GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 REVIEWER II.

MEASUREMENTS
ACCURACY – refers to how closely a measured value agrees
CHEMISTRY – is the science that describes matter – its with the correct value
properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes PRECISION – refers to how closely individual measurements
that accompany those processes. agree with one another

I. MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES RULES ON SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

MATTER – is anything that has mass and occupies space 1. Nonzero digits are always significant
STATES OF MATTER 2. Zeroes at the beginning of a number (used just to position
1. Solid – rigid and have definite shape the decimal point) are never significant.
2. Liquid – flows and assumes the shape of its container to a 3. Zeroes between nonzero digits are always significant.
given volume 4. Zeroes at the end of a number that contains a decimal point
3. Gas – is less dense than liquid and solid; occupy all parts of are always significant.
any vessel 5. Zeroes at the end of a number that does not contain a
4. Plasma – is charged particles in gaseous state which decimal point may or may not be significant.
temperature ranges from 6,093 C to 8083 C *In addition and subtraction, the final answer should be
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate – are condensed atoms acting as rounded to the same number of decimal places as the
one measurement with the least number of decimal places.
*In multiplication and division, the final answer should be
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND ENERGY rounded to the same number of significant figures as the
– there is no observable change in the quantity of matter measurement with the least number of significant figures.
during a chemical reaction or during a physical change
ex: burning of paper in an isolated system III. ATOMS. MOLECULES AND IONS
1. DEMOCRITUS – a Greek philosopher who suggested that
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES are exhibited by matter as it all matter is composed of tiny, discrete, indivisible particles
undergoes changes in composition; related to the kinds of called atoms.
chemical changes that substance undergo 2. DALTON – formulated the first modern description of atom
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES can be observed in the absence as the fundamental building block of chemical structures.
of any change in composition Dalton’s Atomic Theory
ex: freezing, color, density, hardness 1. All matter is composed of atoms, indivisible and
indestructible building blocks. While all atoms of an element
CHEMICAL CHANGE were identical, different elements had atoms of differing size
1. Evolution of gas and mass.
2. change of color ➢ Law of Conservation of Matter - atoms cannot be
3. formation of precipitate created, destroyed, or transformed into atoms of
PHYSICAL CHANGE another element.
1. no change in chemical composition 2. All compounds are composed of combinations of atoms
2. may suggest that a chemical change has taken place in defined ratios.
➢ Law of Definite Proportion - states that a pure
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES – are properties that are compound is made up of elements in the same
independent on the amount of the matter present proportion by mass.
ex: taste, density, boiling point ➢ Law of Multiple Proportion - states that two
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES – are properties that depend on elements combine to form more than one compound,
the amount of the matter present the ratio of the mass of the other element is a whole
ex: mass, length, volume number or a simple fraction.
3. Chemical reactions resulted in the rearrangement of the
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER reacting atoms.
1. Pure substance – have fixed composition
a. Elements – cannot be decomposed into simpler SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
substances by chemical changes Proton – positively charged; found in the nucleus
b. Compounds – can be decomposed into simpler changes Electron – negatively charged; one of the leptons
by chemical changes Neutron – neutral charged
2. Mixture – have variable composition 𝐀
𝐙𝐗 X – element
a. Homogeneous – (solutions) have uniform composition A – mass number = proton + neutron
throughout Z – atomic number = proton
b. Heterogeneous – do not have same composition ➢ For neutral atom (no charge):
throughout Number of protons = Z
a. Suspension – particles are suspended throughout Number of electrons = Z
the bulk of the medium Number of neutrons = A – Z
b. Colloid – known to exhibit the Tyndall effect ➢ For cation (positively charged):
Number of protons = Z
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES Number of electrons = Z – oxidation no.
1. DISTILLATION – process of separating components of a Number of neutrons = A – Z
mixture based on different boiling points ➢ For anion (negatively charged):
2. FILTRATION or SIEVING – used to separate insoluble Number of protons = Z
solid from a liquid Number of electrons = Z + oxidation no.
3. EVAPORATION – involves heating the solution until the Number of neutrons = A-Z
solvent evaporates leaving behind the solid residue
Example: c. Binary Acids
Element/Ion Na Ca+2 Cl-1 ➢ Name the binary acid by adding the
No. of proton 11 22 17 prefix hydro- to the non-metal and add
No. of electron 11 20 18 the word acid.
No. of neutron 12 20 18 ➢ Ex: HCl – hydrochloric acid
*An element become an ion when the number of proton is not HF – hydrofluoric acid
equal to the number of electron. B. TERNARY COMPOUNDS - compounds containing
three or more elements
ISOTOPE – atoms of an element having the same atomic a. Ionic Compounds
number but different mass number. ➢ A few polyatomic anions are named
with an –ide suffix.
CHEMICAL PERIODICITY ➢ Ex: H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide
A. Atomic radius – the average distance between the b. Oxyions - are binary anions in which one
nucleus and the valence electron. element is oxygen.
➢ Within a family (vertical group on the periodic table) ➢ Ex: K2SO4 – potassium sulfate
of representative elements, atomic radii increases Fe3(PO4)2 – iron (II) phosphate
from top to bottom as electrons are added to shells Pb(NO3)2 – Lead (II) nitrate or
further from the nucleus. plumbous nitrate
➢ As we move from left to right across a period in the NaHCO3 – sodium bicarbonate
periodic table, atomic radii of representative elements c. Acids
decrease. ➢ If the oxyion’s name ends in -ite, the
suffix -ous is attached to the root of the
anion name followed by the word
“acid”
➢ If the name of the oxyanion ends in -ate,
the suffix -ic is attached to the root of
the anion name followed by the word
“acid”
➢ Ex: HNO3 – nitric acid
HNO2 – nitrous acid
H2SO4 – sulfuric acid
H2SO3 – sulfurous acid
d. Bases – contain the -OH in combination with a
metal ion
IV. CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE ➢ Name the metal ion followed by the
A. BINARY COMPOUNDS – compounds containing word “hydroxide”
two elements ➢ Ex: NaOH – sodium hydroxide
a. Molecular Compounds – nonmetals + *common name: lye/caustic soda
nonmetals
➢ Use the Greek prefixes (mono, di, tri,
tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, V. STOICHIOMETRY
deca) attached to the two elements and Atomic weight – mass of the element
add the suffix -ide at the end of the Molecular Weight – total mass of the molecular
second element. compound
➢ Ex: H2O – dihydrogen oxide Formula Weight – total mass of either molecular or ionic
N2O4 – dinitrogen tetroxide compound
b. Ionic Compounds – metals + nonmetals Ex: What is the molar mass of C6H12O6?
1. Metal (fixed oxidation number) + Solution:
nonmetal Atomic Mass of
Element Mole
➢ Name the metal first plus the name Mass Element
of the nonmetal with the suffix -ide. C 6 12 72 g
➢ Ex: MgO – magnesium oxide H 12 1 12 g
O 6 16 96
CaF2 – calcium fluoride
Molar mass of C6H12O6 180 g/mol
2. Metal (variable oxidation number) +
nonmetal
A. CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY
➢ Name the metal (with roman mass
numeral) plus the name of non- a. Mass to moles: mole = molar mass
metal with suffix –ide. b. Moles to mass: mass = mole x molar mass
➢ Name the metal (Latin name) plus c. Moles to molecules:
the name of the nonmetal with molecules
molecules = moles x 6.022x1023
suffix -ide. Suffix -ous is attached mol
to the metal with lower oxidation
number and suffix -ic is attached to Examples:
the metal having higher oxidation 1. How many moles are there in 150 g NaCl?
number. mass 150 g
mole = = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗 𝐠
➢ Ex: PbO – Lead (II) oxide molar mass 58 g/mol
- plumbous oxide
PbO2 – Lead (IV) oxide
- plumbic oxide
2. How many grams are contained in 5 moles of CO2? Mass to mass:
mass = mole x molar mass 1 unknown
mass = massgiven x x SR ( ) x MMunknown
g MMgiven given
= 5 moles x 44 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐠
mol wherein:
3. How many molecules of CuSO4 are there in 4 moles of SR – stoichiometric ratio (based on the balanced chemical
CuSO4? reaction)
molecules
4. molecules = moles x 6.022x1023 MM – molar mass
mol
molecules In a chemical reaction, the reactants that are not completely
23
= 4 mol x 6.022x10 consumed when the reaction is complete is called the excess
mol
= 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 reagent while the reagent that is completely used up is called
the limiting reagent. The limiting reagent tells you the
B. PERCENT COMPOSITION maximum amount of product to be formed which determines
If the formula of a compound is known, its chemical the amount of theoretical yield.
composition can be expressed as the mass percentage
of each element in the compound (percent
composition).
Ex: What is the percentage composition of hydrogen
in CH4?
Solution:
Atomic Mass of
Element Mole
Mass Element
C 1 12 12 g
H 4 1 4g
Total mass of 1 mole CH4 16 g
mass of element 4
%H= x100 = x100 = 25%
total mass 16
F. PERCENT YIELD
C. EMPIRICAL FORMULA - is the smallest whole-
Actual yield is the amount of product that was produced when
number ratio of atoms present in a compound
the chemical reaction is carried out in the laboratory. On the
1. Percent to mass
other hand, theoretical yield is the maximum amount of
2. Mass to mole product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant
3. Divide by small in ideal condition.
4. Multiply ‘til whole
Ex: A compound is found to contain 7.81 g of carbon and actual yield
92.19 g of chlorine. What is the empirical formula of the % yield = x 100
theoretical yield
compound?
Solution:
• Mass to mole:
7.81 g
C: g = 0.65 mol
12
mol
92.19 g
Cl: g = 2.63 mol
35
mol
• Divide by small:
0.65 mol
C: =1
0.65 mol
2.63 mol
Cl: =4
0.65 mol
Empirical formula: CCl4

D. MOLECULAR FORMULA - indicates the actual

number of atoms present in a molecule
Ex: If the simplest formula of hexane is C3H7, and its
molecular mass is found to be 86 g/mol, what is its molecular
formula?
Molar mass using the empirical formula:
C – 3 x 12 = 36
H–7x1=7
43 g/mol
molar mass 86
Ratio = = =2
molar mass of the empirical 43
Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula) x Ratio
= (C3H7) x 2
= C6H14
E. LIMITING REACTANTS
Mole to mole:
unknown
mole = molegiven x SR( )
given