/modifying For managing For user access.
transactions.
structure. data. (INSERT, (GRANT,
(CREATE (COMMIT,
UPDATE) REVOKE)
TABLE) ROLLBACK)

Figure 2:DBMS Languages

3
End Users: people who use the applications built on top of the DBMS, like employees generating reports

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6. NORMALIZATION
A process to organize data to avoid duplication and ensure accuracy.1

1NF: Eliminate repeating groups. BCNF: Advanced version of 3NF for more
complex cases
2NF: Remove partial dependencies.

3NF: Remove transitive dependencies.

7. KEYS IN DBMS:
Used to identify rows uniquely:

• Primary Key: Unique ID for each record.

• Foreign Key: Links two tables.
• Candidate Key: All possible primary keys.
• Super Key: Any key that can uniquely identify a record.4
• Composite Key: Combines two or more columns to form a key.5

8. DATA SECURITY AND INTEGRITY

• Security: Prevent unauthorized access.

• Integrity: Ensures accuracy with rules like:
o NOT NULL: No empty values.
o UNIQUE: No duplicate entries.
o CHECK: Validates data conditions.2

9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

Advantages of DBMS Disadvantages of DBMS

Reduces data redundancy High setup and maintenance cost

Improves data consistency and integrity Requires technical expertise to operate and manage

Easier data sharing across departments and users System failures can affect all users and operations

Provides better data security and access control Complex system setup and configuration

Performance issues with large-scale or poorly

Automated backup and recovery features
optimized systems

4
Keys used to identify rows uniquely
5
Composite Key is a primary key formed by combining two or more columns to uniquely identify a record,
especially when no single column is unique by itself.

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Advantages of DBMS Disadvantages of DBMS

Supports concurrent access with data integrity Upgrades and migrations can be complex and risky

Table 2

10. POPULAR DBMS SOFTWARE

• MySQL: Free, • PostgreSQL: • MongoDB:
open-source Advanced open- Leading NoSQL
RDBMS. source DBMS. database.
• Oracle: Powerful • SQL Server: • SQLite:
enterprise DBMS. Microsoft’s Lightweight, used
RDBMS. in mobile apps.

11. REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS:

➢ Banking: Transaction records, customer data.
➢ E-commerce: Orders, inventory.
➢ Airlines: Booking systems.
➢ Schools: Student records.
➢ Social Media: User profiles, posts, comments.3

1
Normalization: A critical process that organizes data to minimize redundancy and improve relational
structure.
2
Data Integrity & Security: By enforcing rules and access control, DBMS ensures that data remains accurate,
consistent, and secure.
3
Real-World Relevance: DBMS is foundational in industries like banking, education, healthcare, and e-
commerce due to its reliability and scalability.

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