( ) N ( ) N

= 1 2

1 =
( 1 ) 1

=( 1 )

= 1
( )
 = 1 2
1 = 2 =
1( ) = 2( )= 5
1( ) = 2( )=0
1( ) = 2( )= 8
1( ) = 2( )= 1

800 0
800 1000
1000 350
0 350
 =( 1 2 1 +1 )

= 1 2
=
800
( )=
0
1000
( )=
350

= =
=
3 1
2 1
0 2
0 3

( ) ( )

10 0
10 5
5 5
0 5
 1( )+ 2( )=0
1 2

1 2

1 11 12 1
11 12 1

2 21 22 2
21 22 2

1 2
1 2

( ) = 0
1 2

=
1 = 2 = [0 )
 ( )( ) =
1
( 1 2) = 2
( )( ) =
0
[0 )

1 = 2 = 0 0 05 0 10 0 15 0 20

1 = 2 = 0 0 05 0 10 0 15 0 20 404 000 000 000 00

 1
0 1

1 2 3 4 1

1 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
4 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1

1015 1020
 =( 1 1 +1 ) = 1 1 +1

( ) ( )
 1 1
1 ( 1 1 )

1
2 2
( 1 1 )

1 1
1
 1 2 3

1 3 8 2
1 0 6
2 4 2 3
3 2 0
3 3 3 4
2 1 1
4 2 5 1
0 5 2

4
1 1
( 1 2 1 2)
2
2
2 2
( 1 2 1 2)
1

3 2 3 3 1 3
1 = 2 =

( 1 1 )
 4 1
( )
3
0
4
1 2
3 4 1 1 1 4

4 1

( ) ( )
 2

1
=
 ( ) = min ( )

( )

max ( ) = max min ( )

( ) max ( )
 1 2 3

1 3 8 3
0 1 6
2 4 2 3
3 0 1
3 3 3 4
2 2 1
4 2 5 1
0 5 2

1 2 3 1 2 3
1 3
3

3 3
( )

1 3
1 3
( )

3
1
 3 3
( )

=( 1 )

( ) ( )

1 = 2 = [0 )
1 = 2
 1 = 2 =

1 = 2 =
1 2

2 2
2 1 1 2

1 2
1 1

2 1
( 1 + 2) 2 1
2
( )= ; ( )

( )
 1 ( 2 )

( 1 1)

= ( 1 ) ( ) ( )
( ) = 1( ) ( )
( )
( )=
4

20 20
=
0 20
= 1 + 2
 1 = = = 0 2 3

max ; =
1 = max ; =
( 1 )= ( )
0 max ; =

0 2 3
 1

1 2

max ; =

max ; = =

0
=0 0
0 0
0
1 1
= (0 0)
 0
1
=0

1 1 1
1 +

1 1
=1 1

1 1
1 1

1 1
1
1
1 1
2 1 1 1
= 1 1 + 1 1

1 1 =

1 1
( ( ))
+1

1 1
1 1 =

( )
 =1 1

max ( )
 1 1

max 1 1 1

1 1 ( 1 )
1
=1 2
(1 2)
 1 = = = 0 2 3

max ; = max ; =
1
( )= ( ) = max ; =
0 max ; =

= max
; =

= 0

=
=

=
=
=

= = =

( 1 )

1
 = [0 )

( )
( ) 100
= 10 15 20
 =( 1 )
( )= ( )

( ) 100
( )

0
100 ( )
( )= =
( )
1
( ) ( )

= 3

= 11

1 = =

= 20

= 10

= 20
= 10
 = ( 1 1 )
1 1 1
= ( 1 1 )

1
1
1
2

2
1
1 1

2 1

( ) ( ) ( )
2
3

=1

( 1 2 1 1)
( 1 2)
 1
=
1
0 1 =1
=1

=1
 ( 1 1 1)
( 2 2 2) 0 1
+ + =1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

1
0 10
1 3
= 100 5
3
100 10
1
100
0 100
2

3
0 5
2 3
= 100 10
1
100 10

( )

1
2
2
100

( ) ( )

1 2

300 = 100
( )= 0 =0
90 = 100
1
:
 3 3 1
( 1) = ( 300) + 90 + 0 = 36
10 5 10
2

1 3 3
( 2) = ( 300) + 90 + 0 = 3
10 10 5
2 1

( )= ( 1) = 1
=
1 2 2 2
30 ( )= = 20
1

( ) ( )

( 2 2 2 )=
1 3 3
( 10 5 10
)

1
10
3
= 10
3
5

3
5
1
= 10
3
10
 1 2

0 1
1 0 100 100

0 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 0

1 0
 = + +
=

( 1 2 1 2)

3
= ( ) ;0 1 + + =1

( 1 1 )
1 ( 1 )

( 1 )

1 2 ( ) 1 1 +1
( )

= ( ( 1) ( )) ( 1 )

1( 1 ) 1( 1) ( )
1

( 1 ) 1( 1) 1( 1) ( ) +1 ( +1 ) ( )
1
( 1 )
 ( 1 ) ( ) ( )

( 1 2)

( 1 )
 1 2 3 4
0 2 7 0
1
7 5 0 1
5 3 5 0
2
2 3 2 1
7 2 0 0
3
0 5 7 1
0 0 0 10
4
0 2 0 1
3 2 3 1
5
5 3 0 6

1 2 3
1 1 2 2 1 2
( )
1 2
1
1 1
1 2

4
 ( 1 1 1 ) ( 2 2 2 ) 0
1
+ + =1

+ 1

= (3 1) + (1 3 )+ =

( 1 1 ) ( 2 2 )

1
1 3
1 1
1 3 1 3
2 2 2 =2
2 = 2 =0
=1
1
1 1 =1
1
1 3
 1 1
1 3 1 = 3 2 =0 2

2 1 + 1 =1
2
2 3 1 =1
1 1
1 3 1 = 3
1 1
1 3 1 3 2 =1
2 =0 1 =1
1
1 3
1
1 3
1
1 = 3
1 1
1 = 3 1 3
2 =0 1 =0
1
1 3
= 2 =1= 1 =1

( 1 1 ) ( 2 2 )
1
1 = 1 = 2 = 2 = 3

1
= = 3
=0
1
= = 3
( )

1
= = 3
 =
=

0
 ( )
0 1 ( ) 0 1

=0

0 =
 + + = +

+ + = +

= 1

( )
=
( )( )+ ( + )
( )( )
=
( )( )+ ( + )
( )
=
( )( )+ ( + )

0 =

+ + = +

+ + = +

=1

( + ) ( )
=
( )( )+ ( + )

0 1

0 1
 =0
( )
=
( )
=

0 1

=0 0 0

( )
( ) ( )
 [0 1]
[0 1]
 =[ ] [0 1] =

0
0

= [0 1] =
1
= ( ) 2
1
( )= = ( ) 2
1
( ) 2

= =
= [0 1]
( )

( )

( )

1
( ) 2
=

1
( ) 2

2
= 1 =

= ( ) 2
( )= = ( ) 2
( ) 2

( )

( ) 2 =
( ) = 2
=

(0 1)

( = )= (1 )
 ( )= (1 )
2
= 2

( )

1 1
( ) + (1 ( ))

( )
2
1

1
1
( )= ( 1) = (1 )
2
= 2 1

1 1 1 1
( ) + (1 ( )) = ( ) + (1 ( ))

=0
=1 =0
(0 1)
( )

( ) ( )

1 1
( )= ( )( ) ( )( )
 ( )=0 ( )

= 100 = 115 = 120 = 10

0 58

H
L
 0

[0 1] 0 1
[0 1]

1 1

=2
=3
4
( )
( ) ( )
 1 = 2 1( )= 2( ) 1

= ( 1 2 ) = 1 = 2 = 1 ( )

(1 ) ( )+ ( )

(1 ) ( )+ ( )
 (1 ) ( )+ ( ) (1 ) ( )+ ( )

=
0 1 (1 ) ( )+ ( ) (1 ) ( )+ ( )
0

( )
= 0

( )
( ) ( )
 = )
( ) = ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( 1 2 )
= 1 = 2 = 1 1( 1 2)
= 2( 2 1)
= 1

()
=1 =1
()

1( )
()=
()

= ; 0 =1 =1
3
=2 =3 =4
 2 3

()
()

()
()
()
()= ()

+1
+ ( )

+ ( ) 0
 + () ( )
=1

()

+1

( + 1) = + () ( ) ()
=1

=1 ()

= + () ( )
=1

1
( 1 + + ( ))
()

( + 1) = 1 + + () ()

()
 ( + 1) = ( + 1) = ( )+ () ( ) ()
=1 =1 =1

()

()
( + 1) = ( )+ () ( ) ()
=1 =1
()

= + () () ( ) ()
=1 =1

()

+ =1 () ( )
( + 1) = ()
+ =1 =1 () () ( )

=( =1 ) =1 =
=1 =1

( )

+ ( ( ))
( + 1) = ()
+ () ()
=1

(0)
 ( + 1) = ( ( )) =0 1 2
(0) = 0

= ( )

( ) = ( + 1) = =

()
 0

4 0
=
5 1

+ 4 1( )
1( + 1) = 1( )
)2
+ 4 1( + 5 1( ) 2( ) + 2( )2
+ 5 1 ( ) + 2( )
2( + 1) = 2( )
+ 4 1 ( )2 + 5 1 ( ) 2 ( ) + 2( )2

1 1
() = ( + 1) =
0 0
0 0
() = ( + 1) =
1 1

1( ) 2( )=1 1( )
1( + 1)
+ 4 1( )
( + 1) = 1( )
+ 1 + 3 1( )
1 =1
1 =0
 1( + 1) = 1( )

+4 1
1 = 1
+1+3 1

0 1
0 1 )
( 1
1( + 1) 1( )
1( ) 1( ) 0
1( ) 1 ( + 1)

1 (0) 1
=
2 (0) 0

=1

1 0 2
= 2 1 0
0 2 1

+ 1+2 3
1( + 1) = 2 2 2 1( )
+ 1 +2 1 3+2 1 2+ 2+2 2 3 + 3
+ 2+2 1
2( + 1) = 2 2 2 2( )
+ 1 +2 1 3+2 1 2+ 2+2 2 3 + 3
+ 3+2 2
3( + 1) = 2 2 2 3( )
+ 1 +2 1 3+2 1 2+ 2+2 2 3 + 3
 3 =1 1 2

+2 1 2 2
1( + 1) = 1( )
+1
+2 1+ 2
2( + 1) = 2( )
+1

() 0 1( )+ 2( ) 1
1( )
() = =
2 )
(
2
( 1 2) ; 1 2 0 1 + 2 1

1 =0 2 =1 1 =0 2 =0
1 =0 2 =1

1 = 0 2 = 0
1 =0 2 =0

+2 1 2
1 2 = 1
+1 +1 +1
2 1
+ 1 + 2 = 1
+1 +1 +1

1
1 = 2 = 3

0
 1 1 2
1( + 1) 1( ) = (1 1 2)
+1 +1
2 1 2
2( + 1) 2( ) = (1 1 2) +
+1 +1
1
1( + 1) 1( ) 2( ) 2
(1 1( ))
2( + 1) 2( ) 2( ) 1 2 1( )
 0
0

3 1
2 1
0 2
0 3

1 2+ 0
0 1 2+ 0
2+ 0 1

2
= +; 1 + 2 1
 1

0 1

0
 5
2
0
1

0 5
1 0
2 5
1 0

( ) ( )

0
2

( ) ( )
( 1 ) [0 1]

1
 (0 9 0 1)

0
0 1

0 1
1

: [0 1]

2 3
( )=
2 3
=2 3
 =09 01
0 09

1
 1

2 3
0
0
0

3 3 1
1 1
2 5
0 5

4 2 2 2 0 1
1 3 1 2 0 0
0 3 1 0 5 4
 C

e n

M
5
a c 0

0 2
1 1
 1

0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1

a r a r

0 0 0.1 0 0.9 0 1 0
1 0 0.9 0
...... 0.1 0 0 0

a r

x 0
1 x 0
 1 = [0 1]
2 = : [0 1]

( )= 1 ( )=
1( )= 2( )=
0 ( )= 0 ( )=

[0 1]

( ) = ( )=

1
( 1 )

1
 1
1

2
2

=1 ( )=
1
( 1 )
1
 C C C C C C C C 500
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 500

T T T T T T T T T
1 0 2 1 3 498 497 499 498
0 2 1 3 2 497 499 498 501

1 2 3 4 5 = 1
=5

= 10

( )

( ) = 5( 1)2

= ( )

=1
 ( )

5 [ 1 1]
2
0 0 5

2
= 10 5

= ( )+5
 = 1

=1
=2

=3

=2 = 20
 ( 1 ) 0 1
1

(1 ) 0 1
1

1
 1
0 =0
1

(( 1 ) ( 2 ))

1( ) =
= 1

2( )= [0 1]

=0
2( ) =
0
= 0
 1
2 0 1

= 1 (1 + )

a r

x
1 x

a r

1 (1 y) 0
2y
0
 0 1

2
0 2
1 2

1 2

=1 2 =1
1
1 (1) = 2( )= 2
1 2

(1 2 2)

(1 )

( 1 )
 2

2
1 w
w

a y

1
x
1

2 (1 x)

a r

2
1 (1 y) 0
2
2 y 0
 2

a r

1 w 1 (1 2 )
2
w 2

1 (1 2) 1
1 (1 2)

1 1 (1 2)
1 1 (1 2) ( 2 )2

1 1 (1 2)
2
( 2)

1 1 (1 2) 1 (1 2) = 2 ( 2 )2
 ( 1 (1 2) 1 1 (1 2 ))

1 (1 2) 1 1 (1 2)
2 (1 1 (1 2 ))
2
1 2 + 1 2 1( 2)
2
1 (1 2 + 1 2 1( 2) )
1 1 + 1 2 ( 1 )2 2 + ( 1 )2 ( 2 )2

2 1

2 1 1
1 =1 2 + 1 2 +( 1 2) 1 2

2 2
2 = 1 1
1 1
= 2 1 2 ( 1 2) + 1 2

2 +1

2 +1 1
1 = 1 1 2 + 1 2 ( 1 2)
2 +1 2 +1
2 = 1 1
1
= 1 1 + 1 2 1 2 +( 1 2)

=1
 2
2 2 1
2 +2 2 +2

2 +2 +1
1 = 1 2 + 1 2 +( 1 2) 1 2
2 +2 +1
2 = 2 1 2 ( 1 2) + 1 2

2 + 2 = 2( + 1)
2

=1 2

2
= 1 2

2 2 1 1
2 = 2 + 2 + 2
1 2 1
= 2 (1 + + + )
1
= 1 (1 2 )(1 + + + )
1
= 1 (1 2)
1

2 1
1 = (1 2)
1

1 ( 1 2) 1 ( 1 2)
((1 2) 1 1 2
1 (1 2) 1 1 2
)
 2 +1

1 ( 1 2) 1 1 + 1 (1 2 )( 1 2 )
( 1 (1 2) 1 1 2 1 1 2
)

( 1 2)

( 1 2)

( 1 2)

1
1
 1
=
1
1
1
( ) = 1
1
 ( )

1 = 1( 1) 2 = 2( 2) 1

( ) [0 1] =1 3 5 ( )
=2 4 6

1 (1 ) (1 )
+1
1 2 1
(1 )=
1 1

(1 ) (1 )

1 1
=1
1 1
=0 ( ) ( )
 ( 1 1) ( 2 2)

( )=

1 2 2 1

1 2
2 1 2
1 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 1
 1 2 2 1
0
1 1 2

1 2 2 1
2 2 = 1 2
1 2 2
2 1 2 2 2
1 2 2 2
2 1 2 2 2

2 =1 2 2
1
1 1 (1 2)

1 = 2 =1 2 2 1 (1 2)

1 = 2
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 1 = 2 2 = 1
2

2 =1 2 1
1 1 =1 1 2

1 = 1 1 2 =1 1 (1 2 1)
1 1
1 =
1+ 1 2

1 = 2 =
 1 1 1 1
1 2 = 1+
1 1+
= 1+

1
( 12 1
2
)

1
= (1+ )

( = )
 0 7

=0 8

=2

=4

( 1 ) = (0 1) (1 4 3 4) (1 2 1 2)
(3 4 1 4) (1 0)

1 0 1 4 1 2 3 4 1
 ( 1 )

= 08

(0 0)
=3

=1

=07 =09

(0 1)
=

=1

1 = 2 =1 =
 ( )

( )
0
 E

e1 e3
e2

F F F

C NC C NC C NC
 1

NC C

2 2

NC C NC C

1 20 0 10
1 0 20 10
 2

NC C

1 1

NC C NC C

1 0 20 10
1 20 0 10
 1

i m

2 2

i m i m

P P P

0
0
1
1/4 0 1/2 1/4 0 1/2 1/4 0 1/2
1/4 1/2 0 1/4 1/2 0 1/4 1/2 0
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
1
( 1 )
1
 =1 2

= ( )

( )= ( + )
= + =

1 2
 1 2

( 1 1)
( 2 2)

= ( 1 2 1 1 2 2)
= [ ( + )] +[ ( + )] ( + )

=
 p

Q
Q

1 1 2
= 2
( ) = 2

1 2
= + +
2

1 2 1 = 2 =1

max ( 1 2 1 1 2 2)

2 2
= ( ) +( )
2 2
= ( ) +( )
 1
= ( )
2
1
= ( )
2
( )

1 1
1 = ( 1 1 2) 1 = ( 2 1 2 2)
2 2
1 1
2 = ( 2 2 1) 2 = ( 1 2 1 1)
2 2

1 1
= ( 2 + + ) = ( + 2 2 )
3 3

= ( 1 2) = ( 1 2)

1 1
= ( 2 + + )2 + ( 2 + 2 )2
9 9

1
max ( )= ( + )2 + +
2
 + = 13 (2 )

1 1
( ) = (2 )2 + ( 2 + + )2
18 9
1 1
+ ( 2 + 2 )2 + ( + 2 2 )
9 3

1
= ( ) =
3

1 2 0

( 1 2) = 1( 1 2) + 2( 1 2)
1 = 2 =0
 ( 1 2) (0 0)
=
 =
= =0
=1
= 1

[0 1]

( )
 0

( ) =
( )=
0 =

( )

0 =0
( )= =1 =
=1 =

1+

(0 0)

(1 1)

(0 0)
 0 1 =1

(0 ) = =

( )
= ( ) = ( )
(1) 1 ( )=0

( ) = 0
( )
 c(1,e)

v
c(0,e)

e
e 1

e*
1

e*-t

e
e 1
 a(e)

e
e 1

( )

0 =0
( )= =1 ( )
=1 ( )
= ( )

= 1
=0

=0
=0 =1
=0
 = 0
0

( ] =0 =1

0 ( ) =1 ( )
=0

=0 =1
( ) =
( )

( )
= ( ) ( )

=1

( ) (1 )
= ( )

= ( ) = 0
= 1 = ( )

[0 1] [0 ]

( 1]

( )
=
 =1 2

= ( )

( )= ( + )
= + =

[0 1]
+ (1 ) ( + )
( + )

1 2

1
2
 ( 1 1)
( 2 2)

= ( 1 2 1 1 2 2)

= ( + )

1 2

30 0
10 0
0 10
0 30
 =3

1
1 = 100
2 = 200 3 = 250

= 3

50 100 05
 0

[0 1] [ ] [0 1]

05 = 05
2
 2

= 2
=1

C NC

2 2

C NC C NC

1 1 1 1

C NC C NC C NC C NC

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

C NC C NC C NC C NC C NC C NC C NC C NC

8 4 9 5 4 0 5 1 9 5 10 6 5 1 6 2
8 9 4 5 9 10 5 6 4 5 0 1 5 6 1 2
 1 2 1 2
( 1 1) 1 1 :

1 2
1 1

2 22 = 8
3
2

2 22 22 = 32 3

1 1
( 1 2)
2 2 1 1
( 1 2) ( 1 2 ) =1

2 (22 ) 1
= 22 1

2 2
19
2 = 524288

( 1 2)
 1
= =1 2
1
=

1 2 2
= ( )= ( )=

2 1 2
= ( 1) ) =1 2

=( 1 1 )
2

1 2 1 1
=( )
1 1
=( ) :
1
=( 1 )
1 2
( ( 1) 3
( 1 2
( 1 )) )

1
( 1 )= ( )
1+ + + =0
 1
( ) ( 1 ) 0 1
=1

( )=

( 1 ) = (1 ) ( )
=0

1
lim =1
1+ + +

1
( 1 ) = lim ( )
=0

= ( 1 )
( )=
 =( 1 )
( )=

0
0

= (1 2 ) 1
2 1
2
1
 1 5 0
1 0 0
0 4 1
5 4 1
0 1 3
0 1 3
3 3

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2

=1
(( ) ( ))
(( ) ( )) (( ) ( )) (( ) ( ))

( )
( )

3 1

=1 2
2

1
=
1
2 =( )
( 1) =
 4+3 = 7
5+1 7

1
=
1
0 1 = 1 =
=1
( 1 )
= ( 1 1 +1 )

1 1 1
=( ) :

( 1 ) = (1 ) ( 1) ( )
=0

1
( 1 ) = lim inf ( 1) ( )
=0

1
( 1) ( )

min max ( )

= min max ( )
 = ( 1 )
( )

( )= ( )= max ( ) min max ( )=

( 1 2) =
(5 8 3)
( 1 2)
1
 ( 1 )

( 1 )

( 1 ) ( 1 ) ; ( 1 ) : ( )=

( )=
1
 =( 1 2 1 2 1 2)

2 5
2 0
0 3
5 3

=2

=08 ( )

2 5 0
2 0 0
0 3 1
5 3 1
0 1 2
0 1 3
=2
=

=1 2

= 1
0

1
( ) = lim =0 ( ) ( )
=
=
() ()

=0

2 2
 = 1 2( ) 3( )
1 2 = 2( ) ( 1 1 ); 1 1 R
R

2( 1 1)=
2( 1 1) = 2
2 3( ):
2
( 1 1 2 2 ) R
3
( 1 2 3 )
= 1 2 () 3 ()
 = ( ) = ( ) =
= =

( )= ( 1)
( )= ( 1)

( )=4

20 20
=
0 20
= 1 + 2

=
1 2 1 = 2 = +

(20 1 2 4) 1 + 2 20
( 1 2) =
4 1 + 2 20
 20
20

64
qj=0
qj=4
qj=8

4 6 8 16 20 qi

1
16 2 =0 =8
2
2
max 1
= 8
2
0 16

=0 16
8
=8 0 8
 =8
=8
8
1 1 1
=( 1 = 2 = [0 8] 1 2)
4 =4

4 8 0 4
1

2 2
1 = 2 = [4 8]
[4 8]
6 =6
3
3
1 = 2 = [4 6]
1 = 2 =[ ]

=
1
=8
2
=
1
=8
2
1 1
8 2
8 2
1 1
=8 2
=8 2
+1 +1 1 1
1 = 2 = 8 2
8 2

[0 8] [4 8] [4 6] [5 6] [5 5 5] [5 25 5 5]
+1

1 1
8 2
8 2
 ( )

( ) 100
= 10 15 20

=3
1 (10) = 40 2 (10) = 90 3 (10) = 20
1 (15) = 40 2 (15) = 10 3 (15) = 50
1 (20) = 20 2 (20) = 0 3 (20) = 30
(10) = 150 (15) = 100
(20) = 50
( )

= 15 20
10

= 20 = 10
= 15
100 (20) = 100 50 = 50
1
(15) = 100 = 2

20 + 40 = 40 0 + 10 = 5
30 + 50 = 55

10 15 20
= ( (10) (15) (20)) = ( )
 10
+ 15 + 20 100
(20) = 20 (15) = 15 (10) =
15 20
100 = 15 = 20
= 10
(10)
(10) (10)

+
( (10) (10)) = ( )= 0
(10) + ( + )2

= (0 0 100)
10 15 20 10 15 20
( ) + + = 100 20 100

10 15 20 10 10 10
( ) = 10
10 15 20
+ + 100
10 15 20 10 10
( ) = 15
10 10
15
15 20
0
10 15 20 10 10 15 15
( ) = = 15

20

10 15 20 10 10 15 15
( ) = = 15
= 20

10 15 20 10
+ + = 100
20 20
0 =0
= 15 = 10
20
20 0

10 15
( 0)
10 15
+ = 100
 = 11
10 15 20
( ) =
10 15 20
( )
=
20
20
( 1) 100

20 10 15 20
= 20 ( )
20 100
10 = 1
= 20
= 10
( 15 + 20 ) 100
( 15 + 20 ) + 1 100
10
(15) (20)
10 15
15 20 15 20
( + ) = 99 + =9
= 10
20
=0
(20) = 99
10 15 99
15 5 99 5
9 10
20

(91 0 9) 10
= 20
20
0

15
= 10 100
20
=0
15
15 100 10
(20 15) + 10
(20 10) =
10 15 15 15
= +1
 5 10

15
15 100 1 10
( + 1)(20 15) + 10
( 1)(20 10) =
1

0
(10)
100 1
11·91 10
5
1
10 10

15
10 15 =9
10 15

10

15
=9
= 10

= 10 15 20 = 15?
= 10 = 15
 ( 1 )
= 2
(1 3)

-1 -1
-1 1 1
1
2 2 2

0,1 1,0 0,1

1 1
1 2

-1 0,2 1,1 -1
0,1 1
1

1 2 2 0,2
1
-1 0,1 0,3 1,2
1
1 -1

-1
1
1,0 1
1 -1
1,3
1
1
2 2
1,0 -1
1,0 1,1

-1
1
1

0,1

1
-1

(1 3) (1 1) (1 1)
(1 0) (0 1)
 ( 1 2)

1 = 2( 1 2)
= max 2 ( 1 2)
2

= max 1( 1 2)
2

= min 1( 1 2)
2

( 1 2)
2 1

1( 1 2) 1 2
1 1
 -1 -1
-1 1 1
1
2 2 2

0,1 1,0 0,1

1 1
1 2

-1 0,2 g p 1,1 -1
0,1 1
1

1 2 2 0,2
1
-1 0,1 0,3 g g 1,2 g 1
1 -1

-1 1 1,0 1
1 -1
1,3

g 1
1
2 2
1,0 -1
1,0 p 1,1

-1
1
1

0,1

1
-1

p position perdante (pour le joueur dont c'est le tour de jouer):

toute action qu'il peut prendre conduit à des configurations gagnantes pour l'autre joueur.
position gagnante:
g
il y a au moins une façon de jouer qui conduit à une position perdante pour l'autre joueur.
 ( )
1 =
( ) 1

( )

( 1 )
1

1 11001001
2 00000111

11001110

= 3
 ( 1 ) = (0 1) (1 4 3 4) (1 2 1 2) (3 4 1 4) (1 0)

1
0 1 4 1 2 3 4 1

( 1 )

=08

(0 0)

=0
=1 4 1 4 =0

=0
1 =0 1 0 1=0
1 =02
=0
1 0 1 0 1 =0

=1 4 1 4 =0
1 =1 4 1 1 4 1 = 0 1 =1 4
3
1 4
=04
 =0
1 =0 1 0 1 =0
2 =0 2
2 =0
=0
1 =0 1 0 1 =0
2 =0 2 1 4 2 = 0

=0
1 0 1 0 1 =0
2 =0 2
2 =0
=0
1 0 1 0 1 =0
2 =1 4 2 1 4 2 =0
2 =1 4
=1 4 1 4 =0
1 =1 4 1 1 4 1 = 0 1 =1 4
2 =1 4 2 1 4 2 = 0

1 4
1 4
=0
+1 =1
+1 +2
+1
(1 ) + +1
+1
+ +1 1 (1 ) + +1 1 2
+ +1
=

+1
1 4 1 4 + +1 + +1 1 4
 1 3 4
3
4
3 4

0 =1 4 0
0

0 1
1 3 1 3
4 4
[ 4
1 4
] = [0 2 0 4]
=1 4
0 2
=1 4 +1 =0

1 1 4

+1 +1 = 0 1
2
1 (1 +1 )
2 2
+1 (0 1 ) = (0 0 36)

=1 4

(0 0 0 0) (0 0 0)
( 0 0 0) ( 0 0)
(0 0 0) (1 4 1 4 0)
(1 4 0 0) (1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4)

= [0 1]
 = 07
1 4
03 = 09
2
3 4